The Rights of Persons Charged with Penal Offences to Access to Lawyers——A comparison between international and domestic laws

I. Getting help from lawyers and its realization according to international standards The right to defense for a person involving in a law suit is a universal human right. Article 11 of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights provides： ＂Everyone charged with a penal offence has the right to be presumed innocent until proved guilty according to law in a public trial at which he has had all the guarantees necessary for his defence.＂ This means （1） the right to defence is a basic human right due to all persons charged with a penal offence; （2） it is a basic requirement for the principle of presumption of innocence and fair trial; and （3） the realization of the fight needs practical and effective guarantees.

Coordinate Rule of Law Efforts in Both Domestic and Foreign-Related Matters

Taking a coordinated approach to promoting the rule of law at home and in matters involving foreign parties stands as one of the essentials of Xi Jinping Thought on the Rule of Law.The profound essence of this concept is predominantly articulated through the dialectic nexus between the rule of law at home and in matters involving foreign parties and the foundational necessities and underlying principles for their coordinated advancement.This concept is intellectually rooted in the legal theory of socialist rule of law with Chinese characteristics,the theory of major-country diplomacy with Chinese characteristics,modern progressive theories of international law,and the exemplary facets of traditional Chinese culture.It is aligned with contemporary trends and in harmony with the need to take a holistic approach to imperatives at home and abroad.This philosophy underscores the approach to building a human community with a shared future through the rule of law,guaranteeing the fruition of national strategic aspirations.This resonates with profound contemporary,integrative,international,and strategic significance.Presently,the focus should be on fostering the development of foreign-related rule of law,maintaining the correct equilibrium between the dyad of rule of law in domestic and foreign-related matters.It is imperative to augment strategic design and institutional construction in the realm of rule of law on issues related to foreign parties,step up research on and practical application of international law,and reinforce the cultivation of legal professionals in this area to take a coordinated approach to advance the rule of law at home and in matters involving foreign parties.

Judicial Application of International Human Rights Treaties in China

Since the Chinese Constitution does not stipulate the status of international treaties in the domestic legal system,the question of whether the domestic court can apply international human rights treaties keeps obscure all the time.China’s official statement and academic opinions generally believe that the domestic court couldn’t resort to the human rights treaties.In recent years,however,several cases have come out involving direct reference to human rights treaties by the court.The following factors contribute together to the direct reference:the inward-looking nature of international human rights treaties,specific requirements of human rights treaties,and the possible institutional room in Chinas’s current legal system.Take the view off ulfilling international human rights obligations,the practice of judicial application should be fully affirmed.Nevertheless,it should also be noted that relevant practice is still in its infancy,there are some problems such as inconsistent understanding and non-standard application.From the perspective of top-level design,it is necessary to provide a normative basis for the practice of the court,so as to make the international human rights treaties play their due role.

Creating an Extraterritorial Application System of Chinese Law: From the Perspective of Advancing the Rule of Law in Domestic and Foreign-Related Affairs in a Coordinated Manner

The rule of law in foreign-related affairs breaks down the distinction between domestic law and international law,as well as between the rule of law in domestic affairs and that in international affairs,providing a bridge for China to build lawbased governance and to reform the global governance system for the new era.The extraterritorial application of domestic law can lead to legal conflicts between nations and conflicts between domestic law and international law.The principle of extraterritorially applying domestic law should be based on not violating the prohibitive provisions of international law and resolving legal conflicts through the conclusion of international treaties or negotiations.In the systematic undertaking of taking a coordinated approach to the rule of law in Chinese domestic and foreignrelated affairs,thebuilding ofChina's system of extraterritorial application of domestic law should be accelerated under the unified leadership by the Communist Party of China,with legislative,executive,and judicial authorities performing their respective duties.This building should be based on multilateralism,taking into account the legitimate concerns of other countries,and with the bottom line of not violating the prohibitive provisions of international law,and should be promoted with a balanced approach considering both"offense"and"defense."

Notes on the Appfication of the CISG to Some International Commercial Cases

本文系作者根据其办理国际商事案的笔记整理撰写，主要涉及《销售公约》的适用、公约与内国法的互动、国际法优先、原《涉外经济合同法》第6条规定的缺陷及其对中国仲裁员的但他们却往往没有意识到的负面影响；作者还希图让同行注意澳大利亚学者MarcusSJacobs在其专门为中国同行撰写的文章中对《销售公约》适用的见解。

Accurately Comprehending the Concept of"Rule of Law in Foreign- Related Affairs" to Promote Coordinated Advancement in the Rule of Law in Chinese Domestic and Foreign-Related Affairs

The n notion of"rule of law in foreign-related affairs"signifies a critical innovation and evolution in the theory and practice of socialist rule of law with Chinese characteristics.It underscores the pivotal role of rule of law in foreign-related affairs in the law-based governance and presents new topics for the theoretical study for rule of law.A precise comprehension of"rule of law in foreign-related affairs"necessitates tracing its origins and elucidating its correlations with both"rule of law in domestic affairs"as well as with"international rule of law."Acknowledging both domestic and international plerugatives,while holistically advancing law-based governance,constitutes the foundational rationale behind"rule of law in foreign-related affairs."In addition,the cognitive transition from a"socialist legal system"to the"socialist rule of law"in foreign-related affairs."In addition,the cognitive transition from a"socialist legal system"to the"socialist rule of law"forms a theoretical foundation for the rule of law in foreign-related affairs.Although national governance and global governance,as well as the rule of law in domestic and foreign-related affairs fall under distinct governance categories and legal systems,they are interconnected,mutually influential,and integrated.As a component of national rule of law,the rule of law in foreign related affairs acts as a bridge between the two independent legal systems of the rule of law in national affairs and international rule of law.It is imperative to promote a harmonized advancement of the rule of law in domestic and foreign-related affairs,thereby expediting the strategic deployment of the rule of law in foreign contexts.This strategy more effectively safeguards national sovereignty,security,and developmental interests while contributing to build a human community with|a shared future.

美国法中的“长臂管辖权”:从民事诉讼到法律的不当域外适用

“长臂管辖权”指的是美国法院对域外非美国居民(公民)的管辖权,它是美国民事诉讼中的概念,不能等同于法律的不当域外适用。但是,在美国的法律体系中,长臂管辖权是美国不当域外适用法律的关键性法律技术基础。一方面,美国行政机关通过民事诉讼程序实施行政处罚,也可以通过民事诉讼程序提起没收财产的对物诉讼以达到准刑事处罚的目的;另一方面,在刑事案件和民事诉讼中,美国法院依据民事诉讼程序确定案外非当事人的作证义务、配合扣押财产义务。美国的民事诉讼由于具有可单边性(适用缺席审判且送达方式灵活)、证明标准更低的特点,在法律上能够比刑事诉讼更加有效、简便地将美国的国家权力运用到本国领土以外。

论涉外法治关系的法理结构及实践意义

本文从一个全新的法理视角来阐释从党的十八届四中全会《中共中央关于全面推进依法治国若干重大问题的决定》(以下简称《决定》)提出的“加强涉外法律工作”到党的十九届四中全会《中共中央关于坚持和完善中国特色社会主义制度推进国家治理体系和治理能力现代化若干重大问题的决定》(以下简称《决定》)确定的“加强涉外法治工作”政策术语演变背后的法理依据,并对作为习近平法治思想核心要义之一的“坚持统筹国内法治和涉外法治”的法理内涵进行了创新意义上的解读,其基本分析方法就是打破了传统法理学使用的法律关系概念的逻辑界限,用法理内涵和外延更加丰富的法治关系的概念来分析“统筹”国内法治和涉外法治关系中的各种法律问题,主张应当把制定法规则与法律秩序效果有机结合起来综合性地判断一个主权国家的法治状态,不能仅仅将研究视野停留在制定法规则占优势的传统法理上。本文在分析法治关系概念的建构功能时指出,在涉外法治关系体系中,法治关系的构成要素至少应当分为九个方面,包括法律规则要素、法律关系主体要素、法律关系客体要素、法律关系内容要素(主要是权利义务关系)、法律关系时空要素、法律关系手段要素、法律关系目的要素、法律关系效力要素和法律关系秩序要素。上述九个方面的法治关系构成要素只要其中一个类型的要素中包含“涉外”因素,那么,这种法治关系就具有了“涉外法治关系”的特性,就必须从整体上来协调法律关系中的法律规则与法律秩序之间的价值要求,统筹基于传统法律关系理论形成的“国内法治”与根据法治关系理论产生的“涉外法治”,以具有实效性的“法治”价值来保证涉外法律工作的制度化、规范化,不断提高涉外工作法治化水平。

犯罪预防、被害人保护与犯罪追诉权配置——以《刑法修正案(十二)》为背景

《刑法修正案(十二)》引发了有关亲告罪设置范围的讨论。当前支撑国家追诉原则的“公共利益”,在法益侵害的框架下理解,混入了不具有法益资格的宏大概念,且犯罪与法益之间的事实关联常被替换为被害人的主观联想;在犯罪预防的意义上理解,则会导致过度主观化、情绪化。犯罪追诉权的配置是一个权衡问题,如果犯罪仅侵犯个人法益,追诉犯罪可能反噬被害人的利益,且预防犯罪的利益并非明显优于被害人因犯罪追诉而被侵蚀的利益,就应当将犯罪追诉权配置给被害人。立法未将民营企业内部犯罪规定为亲告罪,但应当根据立法目的对相关规定作合目的性改造,将其追诉权配置给被害企业。

SPECIAL ISSUE： RULE OF LAW--CHINA AND THE WORLD International Law as the Law of Domestic Governance： China＇s Propositions and Institutional Practice

Like domestic law, international law can be used in domestic governance, where it can become an important instrument assisting China＇s Party and government to rule the country and manage state affairs. Incorporating part of international law into domestic law and comprehensively advancing the rule of law in accord with the principle of national sovereignty demonstrate the openness and international vision of China＇s rule of law construction. Translating these propositions into concrete institutional practice will be of vital significance for improving the socialist rule of law with Chinese characteristics, advancing the international rule of law and promoting world peace.

国内法域外适用:研究路径、美国实践与中国应对

国内法域外适用的研究路径大致可分为以公法为主的路径和以私法为主的路径。国内法的域外适用以域外效力为前提,域外适用是域外管辖的实施过程以及域外效力的实现方式。国内法域外适用是一种特殊的法律适用。美国国内法域外适用的实践呈现出不断突破“属地主义”的发展趋势。为反制美国国内法的域外适用,我国应通过建立反制裁措施前置审查制度、设计反制裁工作协调机制、提供程序性保障以及明确豁免机制,从而完善《中华人民共和国反外国制裁法》;从立法、司法和执法三个层面构建我国国内法的域外适用体系;以人民币国际化与关键核心技术自主为目标,提高国家综合实力,从根本上反制美国国内法的域外适用。

绿色能源国际合作的法治障碍与纾解路径

当前,我国已成为世界上最大的再生能源生产与应用国,推动绿色能源国际合作是践行绿色发展理念、促进生态文明建设、构建人类命运共同体的内在要求。随着世界上130多个国家陆续提出碳中和目标,绿色能源国际合作蓬勃发展。在绿色能源国际合作中,法治是规范合作程序、解决合作争端和保护合作成果的重要方式,但是在实施中存在着缺乏推动合作的国内法依据、合作过程中灵活性与规范性难以平衡、第三方政策不明导致利益冲突、救济制度缺位导致争端难以解决等问题。绿色能源国际合作给我国发展带来了新的机遇和挑战,可以通过夯实绿色能源国际合作的国内法基础、构建软硬兼备的国际合作法治体系、依托多边平台完善第三方政策查明机制、持续推进绿色能源纠纷解决平台建设等措施予以解决。

生物武器犯罪的国际追诉

《禁止生物武器公约》存在缺乏多边核查机制而导致执行力不足的问题,这会造成个人在进行生物技术研究时有将其武器化的滥用风险。此外,国际恐怖组织、跨国制药公司也有可能制造或使用各种生物武器从而危害人类社会的生物安全。为了解决该问题,可以考虑采用《反酷刑公约》《制止危害民用航空安全非法行为公约》等国际公约的思路,通过国际公约建立普遍管辖权的方法将生物武器犯罪作为一种国际罪行来对个人追诉相应的刑事责任,从而更为有效地起到威慑与制裁生物武器犯罪行为人的目的。这就要求我国不但要积极推进相应公约的起草与生效工作,还要完善我国的《生物安全法》与《刑法》,使之具有域外适用的效力。

On the “International Law-Based International Order”

In recent years,some countries have advocated a“rules-based international order.”However,they have not explicitly defined the“rules”here as“international law”and thereupon elaborated on their view of the rules for the international order.In fact,a series of legal practices implemented by these countries indicate that what they pursue is largely a view of rules that prioritizes domestic law over international law and regional international law over universal international law,and that politicizes international law.This view of rules undermines the role of international law in the international order and violates the requirements of the times for improving global governance and promoting the establishment of a more just and reasonable international order.To correct the view of rules pursued by these countries through the advocacy of a“rules-based international order,”China proposes an“international law-based international order.”The view of rules embodied in the“international law-based international order”recognizes that international law based and centered on the UN Charter is the authoritative system of rules governing international relations,while not excluding the role in the international order of other rules that do not violate international law.

SPECIAL ISSUE： RULE OF LAW--CHINA AND THE WORLD International Rule of Law and Rule of Law Construction in China

The rule of law has international as well as domestic attributes, so it can be divided into two levels： the domestic rule of law and the international rule of law. Using the thinking behind the international rule of law to build the rule of law in China is both necessary and inevitable. China should put into practice the idea of the international rule of law at the institutional and the governance levels, and should at the same time participate in the UN＇s rule of law activities and in international rule-making, thereby extending its rule of law discourse power and influence in the international sphere.

A Critical Review on the Determinants of a Free, Fair and Credible Election

There is no specific and standard definition of what free, fair and credible democratic elections mean under international law. The international law by implications only tries to lay down a guide and qualities of what a free and fair democratic election should and what it should not be. Both emerging and established democracies present frequent deviations from the ideals of a free, fair and credible election. Confidence in the electoral process has therefore become a key concern for political scientists and electoral administrators prompting this critical review. This article is mainly theoretical in perspective using the primary and secondary data in its context. Findings indicate allegations of administrative restrictions being selectively applied to losers coupled with election rigging by winners. This confirms that the quest for measuring and determining the credibility of an electoral outcome or ＂freeness and fairness＂ of an electoral process needs a collaborative approach. A model is used to explain the complexity of defining free and fair elections while emphasis is placed on aligning domestic law to international laws.

论我国涉外立法的转型

我国的涉外立法建设历经初创、拓展、升级、转型四个阶段,从无到有,从少到多,从零散到渐成体系。其中,政策与法律的良性互动、国内法与国际法的正向互动及不同国家国内法之间的竞争是驱动我国涉外立法建设的三种重要力量。新时代我国涉外立法建设面临转型需要。在理念层面,应以坚持统筹推进国内法治和涉外法治为指引,突破纯粹的国内法思维,增强立法的国际法思维。在制度层面,应将涉外立法的重点从应急性立法转向规划性立法,从宣示性立法转向实施性立法,从专门性立法转向集群性立法。围绕不同类型的涉外关系,强化我国涉外立法的系统性规范构建。控制宣示性规范的比重,增加实施性规范,平衡涉外立法的价值立场宣示作用和实施效果。

Protection against Domestic Violence in Jordanian Law and International Conventions

Domestic violence is one of the most important obstacles to the promotion and protection of human rights in the regionally and globally,particularly given the nature of this phenomenon and the problems that accompany it,as well as the difficulty of disclosure,and the multiplicity of legal,social and economic causes that prevent prosecution in some cases.This situation necessarily entails the continuation of national,regional and international efforts to eradicate the scourge of domestic violence in all its forms and manifestations,from the basic understanding that practicing violence cannot be justified under any circumstances.Jordan,like other countries of the world,has undertaken a number of procedural,administrative,judicial and legislative measures to combat and eliminate the phenomenon of domestic violence.

涉外法治:属性解读与完善进路

涉外法治是我国法治体系中的“弱项”,其属性的明确无疑是推进涉外法治的基础和关键。涉外法治具有混合属性,在不同属性之下,涉外法治的完善路径和完善内容亦不相同。国内法治属性立基于国内层面的法治运行,国际法治属性侧重于国际层面的法治活动,交叉属性强调国内法治与国际法治的互动,对外关系法治属性则集中反映了涉外法治的主要内容。不同属性汇聚于涉外法治一身,看似矛盾,但辩证地看,这恰恰反映了涉外法治的混合属性。只有基于混合属性、兼顾不同路径,才能构建完善的涉外法治体系。

“双碳目标”实现的国内法治与国际法治协调路径研究——以碳排放交易机制为视角

为落实《巴黎协定》的减缓气候变化要求,我国、美国、欧盟确立“双碳目标”,其中我国向全球承诺“2030年实现碳达峰”“2060年实现碳中和”。在“双碳目标”引领下,我国及欧美根据各自国情通过不同国内法治积极履行《巴黎协定》自主贡献义务,但欧美的部分碳减排国内法治可能符合该协定的规则,而可能与WTO规则不符,构成对国际贸易的限制。因此,“协调推进国内治理与国际治理”是解决中美欧有关气候国内法治差异性的新范式,也是我国为全球气候治理模式进一步提升作出的智慧贡献。