基于COCA语料库对“Divorce”一词的扩展意义单位研究

认知偏差影响二语习得进程,如词汇学习存在“刻板印象”、“过度概括”现象。本研究基于美国当代英语语料库(COCA),以“divorce”为节点词研究其扩展意义单位,从名词、动词两角度分别分析该搭配词的语义倾向,词类联接特点以及语义韵特征。研究发现,该词适用范围广泛,作为名词使用更正式。该词类联接丰富;中性语义倾向占绝对优势,其次为消极语义倾向,极少数表现积极的语义倾向。“divorce”与“from”搭配相对特殊,体现双重语义倾向。此外,发现两组体现消极语义韵的固定结构。除了与积极/消极搭配词共现,该词还通过因果逻辑、并列结构共现表现其语义韵特点。此外,存在不合理增强其消极性现象,应避免。在语言学习及研究过程中,英语学习者可借助扩展意义单位分析,以便更好地理解、应用该词。Cognitive biases affect the process of second language acquisition, such as the phenomena of “stereotyping” and “overgeneralization” in vocabulary learning. This study, based on the Corpus of Contemporary American English (COCA), explores the extended meaning unit of the node word “divorce”, analyzing its semantic tendencies, word class connections, and semantic prosody features from both noun and verb perspectives. The findings show that “divorce” has a broad range of applications, with its use as a noun being more formal. The word class connections associated with “divorce” are rich and varied;its semantic tendencies are overwhelmingly neutral, followed by negative, with positive semantic tendencies being extremely rare. The collocation of “divorce” with “from” is relatively special, reflecting a dual semantic tendency. Furthermore, two sets of fixed structures exhibiting negative semantic prosody were identified. In addition to co-occurring with words that have positive/negative connotations, “divorce” also demonstrates its semantic prosody characteristics through causal logic and parallel constructions. Moreover, there is a phenomenon of irrationally amplifying its negativity, which should be avoided. In the process of language learning and research, English learners can benefit from the analysis of extended meaning unit to better understand and use the word.

Later-Life Marital Dissolution in Italy:An Emerging Phenomenon?

The phenomenon of marital dissolution in later life,also referred to as“gray divorce”,is described on the rise in contemporary Western societies.This article contributes to the study of marriage breakdown in older age,with a specific focus on Italian society.First,the temporal trends of this phenomenon are reconstructed using official statistics.The data reveal that,although still relatively rare,the dissolution of marriage in later life is expanding in Italy.The analysis of the period from 1974 to 2015 indicates a rise in the average age at separation,a higher percentage of spouses over 50 years on the total number of couples obtaining legal separation,and an increase in the proportion of Italian spouses separating after many years of marriage.Furthermore,data from the national survey“Family and Social Subjects”,conducted in 2016 by the Italian National Institute of Statistics,are utilized to explore the relationship between specific traits of those who separated and their tendency to dissolve marriages before or after the age of 50.The data suggest that individuals with characteristics such as lower educational attainment,residence in the South and Islands,and adherence to more traditional family models are more likely to experience separation in later life.

Urbanization,unemployment rate and China' rising divorce rate

This paper analyzes the impacts of urbanization and unemployment rate on China's divorce rate with the panel data of 31Chinese provinces from 2000 to 2011.The study manifests as follows.First,the significant influence of urbanization cannot be observed on the rising breakdown since the latter is not the inevitable result of the former.In the second place,unemployment rate has a significant negative influence on divorce rate,namely,with the former increasing,the latter will decrease,which echoes the perspective of divorce cost.And finally,this paper also finds positive effects of per capita fixed investment,old-age dependency rate,average household size,the proportion of floating population and population density,and negative correlation of average education attainment on divorce rate.

小议marry和divorce的相同用法

英语中marry(结婚)和divorce(离婚)是一对意义截然相反的词语，然而，它们的相关句型及用法却有着惊人的相同之处，可谓“不是冤家不聚头”。本文试图对有关这两个词的基本句型及用法进行比较，找出它们的内在联系，帮助学习者轻松掌握这两个词的用法。

An Anaylsis of Two Marriages of Herzog from the Perspective of Erich Fromm's Theory

Herzog is one of the most successful novels written by the Jewish Nobel Prize winner Saul Bellow. Herzog, the protagonist of the novel, has experienced a spiritual and emotional collapse, triggered by the breakup of his second marriage and his contemplation of the wasteland of modern life. In the novel, he has divorced twice respectively because he is bored and boring. The characteristics of the two ex-wives are in sharp contrast. Deep analysis of the two women and their marital relationships with Erich Fromm's theory can facilitate our understanding of the novel, the writer as well as the modern world.

How Children Are Affected by Divorce

Divorce can have a significant effect on children’s health emotionally and practically.It can be crucial for the whole family to deal with divorce.There are many factors that come about when this situation is discussed,for example,its effect on children,the possible probability of transmission of depression from parent to children,and its effect on children’s school achievements.This paper focuses on the discussion of the answers to two questions.Firstly,how does divorce affect the school achievement of children whose parents are divorced?Secondly,how does divorce affect depression levels among children?The research finds interesting facts that children’s schools achievements get affected due to divorce but also reveals that gender plays a role as a factor,such as boys are more likely to suffer an effect on their school achievement more than girls.On the other hand,it is also found that children,especially girls,can experience depression transmitted from their depressed mothers but divorce in parents is not the only reason for children’s depression.

Prevalence and Patterns of Divorce in Vietnam： Tradition, Modernity, and Individualism

In Vietnam, divorce traditionally was considered scandalous for women, so there was a strong pressure against divorce, especially for women. While divorce has long been culturally discouraged and limited, divorce has been rapidly increasing after the renovation policy in late 1980s with alternative causes, consequences, etc Modernization is a process of transforming ＂traditional＂ society to ＂modern＂ one, in order to achieve economic development and growth, to innovate politics and to enhance their social structure towards a political, social, and economic system similar to those of western developed countries. In the field of marriage, family, and kinship, modernization process experiences the maintenance of traditional values and the appearance of the new modern values. This paper aims to examine trend and correlates of divorce and to identify social and cultural factors influencing the divorce decision, using data of divorce profiles of one district court in 10 years （i.e., 2000-2009） with total divorce profiles analyzed are 2,033 cases, of which 499 divorce couples in a rural district and 1,534 divorced couples in an urban area.

Principles and Issues Related to PsychologicalEvaluation of Parental Competence in the Arab MoslemSociety in Israel

For the Arab Moslem citizens of Israel, the Shari＇a court is the supreme judicial body competent to adjudicate and rule onmatters of divorce, custody, adoption, and custodianship. Under Shari＇a law, a boy will be in the custody of his mother until the ageof seven and the girl, until the age of nine; at the end of this period, the children are transferred to the father＇s custody. In cases wherethere is no father, they are transferred to the custody of the grandfather. In cases of dispute between the parents regarding custody,the Shari＇a court is called upon to rule, and for this purpose, it seeks a professional psychological evaluation of parenting competenceIt should be noted that this evaluation in Arab Moslem society involves professional and ethical issues since it is culturally-biased interms of Moslem culture： （l） Arab society is a collective comprised of extended families （hamula = clans）; （2） Men have apreferential status over women; （3） The functions of the father and the mother with respect to the child＇s needs （instrumental,emotional, and educational） are distinct from each other. It is further noteworthy that the psychological evaluation is made bydiagnostic information and accredited tools of evaluation. In the present situation there are no psychological tests that were adaptedfor the Arab population. The test must be reliable and reflect the reality being tested. Lack of standardization for tests makes themirrelevant. Furthermore, it must be said that in the Arab world there is no consensus about the tools constructed for this purpose in theWest. Psycho-diagnostic tools including evaluations that deal with testing the level of general intellectual functioning are found innearly every psychological service or mental health clinic, but it is obvious to everyone that at the end of the testing, one must relyalso on the tester＇s experience and professional ability in order to determine the etiology or to make a diagnosis that will reflect thesubject＇s innermost emotional or mental state. Therefore the model for evaluating parenting competence in general Israel society isnot applicable in Arab Moslem society, since it is culturally-biased and the two cultures are different from each other. Therefore it isnecessary to build a model for evaluation that is grounded upon： （1） Shari＇a law; （2） Reference to the extended family; （3）Differential roles of father and mother; （4） Psychological tests adapted to the culture being examined.

Marital and Co-parenting Relationships After Divorce： Continuity and Discontinuity

Divorced parents are challenged by the task of creating new role identities as co-parents while no longer living together and being married. The process of families＇ reorganization, following divorce, can be studied in terms of emotional adjustment, co-parenting and family alliance. The aims of this work are to analyze the process（es） of reorganization, in a sample of Italian divorced families （n =104）, with regards to the constructs of adjustment to divorce, co-parenting and family alliance and to explore their relationships. Multi-method procedure involves both self-report measure for the evaluation of representations＇ level and observational measure for the evaluation of interactive models. Preliminary results indicate functional and dysfunctional pathways between the families and show the association between representation level and interactive practices. Results are discussed.

Conjugal Dissolution and Gender(In)equalities:A Study of Divorce Processes in Portugal

Like other democratic societies,Portugal has known an important reduction of gender inequalities,mainly by the action of women’s social movements and some political forces.However,recent(inter)national studies confirm the social borders and inequalities persistence in many contexts(work,values and symbolic regulations,institutional frames,and daily interactions).In this paper,the authors will focus their analysis on the conjugal dissolution processes and unequal distribution of power between men and women.Regarding these matters,there is an extended debate,where they propose an articulation between the concepts of gender and class.The authors assume as fruitful an articulation of the Marxist model with the feminist one and,indirectly,a critical and synthetic crossing between(neo)Marxism and Weberianism,being this one also articulated with symbolic interactionism.Based on official statistics,in the analysis of some interviews about the motivations for/in divorce,and in the empirical evidence from the divorce judicial processes,the authors present some preliminary results of a collective project held on some regions of Portugal named:“Gender inequalities in work and private life:from the norms to social practices”.The central hypothesis of this project is that the forms of gender inequality and domination are tributaries of macro‐economic and institutional mechanisms but they are also playing at the micro level(family,business,public and private institutions),involving both variables,namely,in a crossing of Weberian‐Marxist perspectives,the presence/absence of certain level of empowerment by social actors.That means that women’s position depends and/or differs in function of factors such as available resources and rewards,the place in the organizational and(re)productive sphere of the family,and the place in the interactions and in roles negotiation.

Marriage in Pre-lslamic Arabia as Reflected in Poetry and Prose： The Social and Humane Relations Between Husband and Wife

This study aims at illuminating the institution and customs of marriage in the pre-lslamic period （Al-]ahiliyya）, and at the same time at putting to rest certain completely unfounded, fabricated and slanderous claims about this period which have been disseminated by a not inconsiderable number of scholars. It will present the facts about marriage in the period in question by way of showing how it appears in pre-lslamic literature, prose as well as poetry, and how the social and humane relations between husband and wife reflected in the pre-islamic poetry and prose.

An Exploration of the Predictors of Relationship Status with a Caveat on Interpretation

Using the Puerto Rican Maternal and Infant Health Study dataset (PRMIHS), the predictors of relationship status were examined via probit regression. The strongest predictors of relationship status found were interactions between bi-nary variables for the age that a respondent first had sexual intercourse and for the age that a respondent first entered into a union (N = 1452). This paper con-cludes by arguing that the results provide support for viewing union status as being primarily dependent on the people involved in the union instead of being primarily dependent on factors external to the people themselves.

Realization of the Right to Economic Assistance of Women with Disabilities in Divorce from the Perspective of the Civil Code

Protecting the equal human rights of persons with disabilities is an important part of human rights protection in China.The Marriage law Amendment in 2001 focused on the economic assistance system for divorce relief for a party unable maintain the local basic standard of living.The Civil Code has adjusted and expanded the system,stipulating that one party can ask for financial help from the other party if the party can’t maintain a reasonable living after divorce.To a certain extent,this economic assistance should include the assistance to the party whose living standard has decreased significantly after divorce and the party who has made more sacrifices and contribution to the marriage during the marriage.Although the economic assistance system for divorce stipulated in the Civil Code does not specifically address unequal treatment or discrimination against women with disabilities,since women with disabilities are more vulnerable after divorce,they are more likely to put forward economic assistance claims after a divorce,be more dependent on others physically and psychologically,and find it more difficult to obtain employment.Social security for women with disabilities is still insufficient and compared with other subjects,women with disabilities are likely to be in an unequal position in the realization of their right to economic assistance in divorce.Therefore,it is necessary to put forward reasonable legal interpretations and application suggestions for the relevant provisions in the Civil Code,so as to fully realize the economic assistance rights of women with disabilities in divorce,and reflect the care and protection of the human rights of women with disabilities in the Civil Code.

Reflections on Divorce

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Is a Cooling-Off Period Necessary in Divorce Proceedings?

Six draft sections （m specific areas of the Civil Code were submitted to the Standing Committee of the National People＇s Congress. China＇s top legislature, on August 27. One of them, the controversial draft on marriage and family, has aroused much debate among Internet users. It proposes a one-month cooling-off period for couples who wish to part ways and apply to divorce registration agencies. During the cooling-off month after a divorce registration agency receives a divorce application, either the husband or the wife can stop the application. After the cooling-off month, both sides are required to go to the agency for the divorce certificates. Failing to do so will mean the divorce application is canceled automatically.

No Divorce on Chinese Valentine’s Day-Making Way for Love?

The Qixi Festival, also known as Chinese Valentine＇s Day, has been celebrated as a symbo of eternal love in Chinese culture for thousands of years. Every year, many young Chinese couples decide to tie the knot on this day of romance, flooding local marriage registration.

Attitude Toward Lobola in Remarriage Following Divorce in African Communities

Lobola is central to the process of marriage in many African communities.It is an old tradition that historically entailed a gift from the bridegroom's family to the bride's family.In some African societies,determinants of lobola include a range of factors,such as the bride's educational,financial,and social status,the bride's age,number of children and whether the bride has had any history of divorce.However,attitude toward remarriage and payment of lobola to a divorced woman is often characterized by skepticism.In most instances,the worth of pride price to be paid to the divorced woman's family is often devalued,decreased,deemed unacceptable,and frowned upon,while male divorcees do not face such prejudices.Overtly or covertly,the social conviction seems to be that there should not be payment of lobola in remarriage after divorce.Consequently,the decision to remarry postdivorce remains particularly difficult for most Black African women due to the stigma attached to divorce.In contrast,men still enjoy the right to divorce and remarry with little or no prejudice.Using bargaining theory,this article examines the body of literature on cultural attitudes toward the payment of lobola following divorce in South Africa.The article argues that the payment of lobola is fundamentally patriarchal and perpetuates most of the social tribulations and marginalization practices against women.

Tradition, Revolution and Gender： An Analysis of Wife-Initiated Divorce in North China＇s Revolutionary Bases from 1941-1949

During the 1940s, the Chinese Communist revolutionary bases in North China experienced a sharp increase in divorces in which wives cast off their husbands. This was due in great part to the promulgation of a series of marriage regulations and to the Party＇s extensive mobilization of women. Examining both the public and private domains in terms of changes affecting tradition, revolution, and gender, the authors investigate the ways that marriage transformation intertwined with national wars, political changes, and gender liberation. Our analysis reveals that marriage institutions experienced a severe crisis as traditional needs and new longings, such as marriage freedom, wartime needs, and the stability of rural traditions, family, and social structures, intersected. The Chinese Communist regime carried out successive adjustments in marriage policies as they affected women. With Party support, the paradigm of ＂wives divorcing husbands＂ became de facto marriage policy in order to adapt to resolve conflicts between emotions and the law and to meet the requirements of rural society and military stability. Seeking to shake off the traditional ＂oppression-liberation＂ paradigm, the research in the present article tries to combine the study of female existences, marriage, and the relevant emotions with rural traditions and the historical background of wartime China, so as to explain the changes in women＇s marital status and the nature and significance of their so-called liberation in wartime revolutionary bases in North China.

DIVORCE AND KIDS

Divorce is transforming the lives ofAmerican children. In the post-World WarⅡ generation, more than 80 percent ofchildren grew up with both biologicalparents. Today only half will do so. Eachyear more than a million children experiencefamily breakup; about as many are born outof wedlock. At the same time, the problemsassociated with family disruption havegrown. Over-all child well-being hasdeclined, despite historically high publicspending. The teen suicide rate has almosttripled. Juvenile crime has increased