Microbiological Quality of “Rabilé”, a Yeast Used for Fermentation of Dolo, a Local Beer in Dédougou, Burkina Faso

Sorghum beer or dolo is part of the eating habits of part of the population of Dédougou because of its low price compared with industrial beers. Its production is an ancestral tradition that uses traditional equipment and gives dolo organoleptic properties that are not found in industrial beers. The production process involves several stages, including fermentation, which itself comprises natural lactic fermentation followed by alcoholic fermentation using traditional yeasts, which are not controlled in any way. The general aim of this study is to assess the microbiological quality of these fermentative yeasts in the town of Dédougou, in order to contribute to the health safety of the population and the promotion of these local beers. Twenty samples of fermenting yeast were analyzed according to ISO standards, to isolate enterobacteria, total and faecal coliforms according to standard procedures for isolating these micro-organisms. The isolated strains were identified using the API20E gallery. Microbiological analyses revealed the presence of 51.17% enterobacteria, 45.38% total coliforms and 3.45% thermotolerant coliforms. We counted 40% Escherichia coli, 20% Enterobacter cloacae, 20% Klebsiella pneumoniae and 20% Klebsiella spp. All the strains detected are capable of surviving in hostile conditions and could harm the quality of the dolo, consumer health and cause real collective food poisoning in the town of Dédougou. This enabled us to assess the microbial quality of these yeasts and to propose more suitable measures for producing and preserving dolo under hygienic conditions to protect consumer health.

一种新型护面加翼块体的消浪特性试验研究

利用物理模型试验评估了一种新型人工护面块体(加翼块体)的消浪性能,分析了波浪爬高、波浪反射系数、糙渗系数和经济效益等多项指标,并与扭王字块体进行了横向对比。研究结果表明:波浪爬高随入射波高的增大而增大,波浪在加翼块体护面上的爬高要小于扭王字块体工况,加翼块体护面的斜坡堤反射系数整体上小于扭王字块体护面的斜坡堤;利用反射波高公式计算得到的加翼块体平均糙渗系数推荐值为0.383,利用波浪爬高公式计算得到加翼块体平均糙渗系数推荐值为0.456;加翼块体护面的斜坡堤与规则安装了同等重量扭王字块体的斜坡堤相比,具有更优的消浪性能(波浪反射率平均减小了18.5%、波浪爬高平均减小3.0%)和更好的经济性(造价减小18.6%)。

Pulmonary and Extra-Pulmonary Tuberculosis: Epidemiological and Diagnostic Aspects at Sominé DOLO Hospital in Mopti

Despite the efforts made to fight the tuberculosis, Mycobacterium tuberculosis still remains a public health problem, particularly for low-income countries. According to the World Health Organization data, our country, Mali has detected only half of the 10,385 cases of tuberculosis expected for 2014 for a population of 17,309,000 inhabitants. The objective of this present work was to describe the different clinical aspects and the epidemiology of tuberculosis at Hospital Sominé Dolo in Mopti. We performed a retro-prospective and descriptive of tuberculosis cases diagnosed in our department of medicine between May 2016 and August 2018. A total of 96 tuberculosis cases were recorded, i.e. 4.6% and 1.0% for hospitalizations and consultations patterns, respectively. The median of age was 41 with extremes from 5 to 80 years. The age group [31 - 40 years] was the most affected with 20.8%. Men and women were affected in identical proportions, i.e. 50%. Pulmonary locations were the most frequent with 55.2%. Pleural tuberculosis was far the most frequent of the extra-pulmonary forms with 24.0% followed by the peritoneal and bone localization with 6.3% each. The majority of patients were followed on an outpatient basis, i.e. 90.6%. The disease lethality was 7.3%. Our data show that the cases of extra-pulmonary tuberculosis are in an increasing proportion and their diagnosis confirmation remains difficult in our context.

Small Bowel Obstruction: Epidemiological, Clinical and Therapeutic Aspects in the General Surgery Department of Hôpital SominéDOLO de Mopti

Small bowel obstruction (SBO) is defined as a complete and persistent cessation of the transit of materials and gases. It occurs in a segment of the digestive tract located between the pylorus and the colorectal junction. We report an observational study which aims to describe the epidemiological, clinical and therapeutic aspects of small bowel obstruction. This study was carried out in the General Surgery Department of Hôpital Sominé DOLO de Mopti from October 1, 2016 to October 1, 2018. A total of 114 patients were recorded for whom the diagnosis was related to an occlusion. The median age was 37 years with extremes ranging from 6 months to 90 years. Male sex was predominant with a sex-ratio of 1.8. The frequency of small bowel occlusions over all occlusions was 74.03%. The most encountered clinical signs were as followed: abdominal pain (100%), vomiting (88.6%), cessation of materials and gas (79.9%) and meteorism (62.3%). All patients underwent medical imaging, the most common of which was an abdomen without preparation X-ray (AWP). On the etiological level, the main causes found postoperatively were: flanges and adhesion (55.2%), strangulated hernias (28.0%), acute intussusception (6.1%), small bowel volvulus (3.5%) and small bowel tumor (1.6%). Releasing the bridles was the most common surgery process (28.0%). The morbidity of the immediate follow-up was (13.1%) and the mortality was (7.0%). This high mortality is due to ignorance of the signs of seriousness and the socio-cultural barrier (decision of the patriarch to agree to a surgical intervention), the late use of hospital facility and the limited financial capability of the patients.

Abdominal Trauma Management: About 62 Cases at the Department of General Surgery of Hôpital SominéDOLO de Mopti, Mali

We undertook a prospective and descriptive observational study on abdominal trauma from February 1, 2016 to August 31, 2017. The aim of this work was to identify the typology and management of abdominal trauma cases in our surgery department. Overall, abdominal trauma represented 3.54% (62/1751) of all surgeries during the study period. Among the 62 cases, men accounted for 59 and women for 3. The sex ratio was 19.67. The mean age was 24 ± 15 years. Road accidents were the most represented with 43.5% of cases. The couple of signs, hypovolemic shock and abdominal pain and decrease on blood pressure were the prominent clinical symptoms with 100.0%, and 50.0% of cases, respectively. Abdominal ultrasound and abdominal x-ray without contrast were performed in 67.0% and 18.0% of cases, respectively. Abdominal trauma was divided into two entities: contusion 68% and wounds 32%. Medical treatment was sufficient in 23.00% of cases. Laparotomy as a surgical approach was performed in 77.0% of cases. Local hemostasis plus drainage (27.08%), splenectomy (25.00%), suture (14.58%), hemostasis by tamponade (8.33%) and colostomy (2.08%) were undertaken as surgical procedures when it came to deal with contusions. Debridement of wounds plus suture and hemostasis by tamponade was performed in 18.73% and 4.16 cases, respectively. The most observed lesions were those of the spleen with 27.42% and those of the small bowel with 24.19%. The postoperative follow-up was straightforward in 83.33% of cases. The overall mortality was 4.17%.

Isolation and Identification of Indigenous Yeasts from “<i>Rabil&eacute;</i>”, a Starter Culture Used for Production of Traditional Beer “<i>dolo</i>”, a Condiment in Burkina Faso

Rabilé is a ferment of dolo, a traditional sorghum beer of Burkina Faso and it is harvested at the end of dolo fermentation process. It is a significant source of proteins and it is used like a condiment and food seasoning by some communities. The present study characterized and identified the yeasts isolated from Rabilé. A total of 70 samples were collected from 7 localities of Burkina Faso with dolo sellers according to the ethnic groups. The aerobic mesophilic flora count from Rabilé varied from 8.34 ± 0.72 to 10.07 ± 0.51 log10 CFU·g-1 and yeast varied from 7.24 to 8.28 log10 UFC·g-1. Based on morphological, cultural, sexual and biochemical (carbon and nitrogen assimilation) profiles, 50 yeast strains were identified and found to belong to 4 genera and 7 species. Saccharomyces cerevisiae was found as most predominant yeasts species of yeast in of Rabilé with 64 %, Rhodotorula muciloginosa, (8%), Candida pseudorhangii (6%), Candida heliconiae (12%), Candida utilis (4%), Shizosaccharomyces pombe (4%) and Sporobolomyces odoratus (2%). This activity has been carried out in the Laboratory of Biotechnology for Food and Nutritional Sciences, University Ouaga I Pr Josph KY-ZERBO, Burkina Faso, and it was done from June to October 2018.

元纳钵史地杂识

元代两都之间辇路及其沿线纳钵的位置一直是蒙古史、元史学者关注的问题。本文考证了有关两都之间辇路的两个纳钵——马家瓮和夺罗欢火失温的地理方位,考察了涉及纳钵事务管理的经正监(奴都赤)职掌和差役火里孙。

抛石防波堤人工护面块体强度模拟研究

本文主要研究了混凝土人工护面块体在模型试验中的强度模拟问题，根据不同比尺要求的强度指标，确定新型材料组成成份及其配比，并针对已有防波堤护面块体的破坏情况，进行了水槽模型验证试验。

带异形块体海堤越浪的数值模拟

该文在FLUENT软件平台上,发展了数值消波-造波技术,通过在动量方程里添加多孔介质源项,建立了带有多孔介质模型的二维数值波浪水槽。应用该数值波浪水槽,数值模拟了在斜坡堤坡面上铺设异形块体情况下的越浪过程,给出了越浪量。为了率定异形块体的等效惯性阻力系数,进行了典型工况的物理模型实验,给出了在斜坡堤坡面上不同位置处铺设一层异形块体情况下多孔介质模型的等效阻力系数。

川东飞仙关组鲕滩储层地震响应特征及预测

川东下三叠统飞仙关组鲕滩气藏是川东地区的重要气藏类型之一.“亮点”型反射特征识别鲕滩储层在研究区内成功率较高,但失败的钻井也不少。为了更有效地进行鲕滩储层的预测.结合区内多口成功和失败钻井. 从测井、地震反射特征、地震层序等方面进行了分析.指出“亮点”型反射具有多解性和不确定性。通过对钻遇的含气鲕粒岩储层成岩环境的分析.得到了2点认识:①鲕滩白云岩化是其成为有效储层的必要条件;②鲕滩沉积时近于暴露的古地理环境为其白云岩化提供了条件。此外,还利用地震地层学和层序地层学来识别古沉积环境,以排除无效“亮点”。

斜坡式防波堤人工护面块体稳定重量计算公式研究

人工护面块体稳定重量是其抵抗波浪作用的主要依据。文中对部分常用的护面块体稳定重量计算公式进行分类,并收集了关于人工护面块体稳定性的试验及现场观测数据,通过与多种护面块体稳定重量计算公式进行比较,给出了实际工程中对人工护面块体稳定重量计算的建议。该建议比较了多种稳定重量计算方法的优缺点,并通过与试验和现场稳定性数据的对比分析,对工程具备一定的现实指导意义。

羌塘盆地二叠系白云岩油苗地球化学特征及意义

通过采集羌塘盆地中央隆起带二叠系展金组白云岩油苗及烃源岩样品,对其族组成、饱和烃、芳烃色谱—质谱以及单体碳同位素进行了研究,并进行了油源对比。研究结果表明:白云岩油苗中饱和烃含量最高,其次为非烃,芳烃和沥青质含量较低,饱芳比大于1;白云岩油苗的正构烷烃主要为前高单峰型分布特征,碳数分布范围n C_(15)~nC_(36),主峰碳为nC_(17)~nC_(20),nC_(21)-/nC_(22)+值为1.0~4.56,C_(27)-C_(28)-C_(29)规则甾烷表现为不规则的"V"型的分布并且C29甾烷占优势,升藿烷从C_(31)~C_(35)均有检出,显示出白云岩油苗的生烃母质主要来源于藻类和细菌等低等水生生物;白云岩油苗的Pr/Ph值为0.91~1.30,伽马蜡烷指数值为0.42~0.88,三芴系列化合物中以硫芴含量最高(平均67.39%)而氧芴含量(平均7.89%)较低,4-MDBT/DBT比值为0.97~4.26,(2+3)-MDBT/DBT值为0.37~1.62,表明白云岩油苗生烃母质为形成于具有一定盐度还原环境为的海相页岩;白云岩油苗的OEP值接近平衡值1,甾萜烷异构参数C_(29)ααα20S/ααα(20S+20R)、C_(29)αββ/(ααα+αββ)和C_(31)22S/(22S+22R)等接近或达到平衡值,芳烃标志物成熟度参数MPI_1、F_1和4,6/1,4-DMDBT计算出的等效镜质体反射率表明白云岩油苗为成熟原油。白云岩油苗的生物标志物和展金组泥岩具有较好对比性,反映了白云岩油苗主要来源于展金组烃源岩;其单体碳同位素与二叠系展金组烃源岩分布形式和变化趋势基本相似,但也有一定的差异,反映了其具有混合来源的特点。

纳米TiO2催化一锅法合成喹唑啉酮并酞嗪酮及3-酰胺基异吲哚酮并喹唑啉酮类化合物

以纳米TiO_2为催化剂,靛红酸酐、2-甲酰基苯甲酸、不同芳香肼或酰肼类化合物为原料,在乙醇/水溶液为溶剂的条件下一锅法合成,高产率得到6个喹唑啉酮并酞嗪酮类化合物及10个3-酰胺基取代的异吲哚酮并喹唑啉酮类化合物.该方法简洁高效,反应条件温和,为喹唑啉酮并杂环类化合物的合成提供了一条新途径.

川黔桂二叠系层序地层与油气勘探

川黔桂二叠纪的５种不同类型盆地有不同的层序充填，因此，其油气前景也不相同。总体而言，海侵体系域、凝缩层、台盆和盆地的高水位、低水位体系域以及混合台地和孤台高水位体系域上部含煤岩系是重要的烃源层。上述层序也是重要盖区，其中以海侵体系域最为重要。有利储集体及相应的潜在圈闭主要包括：（１）低水位体系域中盆底扇－斜坡扇砂体、三角洲前缘砂体、冲积扇砂体、河道充填砂体、进积复合砂体、丘滩礁组合、钙屑及混屑浊积岩等；（２）海侵体系域中的障壁滩砂体、滨岸砂体、河口湾砂体、潮控三角洲砂体、扇三角洲砂体、浊积扇砂体、滞留型陆棚砂体、海侵型生物丘礁组合、火山碎屑浊积岩等；（３）高水位体系域中的河控、浪控三角洲砂体、冲积扇－河道砂体、扇三角洲砂体、浊积扇砂体、陆屑滩坝砂体、碳酸盐滩坝砂体、丘滩礁组合、钙屑重力流沉积、白云岩等；

滨里海盆地东缘石炭系KT-Ⅰ油层组白云岩地球化学特征

哈萨克斯坦滨里海盆地东缘上石炭统KT-Ⅰ油层组主要发育局限海台地—开阔海台地碳酸盐沉积,间夹蒸发岩层。由于区域性白云石化作用,KT-Ⅰ油层组中白云岩广泛分布,为主要油气储集层。研究表明,白云岩中白云石为泥晶、粉晶或细晶,半自形—他形;略富钙,有序度较低(0.336～0.504);δ18OPDB值在-1.06‰～+2.45‰之间,比石炭纪海水(δ18OPDB值介于-1‰～-2‰之间)偏正;δ13CPDB值在+3.36‰～+5.94‰之间,与石炭纪海水(δ13CPDB值介于+3.1‰～+4.7‰之间)接近;锶同位素值接近石炭纪海水(87Sr/86Sr值在0.7082～0.7088之间);微量元素Mn含量平均为92.57μg/g,Fe含量平均为447.52μg/g,接近被交代的灰岩含量;Na和K含量的平均值分别为198.80μg/g和5.89μg/g,显示交代流体为蒸发海水。上述岩石学和地球化学资料表明,研究区石炭系KT-Ⅰ油层组白云岩具有渗透—回流机理白云岩的特征。

Simulation on the Strength of Model Armor Block on Rubble-Mound Breakwaters

This paper mainly deals with the simulation on the strength of the concrete armor block in model test. According to the requirement for the strength of blocks in models with various scales, the components of materials for model blocks and their proportions are determined. The failure of armor blocks on rubble-mound breakwaters is reproduced by model tests.

以盐湖氯化镁为原料制取粗镁的中试试验

以实验室研究成果为基础，以盐湖氯化镁和电石渣为原料，采用硅热还原法进行了粗镁制取中试条件试验，确定的煅白钙镁比为0．83，煅烧温度为900℃，煅烧时间为1．5h，试验的粗镁还原回收率为80．93％。与以白云石为原料的皮江法制取粗镁工艺相比，以盐湖氯化镁和电石渣为原料的硅热还原制镁工艺充分地利用了二次资源，减少了一次资源开采对环境的破坏，消除了温室气体CO2的排放，减少了工艺过程中的能耗，提高了生产过程的灵活性。因此，解决了电石渣杂质问题后的该工艺将具有良好的工业化前景。

Bioherm Petroleum Reservoir Types and Features in Main Sedimentary Basins of the South China Sea

It is known from macrocomparisons and microresearches of bioherm reservoirs in main sedimentary basins of the South China Sea through deep-water petroleum explorations and by means of 2D/3D seismic data and a whole-coring core from the Xisha Islands that there are great dif- ferences between deep-sea oil and gas fields in the world and those in the South China Sea, as reservoir systems of the former are mainly clastic rocks, whereas the latter have organic reefs that act as reser- voirs of their largest oil and gas fields, which are represented by large Liuhua 11-1 reef oilfield in the north and super-large L reef gas field in the south of the South China Sea. Therefore, it is of great significance to study deep-water hioherm reservoirs in the South China Sea. Comparisons of organic reefs in the four large islands of the South China Sea give evidences that such reefs in main sedimentary basins came into being during Cenozoic, especially in Neogene, and mainly occur as tower （point） reef, massive reef, platform-edge reef, and patch reef in shape, which show different reservoir physical properties and seismic reflection configurations and make up carbonate rock-bioherm formations in the island reef and sedimentary basin areas. Generally, the south and north parts differ from the east and the west of the South China Sea in geologic conditions, as their corresponding continental shelf/island shelf areas are relatively wide/ narrow, large stream current systems are well developed/not so well developed, and terrigenous sediments are relatively sufficient/insufficient. The southeast and south parts of the South China Sea had organic reefs built up earlier than the north and the reef building mainly took place in Neogene; these Neogene organic reefs all be- long to plant algal reef rocks. Liuhua oilfield in the Pearl River Mouth basin is found to mainly have red algal bindstone, Malampaya reef in the northern Palawan basin is rich in both red algal bind- stone and green algal reef segmented rock, and especially Miocene red algal framestone and green algal segmented rock are discovered in the Xisha Islands. These algal reefs created different sedimentary mi- crofacies as well as various rock structures and types, and through recent researches on the mechanism of dolomitization, freshwater dolomite was discovered and grouped under products from dolomitization in mixed water that was regression reefal dolomite of good reservoir properties.