Public knowledge about and attitudes toward organ donation, and public barriers to donate in Jordan: A cross-sectional study

BACKGROUND Organ donation is a critical issue that is receiving greater attention worldwide.In Jordan,the public’s knowledge about and attitudes toward organ donation play a significant role in the availability of organs for transplantation.AIM To assess the public knowledge about and attitudes toward organ donation in Jordan.METHODS A cross-sectional design was used to collect data from 396 Jordanian citizens via an online self-reported questionnaire.RESULTS Overall,396 participants were recruited.Of the entire sample,93.9%of the participants had heard about and had sufficient knowledge about organ donation but they had limited knowledge about brain death.The most common source of information about organ donation was social media networks.Females were found to score significantly higher than males for attitude.Those who had thought about organ donation or registered their names to donate scored signi-ficantly higher in terms of attitudes to donation than their counterparts who had not.The most common reasons for limited organ donation practices in Jordan were a lack of awareness programs and insufficient knowledge in society.CONCLUSION Greater public understanding of organ donation appears to be associated with more positive attitudes toward organ donation.Most participants responded positively regarding their attitude toward organ donation as they believed that this action could give another person a chance to live.Moreover,most agreed that they would donate their organs after their death.Otherwise,the participants had limited general knowledge about brain death,and most had not registered their names to donate their organs.These findings indicate the need for public awareness campaigns and educational programs to encourage more people to become organ donors.

Process of becoming a mother in women receiving donated egg: Based on the grounded theory

Objective:To elucidate theoretically the safety and identity of mothers receiving egg and the process of becoming a mother.Methods:This study was conducted during 7 months from July 2018 to January 2019 by using a grounded theory approach.Infertile women at the gestational age who received oocyte were selected with purposive sampling method and then entered the study using theoretical sampling.Mothers who had not decided definitely to participate and had not started the treatment course yet were excluded from the study.The participating mothers were 28-44 years old with a mean age of(37.00±2.49)years.A total of 30 interviews were performed.Data were collected by unstructured deep interviews and field notes.The interview duration ranged between 19 to 74 min with a mean time of 40 min and they were performed individually.Results:Data analysis showed that"feeling of insecurity in personal and familial identity"formed in the context of"exposure to socio-cultural constraints"was the main problem of mothers receiving donated oocyte.This led to a set of coping strategies as"gradual acceptance","attempts to maintain the marital life","sensitivity in selecting donor","sensitivity in fetal care","seeking information and consultation","challenging the internal restlessness",and"treatment follow-up",all indicating the concept of"protection of personal and familial identity"as the core variable.Conclusions:The challenge faced by Iranian mothers receiving donated oocyte in the constrained sociocultural context forms a multilateral and all-inclusive insecurity.

Global transplantation:Lessons from organ transplantation organizations worldwide

Although national transplant organizations share common visions and goals,the creation of a unified global organization remains impractical.Differences in ethnicity,culture,religion,and education shape local practices and infrastructure,making the establishment of a single global entity unfeasible.Even with these social disparities aside,logistical factors such as time and distance between organ procurement and transplantation sites pose significant challenges.While technological advancements have extended organ preservation times,they have yet to support the demands of transcontinental transplantations effectively.This review presents a comparative analysis of the structures,operational frameworks,policies,and legislation governing various transplant organizations around the world.Key differences pertain to the administration of these organizations,trends in organ donation,and organ allocation policies,which reflect the financial,cultural,and religious diversity across different regions.While a global transplant organization may be out of reach,agreeing on best practices for the benefit of patients is essential.

How to Donate

Ministry of Civil Affairs Account number(renminbi):11001007400058224610 Bank:Beijing Dongsi branch of China Construction Bank Account number(foreign currency):00100252328091014 Bank:Bank of China Hotline:(8610)58123111,58123222,58123611,58123617。

Should We Donate Money To Cyber Beggars?

Beware, beggars are going hi-tech. Now it's no longer just on the streets that you can be stopped by a beggar, rattling a rusty tin in your face followed by the wail for "money." Websites begging for money are up and running in China, and by all accounts proving rather profitable. On the homepage of one of these websites, the instruction reads, "We are

How to Donate

Ministry of Civil Affairs Account number(renminbi):11001007400058224610 Bank:Beijing Dongsi branch of China Construction Bank Account number(foreign currency):00100252328091014 Bank:Bank of China Hotline:(8610) 58123111,58123222,58123611,58123617。

Differences in willingness to donate cadaveric organ between young donor families and adult donor families： evidence from the Hunan Province, China

Background The Red Cross of China and Ministry of Health jointly started a pilot program of organ donation after cardiac death to overcome the shortage of available organs since 2010. The purpose of this qualitative study were to compare the consent rate of organ donation between young donor families and adult donor families; to explore and determine factors associated with differences in willingness to donate organs between them. Research objective was to provide a rationale for further preparation of professionals involved in this sensitive work. Methods Between March 2010 and June 2012, 24 young deceased patients including donors and non-donors and 96 potential adult donors were collected, and consent rates of young donors＇ families and adult donors＇ families were calculated. A X2 test analysis to compare the consent rates of the two groups was conducted. We studied through semi- structured interviews 15 parents of young donors and 15 relatives of old donors who were interviewed for petition of consent. Data collection and analysis of the overall study were performed according to the grounded theory methodology. Factors that influenced the families＇ decisions were identified and classified. We found the differences in willingness to donate organs between the two groups. Results The consent rate of young donor families was 66.67%, while the consent rate of adult donor families was 26.04%. Young donor families easily consented to organ donation than adult donor families （P〈0.005）. The donors＇ families had been affected by various factors throughout the process of deciding to give consent for donation. The findings led to the formulation of an empirically based model of interlinking categories that influence families＇ decision-making process in organ donation. These factors are grouped into five main categories： （1） personal factors, （2） conditions of organ request, （3） interpersonal factors, （4） ethical factors, and （5） traditional views. The funeral tradition influenced the young donor parents＇ consent to donation, but had no relation with family decision of adult donors. And the family members of young donors are relatively less, who are more likely to reach a consensus. Conclusions Young donor families influenced by traditional funeral beliefs are easier to consent to organ donation than adult donor families. Family members of young donors are relatively less who are more likely to reach a consensus. Acceptance of the expanded criteria donors may improve the organ donation rates, especially those of the advanced age.

Attitude and willingness on gamete donation among medical students:An experience from a state university in Sri Lanka

Objective:To assess the attitude and willingness of medical students of the Faculty of Medicine,University of Jaffna,regarding gamete donation.Methods:An institutional-based descriptive cross-sectional study was conducted at the Faculty of Medicine,University of Jaffna,from September 2022 to May 2023 among undergraduate medical students who gave their voluntary participation.A self-administered questionnaire was used as a study instrument to collect data regarding their attitude and willingness toward gamete donation.Results:A total of 345 participants were recruited and their sociodemographic data revealed that 56.8%of the participants were female,62.3%aged between 26 and 30 years,and 92.2%were unmarried.Many of them received information regarding gamete donations during their clinical appointments.Over half(67.8%)of them showed a negative attitude towards gamete donation.Regarding willingness,only 39.7%of participants had a positive approach for being a gamete donor;among them,84.7%preferred anonymous donations.Religion and ethnicity had a significant influence on their attitudes and willingness.In addition,male was also found to be more willing to donate gametes.Conclusions:Most medical students have negative views about gamete donation.Imparting awareness and knowledge of assisted reproductive technology and gamete donation within medical students'sociocultural and ethical backgrounds might facilitate a change in attitude towards gamete donation amongst future medical practitioners.

Cold ischemia time in liver transplantation:An overview

The standard approach to organ preservation in liver transplantation is by static cold storage and the time between the cross-clamping of a graft in a donor and its reperfusion in the recipient is defined as cold ischemia time(CIT).This simple definition reveals a multifactorial time frame that depends on donor hepatectomy time,transit time,and recipient surgery time,and is one of the most important donor-related risk factors which may influence the graft and recipient’s survival.Recently,the growing demand for the use of marginal liver grafts has prompted scientific exploration to analyze ischemia time factors and develop different organ preservation strategies.This review details the CIT definition and analyzes its different factors.It also explores the most recent strategies developed to implement each timestamp of CIT and to protect the graft from ischemic injury.

Development of organ transplantation in China and organ donation

This article provides a concise overview of the development of organ transplantation in China.Inspired by international advancements in organ transplantation,China embarked on its own organ transplantation research journey in 1958.The clinical evaluation phase is marked by the first cadaveric kidney transplant in 1960 and the first living-donor kidney transplant in 1972.By 1989,the annual number of successful kidney transplants had surpassed 1000.However,57 liver transplants were performed between 1977 and 1983;limitations in technology and the scarcity of cyclosporine A resulted in unfavorable outcomes for most recipients,with the majority succumbing within 3 months of surgery.These factors led to a near-complete halt in liver,heart,and lung transplants for the following decade.With all 4 conditions met-(1)mature surgical techniques,(2)powerful immunosuppressive agents available for clinical use,(3)new organ preservation solutions that ensure the quality and transportation of donor organs,and(4)reasonable and legal sources of organs-China's organ transplantation field has experienced rapid development.In 2014,there were 9652 organ transplants,and this number grew to 20,225 by 2022.Despite the progress,China's organ donation rate per million remains relatively low,3.86 ranking 48th globally in 2022,underscoring the need for increased public awareness and support for organ donation.

Pros and cons of live kidney donation in prediabetics: A critical review and way forward

There is shortage of organs,including kidneys,worldwide.Along with deceased kidney transplantation,there is a significant rise in live kidney donation.The prevalence of prediabetes(PD),including impaired fasting glucose and impaired glucose tolerance,is on the rise across the globe.Transplant teams frequently come across prediabetic kidney donors for evaluation.Prediabetics are at risk of diabetes,chronic kidney disease,cardiovascular events,stroke,neuropathy,retinopathy,dementia,depression and nonalcoholic liver disease along with increased risk of all-cause mortality.Unfortunately,most of the studies done in prediabetic kidney donors are retrospective in nature and have a short follow up period.There is lack of prospective long-term studies to know about the real risk of complications after donation.Furthermore,there are variations in recommendations from various guidelines across the globe for donations in prediabetics,leading to more confusion among clinicians.This increases the responsibility of transplant teams to take appropriate decisions in the best interest of both donors and recipients.This review focuses on pathophysiological changes of PD in kidneys,potential complications of PD,other risk factors for development of type 2 diabetes,a review of guidelines for kidney donation,the potential role of diabetes risk score and calculator in kidney donors and the way forward for the evaluation and selection of prediabetic kidney donors.

Ethical frontiers in liver transplantation

Liver transplantation represents a pivotal intervention in the management of end-stage liver disease,offering a lifeline to countless patients.Despite significant strides in surgical techniques and organ procurement,ethical dilemmas and de-bates continue to underscore this life-saving procedure.Navigating the ethical terrain surrounding this complex procedure is hence paramount.Dissecting the nuances of ethical principles of justice,autonomy and beneficence that underpin transplant protocols worldwide,we explore the modern challenges that plaques the world of liver transplantation.We investigate the ethical dimensions of organ transplantation,focusing on allocation,emerging technologies,and decision-making processes.PubMed,Scopus,Web of Science,Embase and Central were searched from database inception to February 29,2024 using the following key-words:“liver transplant”,“transplantation”,“liver donation”,“liver recipient”,“organ donation”and“ethics”.Information from relevant articles surrounding ethical discussions in the realm of liver transplantation,especially with regards to organ recipients and allocation,organ donation,transplant tourism,new age technologies and developments,were extracted.From the definition of death to the long term follow up of organ recipients,liver transplantation has many ethical quandaries.With new transplant techniques,societal acceptance and perceptions also play a pivotal role.Cultural,religious and regional factors including but not limited to beliefs,wealth and accessibility are extremely influential in public at-titudes towards donation,xenotransplantation,stem cell research,and adopting artificial intelligence.Understanding and addressing these perspectives whilst upholding bioethical principles is essential to ensure just distribution and fair allocation of resources.Robust regulatory oversight for ethical sourcing of organs,ensuring good patient selection and transplant techniques,and high-quality long-term surveillance to mitigate risks is essential.Efforts to promote equitable access to transplantation as well as prioritizing patients with true needs are essential to address disparities.In conclusion,liver transplantation is often the beacon of hope for individuals suffering from end-stage liver disease and improves quality of life.The ethics related to transplantation are complex and multifaceted,considering not just the donor and the recipient,but also the society as a whole.

Does the use of double hormone replacement therapy for trauma patient organ donors improve organ recovery for transplant

BACKGROUND With an ongoing demand for transplantable organs,optimization of donor management protocols,specifically in trauma populations,is important for obta-ining a high yield of viable organs per patient.Endocrine management of brain-dead potential organ donors(BPODs)is controversial,leading to heterogeneous clinical management approaches.Previous studies have shown that when levo-thyroxine was combined with other treatments,including steroids,vasopressin,and insulin,BPODs had better organ recovery and survival outcomes were increased for transplant recipients.AIM To determine if levothyroxine use in combination with steroids in BPODs increased the number of organs donated in trauma patients.METHODS A retrospective review of adult BPODs from a single level 1 trauma center over ten years was performed.Exclusion criteria included patients who were not solid organ donors,patients who were not declared brain dead(donation after circulatory death),and patients who did not receive steroids in their hospital course.Levothyroxine and steroid administration,the number of organs donated,the types of organs donated,and demographic information were recorded.Univariate analyses were performed with P<0.05 considered to be statistically significant.RESULTS A total of 88 patients met inclusion criteria,69(78%)of whom received levothyroxine and steroids(ST/LT group)vs 19(22%)receiving steroids without levothyroxine(ST group).No differences were observed between the groups for gender,race,pertinent injury factors,age,or other hormone therapies used(P>0.05).In the ST/LT group,68.1%(n=47)donated a high yield(3-5)of organ types per donor compared to 42.1%(n=8)in the ST group(P=0.038).There was no difference in the total number of organ types donated between the groups(P=0.068).CONCLUSION This study suggests that combining levothyroxine and steroid administration increases high-yield organ donation per donor in BPODs in the trauma patient population.Limitations to this study include the retrospective design and the relatively small number of organ donors who met inclusion criteria.This study is unique in that it mitigates steroid administration as a confounding variable and focuses specifically on the adjunctive use of levothyroxine.

Critical care specialists,the missing link in organ procurement for transplantation

The procurement process for organ donation begins with the identification of potential organ donors in emergency or critical care units(CCU),followed by their clinical evaluation,diagnostic procedures,and therapeutic interventions,mostly conducted in CCUs.It concludes with the request for organ donation and,if accepted,the retrieval of organs.Despite most interventions occurring in detection units,there has been a neglect of the strategic role played by critical care specialists(CCS)in managing and caring for brain-dead or near-brain-death patients.Questions arise:Are they willing to undertake this responsibility?Do they fully comprehend the nature of organ procurement?Are they aware of the specific interventions required to maintain possible organ donors in optimal physiological condition?Our objective is to examine the role of CCS in organ procurement and propose ways to enhance it,ultimately aiming to increase and enhance organ donation rates.

Risk scores for allograft failure: Are they still useful in liver recipients from donation after circulatory death?

BACKGROUND Liver grafts from donation after circulatory death(DCD)are associated with a higher risk of early graft dysfunction,determined by the warm ischemia and cold ischemia times.It is essential to have precise criteria to identify this complication in order to guide therapeutic strategies.AIM To validate different graft and recipient survival scores in patients undergoing liver transplantation(LT)with DCD grafts.METHODS A retrospective and observational unicentric study was conducted on 65 LT patients with grafts obtained from controlled DCD donors from November 2013 to November 2022.The United Kingdom(UK)risk score,early allograft dysfunction(EAD)Olthoff score,and model for early allograft function(MEAF)score were used to evaluate the risk of graft and recipient survival post-transplant.For survival analysis purposes,we used the Kaplan-Meier method,and the differences between subgroups were compared using the log-rank(Mantel-Cox)test.RESULTS Sixty-five patients were included in the study.The UK risk score did not demonstrate predictive capacity for recipient or graft survival.However,in donors aged over 70 years old(18.4%),it significantly predicted graft survival(P<0.05).According to Kaplan-Meier survival curves,graft survival rates at 6 months,2 years,and 5 years in the futility group dramatically decreased to 50%compared to the other groups(log-rank 8.806,P<0.05).The EAD Olthoff and MEAF scores did not demonstrate predictive capacity for recipient or graft survival.Based on Kaplan-Meier survival curves,patients with a MEAF score≥7 had a lower graft survival rate at 6 months,2 years,and 5 years compared to patients with a lower MEAF score(log-rank 4.667,P<0.05).CONCLUSION In our series,both UK DCD risk score and MEAF score showed predictive capability for graft survival.