Petrogenesis of Middle-Eocene granitoids and their Mafic microgranular enclaves in central Urmia-Dokhtar Magmatic Arc(Iran): Evidence for interaction between felsic and mafic magmas

Whole rock major and trace element geochemistry together with zircon U-Pb ages and Sr-Nd isotope compositions for the Middle Eocene intrusive rocks in the Haji Abad region are presented. The granitoid hosts, including granodiorite and diorite, yielded zircon U-Pb ages with a weighted mean value of 40.0 ± 0.7 Ma for the granodiorite phase. Mafic microgranular enclaves(MMEs) are common in these plutons, and have relatively low SiO_2 contents(53.04-57.08 wt.%) and high Mg#(42.6-60.1), probably reflecting a mantle-derived origin. The host rocks are metaluminous(A/CNK = 0.69-1.03), arc-related calc-alkaline, and I-type in composition, possessing higher SiO_2 contents(59.7-66.77 wt.%) and lower Mg#(38.6-52.2); they are considered a product of partial melting of the mafic lower crust. Chondritenormalized REE patterns of the MMEs and granitoid hosts are characterized by LREE enrichment and show slight negative Eu anomalies(Eu/Eu* = 0.60-0.93). The host granodiorite samples yield(^(87)Sr/^(86)Sr);ratios ranging from 0.70498 to 0.70591,positive eNd(t) values varying from +0.21 to +2.3, and TDM2 ranging from 760 to 909 Ma, which is consistent with that of associated mafic microgranular enclaves(^(87)Sr/^(86)Sr)i = 0.705111-0.705113, ε_(Nd)(t)= +2.14 to +2.16, T_(DM2) = 697-785 Ma). Petrographic and geochemical characterization together with bulk rock Nd-Sr isotopic data suggest that host rocks and associated enclaves originated by interaction between basaltic lower crust-derived felsic and mantlederived mafic magmas in an active continental margin arc environment.

Facies Analysis and Sequence Stratigraphy of the Qal'eh Dokhtar Formation(Middle-Upper Jurassic) in the West of Boshrouyeh, East Central Iran

The study area is located in the east Tabas Block in Central Iran. Facies analysis of the Qal＇eh Dokhtar Formation（middle Callovian to late Oxfordian） was carried out on two stratigraphic sections and applied to depositional environment and sequence stratigraphy interpretation. This formation conformably overlies and underlies the marly-silty Baghamshah and the calcareous Esfandiar formations, respectively. Lateral and vertical facies changes documents low-to high energy environments, including tidal-flat, beach to intertidal, lagoon, barrier, and open-marine. According to these facies associations and absence of resedimentation deposits a depositional model of a mixed carbonate-siliciclastic ramp was proposed for the Qal＇eh Dokhtar Formation. Seven third-order depositional sequences were identified in each two measured stratigraphic sections. Transgressive systems tracts（TSTs） show deepening upward trends, i.e. shallow water beach to intertidal and lagoonal facies, while highstand systems tracts（HST） show shallowing upward trends in which deep water facies are overlain by shallow water facies. All sequence boundaries（except at the base of the stratigraphic column） are of the no erosional（SB2） types. We conclude eustatic rather than tectonic factors played a dominant role in controlling carbonate depositional environments in the study area.

Oligocene subduction-related plutonism in the Nodoushan area,Urumieh-Dokhtar magmatic belt: Petrogenetic constraints from U-Pb zircon geochronology and isotope geochemistry

Geochemical data and Sr-Nd isotopes of the host rocks and magmatic microgranular enclaves(MMEs)collected from the Oligocene Nodoushan Plutonic Complex(NPC) in the central part of the Urumieh-Dokhtar Magmatic Belt(UDMB) were studied in order to better understand the magmatic and geodynamic evolution of the UDMB. New U-Pb zircon ages reveal that the NPC was assembled incrementally over ca. 5 m.y., during two main episodes at 30.52 ± 0.11 Ma and 30.06 ± 0.10 Ma in the early Oligocene(middle Rupelian) for dioritic and granite intrusives, and at 24.994 ± 0.037 Ma and 24.13 ± 0.19 Ma in the late Oligocene(latest Chattian) for granodioritic and diorite porphyry units,respectively. The spherical to ellipsoidal enclaves are composed of diorite to monzodiorite and minor gabbroic diorite(SiO_2 = 47.73-57.36 wt.%; Mg# = 42.15-53.04); the host intrusions are mainly granite,granodiorite and diorite porphyry(SiO_2 = 56.51-72.35 wt.%; Mg# = 26.29-50.86). All the samples used in this study have similar geochemical features, including enrichment in large ion lithophile elements(LILEs, e.g. Rb, Ba, Sr) and light rare earth elements(LREEs) relative to high field strength elements(HFSEs) and heavy rare earth elements(HREEs). These features, combined with a relative depletion in Nb,Ta, Ti and P, are characteristic of subduction-related magmas. Isotopic data for the host rocks display ISr = 0.705045-0.707959, εNd(t) =-3.23 to +3.80, and the Nd model ages(TDM) vary from 0.58 Ga to 1.37 Ga. Compared with the host rocks, the MMEs are relatively homogeneous in isotopic composition,with Isr ranging from 0.705513 to 0.707275 and εNd(t) from -1.46 to 4.62. The MMEs have TDM ranging from 0.49 Ga to 1.39 Ga. Geochemical and isotopic similarities between the MMEs and their host rocks demonstrate that the enclaves have mixed origins and were most probably formed by interactions between the lower crust-and mantle-derived magmas. Geochemical data, in combination with geodynamic evidence, suggest that a basic magma was derived from an enriched subcontinental lithospheric mantle(SCLM), presumably triggered by the influx of the hot asthenosphere. This magma then interacted with a crustal melt that originated from the dehydration melting of the mafic lower crust at deep crustal levels. Modeling based on Sr-Nd isotope data indicate that ～50% to 90% of the lower crust-derived melt and ～10% to 50% of the mantle-derived mafic magma were involved in the genesis of the early Oligocene magmas. In contrast,～45%-65% of the mantle-derived mafic magma were incorporated into the lower crust-derived magma(～35%-55%) that generated the late Oligocene hybrid granitoid rocks. Early Oligocene granitoid rocks contain a higher proportion of crustal material compared to those that formed in the late Oligocene. It is reasonable to assume that lower crust and mantle interaction processes played a significant role in the genesis of these hybridgranitoid bodies, where melts undergoing fractional crystallization along with minor amounts of crustal assimilation could ascend to shallower crustal levels and generate a variety of rock types ranging from diorite to granite.

Zircon U-Pb Ages and Magmatic History of the Kashan Plutons in the Central Urumieh-Dokhtar Magmatic Arc,Iran:Evidence for Neotethyan Subduction during Paleogene-Neogene

The Kashan plutons are situated in the central part of Urumieh-Dokhtar magmatic arc recording subduction-related magmatism within the Alpine-Himalayan orogeny in Iran.These rocks consist of different calc-alkaline plutonic rocks including gabbro,gabbroic diorite,microdiorite,monzodiorite,tonalite,granodiorite,and granite.The plutons were emplaced into the Jurassic sedimentary units(Shemshak Formation)and the Eocene calc-alkaline volcanic and pyroclastic rocks.New U-Pb zircon ages show that the Kashan plutons formed during two main periods at 35.20±0.71 Ma in the Late Eocene(Priabonian)and at 18.90±0.84,19.26±0.83,19.30±1.2,and 17.3±1.8 Ma in the Early Miocene(Burdigalian).The reported events in the Kashan plutons imply the final phases of subductionrelated magmatism before the collision which happened between the Arabian and Iranian plates in the Middle Miocene.The plutonic activity in the Kashan region occurred during the transition from Eocene subduction-related setting to Middle Miocene collisional setting.

Geochemical studies, mineralization and mineral potential of Tafresh area, the Iran-Markazi

The study area is part of the Urumieh–Dokhtar volcanic arc that a large part of its surface is covered by extrusive Igneous rocks(tuff,intermediate lavas and ignimbrites sheets),plutonic igneous(diorite and granodiorite)and semi-deep stones(dyke and sill).Studied samples are situated in calc-alkaline domain of magmatic series diagrams.Harker diagrams show the fractional crystallization of Clinopyroxene,amphibole,plagioclase,alkali feldspars and opaque minerals(ilmenite Titano-magnetite,ilmenite and rutile).In spider diagrams,light rare earth elements(LREE)are enriched compared to heavy rare earth elements(HREE),and HFS elements(Ti,Nb)show negative anomaly and LFS elements(Cs,K,Pb)show positive anomaly,showing that it is a distinct characteristic of subduction zones.Skarns of the area mainly are of exoskarns and are rich in plagioclase,microcline,amphibole,biotite and epidote.Skarn is enriched of iron,copper,molybdenum,vanadium,lead,zinc and silver.Deposits of barite in the area show characteristics of volcanic-sedimentary barites and are associated to ore-bearing hydrothermal solutions.Using satellite images and processing information,four areas with high mineral potential are identified in the area.

Crystallization Conditions and Mineral Chemistry in the East of Tafresh, Central Iran, with Insights into Magmatic Processes

The Tafresh granitoids are located at the central part of the Urumieh-Dokhtar Magmatic Arc(UDMA)in Iran.These rocks,mainly consisting of diorite and granodiorite,were emplaced during the Early Miocene.They are composed of varying proportions of plagioclase+K-feldspar+hornblende±quartz±biotite.Discrimination diagrams and chemical indices of amphibole phases reveal a calc-alkaline affinity and fall clearly in the crust-mantle mixed source field.The estimated pressure,derived from Al in amphibole barometry,is approximately 3 Kb.The granitoids are I-type,metaluminous and belong to the calc-alkaline series.They are all enriched in light rare earth elements and large ion lithophile elements,depleted in high field strength elements and display geochemical features typical of subduction-related calc-alkaline arc magmas.Most crystal size distribution(CSD)line patterns from the granitoids show a non-straight trend which points to the effect of physical processes during petrogenesis.The presence of numerous mafic enclaves,sieve texture and oscillatory zoning along with the CSD results show that magma mixing in the magma chamber had an important role in the petrogenesis of Tafresh granitoids.Moreover,the CSD analysis suggests that the plagioclase crystals were crystallized in a time span of less than 1000 years,which is indicative of shallow depth magma crystallization.

Preliminary Exploration of Copper Minerals in Jebal Barez Mountains, Iran

Urumieh-Dokhtar Magmatic Arc (UDMA) is known as a belt with copper and some other metal deposits. The study area is a part of Jebal Barez Mountains located in southeastern of the belt in Iran. Two types of deposits are known in the belt. Semicircular patterns of altered rocks associated with Eocene to Miocene intrusive rocks are known as porphyry copper deposits and linear altered rock patterns associated with extensive faults or dikes indicate potential epithermal or polymetalic vein deposits. In order to clarify the relationship between faults and mineralization, at first alteration zones have been mapped by using remote sensing methods. Then by geological maps and satellites images, most of faults have been revealed and mapped. Based on calculated photolineament factors in smaller districts, a contouring map was drawn. Although assumed faults are pathways for hydrothermal fluid, in regional scale because of difference of geometry, kinematic and timing of faults, all of them have not the same value for mineralization but insist on density of faults and value of photolineament factors can be more useful for preliminary exploration of copper minerals.

Petrography and Geochemical Characteristic of Koohrig Intrusive Rocks in Kerman, Iran

Koohrig intrusive mass is located in the east of Rafsanjan, Kerman Province, Iran and it is part of because it has cut the sandstone, limestone, shale units and conglomerate of Upper Cretaceous. Its intrusive rock includes quartz, plagioclase and alkali feldspar and its ferromagnesian mineral which is biotite has changed into chlorite. This Intrusive mass is characterized by the presence of metamorphic geochemical studies led to the detection of granite and granodiorite and quartz monzonite rocks.

Copper, Zinc, and Lead Mineral Prospectivity Mapping in the North of Tafresh, Markazi Province, Central Iran, Using the AHP-OWA Method

The reason of this research is to identify the favorable areas for copper, zinc, and lead mineralization in the western part of the 1:100,000 Tafresh geological Sheet in the Urmia-Dokhtar structural zone of Iran. Effective data layers for mineralization, such as geology, geochemistry, structures, and satellite images, were analyzed and then integrated using the AHP-OWA method to identify favorable areas. Geochemical stream samples were analyzed by univariate, multivariate, and classical statistical methods and revealed the first, second, and third class anomalies for copper, zinc, and lead in the study region. Detection of hydrothermal alteration zones by Advanced Spaceborne Thermal Emission and Reflection Radiometer (ASTER) satellite imagery in various algorithms, such as Relative absorption Band Depth (RBD), Minimum Noise Fraction (MNF), and Least Square Fit (LS-Fit), shows that argillic, phyllic, propylitic, and iron oxide alterations develop around the faults in the area under study. The favorable areas for copper, zinc, and lead mineralization have been identified by a combination of evidence maps of lithology, faults, dikes, geochemistry, and alteration data layers. Field observations in the area under study have confirmed the results.

Geochemistry of Enclaves and Host Granitoids from the Kashan Granitoid Complex, Central Iran: Implications for Enclave Generation by Interaction of Cogenetic Magmas

The major and trace elements and Sr-Nd-Pb isotopes of Miocene host granitoid rocks and their mafic microgranular enclaves（MMEs） were studied to understand the petrogenesis of MMEs in the Kashan complex, which is part of the Urumieh-Dokhtar magmatic belt（Iran）. The host rocks consist of quartz-diorite and tonalite associated with a dioritic intrusion. The enclaves show microgranular texture and the same mineralogy as their respective host with plagioclase, quartz and biotite. MMEs have a diorite to quartz-diorite composition and show geochemical characteristics mostly between their granitoid host and the diorite intrusion. Chondrite-normalized REE patterns of all samples are moderately fractionated [（La/Yb）N=2.1 to 12.9]. The MMEs display in part small negative Eu anomalies（Eu/Eu＊=0.54 to 0.99）, with enrichment of LILE and depletion of HFSE. The enclaves show emplacement depth of -4 to 6 km which is comparable with the host rocks. Moreover, the Hornblende-plagioclase equilibrium temprature of MMEs yields average temperatures of 795℃ which is slightly higher than the host ones. Identical mineral compositions and Nd-Sr-Pb isotopic features of MME-host granitoid pairs indicate interactions and parallel evolution of MME and enclosing granitoid in the Kashan plutons. Additionally, the geochemical and isotopic investigations of host and dioritic intrusions suggest a common source for their genesis. A thermal anomaly induced by underplated basic magma into a hot crust would have caused partial melting in the lower crust to generate Kashan granitoid rocks.

伊朗大理矿区中新世成矿及无矿斑岩地球化学对比及其对成矿的启示

伊朗乌尔米耶-达克塔尔弧岩浆带(Urumieh-Dokhtar magmatic arc,UDMA)是特提斯域最重要的斑岩铜矿省,发育大量中新世大型超-大型斑岩铜矿床;同时,该带也发育大量同时代无矿岩体,但控制岩体成矿潜力的关键因素尚不清楚.为此,选择该带中段、成矿及无矿岩体同时发育的大理矿区,针对成矿及无矿岩体开展了系统的锆石岩相学、年代学、微量元素地球化学及Hf同位素地球化学对比.结果显示,无矿闪长岩(锆石U-Pb年龄:17.4±0.3 Ma)比成矿石英闪长斑岩(锆石U-Pb年龄:15.6±0.1 Ma)形成略早,但近乎同期;闪长岩εHf(t)值变化介于+2^+4,石英闪长斑岩εHf(t)值变化介于+2^+5,两者具有类似的Hf同位素组成;闪长岩中锆石常含老的继承核(172~920 Ma),石英闪长斑岩则不发育继承锆石;闪长岩及石英闪长斑岩中的中新世锆石具有类似的稀土配分模式,且Eu负异常不明显,而闪长岩中的锆石继承核则显示出明显的Eu负异常,配分模式与中新世锆石不同.基于上述结果,我们提出大理矿区的两套中新世岩体具有相同的岩浆源区,但经历了不同的地壳演化过程,成矿的石英闪长斑岩浆形成后,与古老地壳没有明显交互,而无矿的闪长岩浆,在上升过程中与地壳物质、特别是古老还原性物质发生了交互,交互过程中岩浆氧逸度降低,是该套岩浆不成矿的主要原因.进而我们提出UDMA带中段斑岩成矿与否不仅与前人所认为的受岩浆源区控制,也与岩浆演化过程密不可分.