Ecological and socioeconomic effects of China's policy for grassland eco-compensation

To reverse the continuous deterioration of grassland ecology and to improve the well-being of herders, China has been formulating many national policies on payments for grassland ecological conservation. One of them, the Grassland Eco-compensation Policy(GEP), is the biggest program for grassland protection in China since 1949. The GEP conserves natural grassland by paying herders cash subsidies. It also has worldwide significance because it can increase vegetative cover, improve the ecological balance, increase carbon sequestration and lessen the amount of dust reaching other countries through inhibiting soil erosion. Overall, we find that its ecological and socioeconomic effects are beneficial and further benefits may be observed in the future because while the socioeconomic effects usually appear quickly, ecological effects may take longer to manifest. 2015 is the last year for the first round of the GEP policy implementation and the extended policy for the GEP will be approved and continued by the central government. To make the policy more successful, we suggest coordinated planning, a comprehensive overview, higher compensation and collaborative study. Efficient implementation of the GEP could also provide valuable experience for other eco-compensation programs in China and numerous other regions of the world.

多元化生态补偿背景下牲畜暖棚对畜牧业收入和草地质量的影响——基于PSM的准自然实验

在草原牲畜暖棚建设补贴的多元化生态补偿背景下,探究牲畜暖棚的经济和生态效益,对促进多元化草原生态补偿实践具有重要的理论与现实意义。本文基于隧穿环境库兹涅兹曲线(Environmental Kuznets curve,EKC)分析模型,设计了一组牲畜暖棚对牧户畜牧业收入和草地质量影响的准自然实验,并基于2020年若尔盖草原648个牧户的微观调查数据,同时运用倾向得分匹配(Propensity score matching,PSM)最邻近匹配、卡尺匹配、核匹配、局部线性回归匹配法,实证检验了牲畜暖棚对牧户畜牧业收入和草地质量的影响,并通过构造随机实验组的方式进行了安慰剂检验。研究结果表明:暖棚设施的使用,将为牧户带来畜牧业年均增收20117.99元,同时牧户草地的生态质量提升约6.75%。因此,设施型的多元化生态补偿机制可以协同草地生态保护和牧户生计发展,支持现代化牲畜暖棚建设,将“造血”式赋能草原生态经济,促进牧区绿色发展。

China's wind power in stable development An introductton of Beijng Badaling Wind Power Test Station

(1)China is vast in territory and rich innatural resources.It has diversified popula-tion and its energy resources are unevenlydistributed.In the past more than ten years,there has been a great gap between de-mand and supply in electricity.In order tosolve this problem,the Chinese Govern-ment pays great attention to develop windenergy and new energy policies of suitableto the local conditions,multi-functions

Payments for Grassland Ecosystem Services:A Comparison of Two Examples in China and Germany

目前,草地生态系统退化成为全球关注的问题。生态补偿机制(PES)是为了草地生态系统的恢复/保护,采取补贴或支付费用的方式,改变使用者资源利用方式的制度安排。科学、合理的生态补偿制度需要全面地考虑可能出现的风险和挑战:如环境效益的滞后性,不可预见的监督、管理成本和社会经济目标(足额补偿标准、公平)的实现。本文的目标是通过中德两国生态补偿措施的对比(选取中国内蒙古锡林郭勒盟,德国勃兰登堡州为案例区域进行研究),为今后中德两国的生态补偿理论和实践提供依据。研究着重以下四个方面进行分析:中德两国生态补偿的实施框架,目标人群,实施效果评估等。研究结果表明,由于缺乏有效的激励机制,农户作为最基层的执行单位和实施者,其参与的主动性不够,中德两国生态补偿措施实施的成效有待提高。基于研究结果,提出了今后生态补偿项目设计中,中国应侧重于项目实施的监控和管理制度;而德国应在空间目标规划和具体管理措施和方式等方面进行完善。