Risk scores for allograft failure: Are they still useful in liver recipients from donation after circulatory death?

BACKGROUND Liver grafts from donation after circulatory death(DCD)are associated with a higher risk of early graft dysfunction,determined by the warm ischemia and cold ischemia times.It is essential to have precise criteria to identify this complication in order to guide therapeutic strategies.AIM To validate different graft and recipient survival scores in patients undergoing liver transplantation(LT)with DCD grafts.METHODS A retrospective and observational unicentric study was conducted on 65 LT patients with grafts obtained from controlled DCD donors from November 2013 to November 2022.The United Kingdom(UK)risk score,early allograft dysfunction(EAD)Olthoff score,and model for early allograft function(MEAF)score were used to evaluate the risk of graft and recipient survival post-transplant.For survival analysis purposes,we used the Kaplan-Meier method,and the differences between subgroups were compared using the log-rank(Mantel-Cox)test.RESULTS Sixty-five patients were included in the study.The UK risk score did not demonstrate predictive capacity for recipient or graft survival.However,in donors aged over 70 years old(18.4%),it significantly predicted graft survival(P<0.05).According to Kaplan-Meier survival curves,graft survival rates at 6 months,2 years,and 5 years in the futility group dramatically decreased to 50%compared to the other groups(log-rank 8.806,P<0.05).The EAD Olthoff and MEAF scores did not demonstrate predictive capacity for recipient or graft survival.Based on Kaplan-Meier survival curves,patients with a MEAF score≥7 had a lower graft survival rate at 6 months,2 years,and 5 years compared to patients with a lower MEAF score(log-rank 4.667,P<0.05).CONCLUSION In our series,both UK DCD risk score and MEAF score showed predictive capability for graft survival.

Normothermic regional perfusion mobile teams in controlled donation after circulatory death pathway: Evidence and peculiarities

To facilitate the implementation of controlled donation after circulatory death(cDCD)programs even in hospitals not equipped with a local Extracorporeal Membrane Oxygenation(ECMO)team(Spokes),some countries and Italian Regions have launched a local cDCD network with a ECMO mobile team who move from Hub hospitals to Spokes for normothermic regional perfusion(NRP)implantation in the setting of a cDCD pathway.While ECMO teams have been clearly defined by the Extracorporeal Life Support Organization,regarding composition,responsibilities and training programs,no clear,widely accepted indications are to date available for NRP teams.Although existing NRP mobile networks were developed due to the urgent need to increase the number of cDCDs,there is now the necessity for transplantation medicine to identify the peculiarities and responsibility of a NRP team for all those centers launching a cDCD pathway.Thus,in the present manuscript we summarized the character-istics of an ECMO mobile team,highlighting similarities and differences with the NRP mobile team.We also assessed existing evidence on NRP teams with the goal of identifying the characteristic and essential features of an NRP mobile team for a cDCD program,especially for those centers who are starting the program.Differences were identified between the mobile ECMO team and NRP mobile team.The common essential feature for both mobile teams is high skills and experience to reduce complications and,in the case of cDCD,to reduce the total warm ischemic time.Dedicated training programs should be developed for the launch of de novo NRP teams.

1400W reduces ischemia reperfusion injury in an ex-vivo porcine model of the donation after circulatory death kidney donor

AIM: To investigate the effects of 1400W-a selective inducible nitric oxide synthase(iN OS) inhibitor in a model of donation after circulatory death(DCD) kidneys. METHODS: Porcine kidneys were retrieved after 25 min warm ischemia. They were then stored on ice for 18 h before being reperfused ex vivo with oxygenated autologous blood on an isolated organ perfusion system. The selective i NOS inhibitor 1400W(10 mg/kg) was administered before reperfusion(n = 6) vs control group(n = 7). Creatinine(1000 μmol/L) was added to the system, renal and tubular cell function and the level of ischemia reperfusion injury were assessed over 3 h of reperfusion using plasma, urine and tissue samples. RESULTS: Kidneys treated with 1400 W had a higher level of creatinine clearance(CrC l) [area under the curve(AUC) CrC l: 2.37 ± 0.97 mL /min per 100 g vs 0.96 ± 0.32 mL /min per 100 g, P = 0.004] and urine output [Total: 320 ± 96 mL vs 156 ± 82 mL, P = 0.008]. There was no significant difference in levels of fractional excretion of sodium(AUC, Fr ex Na+: Control, 186.3% ± 81.7%.h vs 1400 W, 153.4% ± 12.1%.h, P = 0.429). Levels of total protein creatinine ratio were significantly lower in the 1400 W group after 1 h of reperfusion(1h Pr/Cr: 1400 W 9068 ± 6910 mg/L/mmol/L vs Control 21586 ± 5464 mg/L/mmol/L, P = 0.026). Levels of 8-isoprostane were significantly lower in the 1400 W group [8-iso/creatinine ratio: Control 239 ± 136 pg/L/mmol/L vs 1400 W 139 ± 47 pg/L/mmol/L, P = 0.041].CONCLUSION: This study demonstrated that 1400 W reduced ischaemia reperfusion injury in this porcine kidney model of DCD donor. Kidneys had improved renal function and reduced oxidative stress.

Older liver grafts from donation after circulatory death are associated with impaired survival and higher incidence of biliary non-anastomotic structure

Background:Grafts from older donors after circulatory death were associated with inferior outcome in liver transplants in the past.But it has seemed to remain controversial in the last decade,as a result of modified clinical protocols,selected recipients,and advanced technology of organ perfusion and preservation.The present study aimed to examine the impact of older donor age on complications and survival of liver transplant using grafts from donation after circulatory death(DCD).Methods:A total of 944 patients who received DCD liver transplantation from 2015 to 2020 were included and divided into two groups:using graft from older donor(aged≥65 years,n=87)and younger donor(age<65 years,n=857).Propensity score matching(PSM)was applied to eliminate selection bias.Results:A progressively increased proportion of liver transplants with grafts from older donors was observed from 1.68%to 15.44%during the study period.The well-balanced older donor(n=79)and younger donor(n=79)were 1:1 matched.There were significantly more episodes of biliary nonanastomotic stricture(NAS)in the older donor group than the younger donor group[15/79(19.0%)vs.6/79(7.6%);P=0.017].The difference did not reach statistical significance regarding early allograft dysfunction(EAD)and primary non-function(PNF).Older livers had a trend toward inferior 1-,2-,3-year graft and overall survival compared with younger livers,but these differences were not statistically significant(63.1%,57.6%,57.6%vs.76.9%,70.2%,67.7%,P=0.112;64.4%,58.6%,58.6%vs.76.9%,72.2%,72.2%,P=0.064).The only risk factor for poor survival was ABO incompatible transplant(P=0.008)in the older donor group.In the subgroup of ABO incompatible cases,it demonstrated a significant difference in the rate of NAS between the older donor group and the younger donor group[6/8(75.0%)vs.3/14(21.4%);P=0.014].Conclusions:Transplants with grafts from older donors(aged≥65 years)after circulatory death are more frequently associated with inferior outcome compared to those from younger donors.Older grafts from DCD are more likely to develop NAS,especially in ABO incompatible cases.

Donor preoperative oxygen delivery and post-extubation hypoxia impact donation after circulatory death hypoxic cholangiopathy

AIM: To evaluate donation after circulatory death (DCD) orthotopic liver transplant outcomes [hypoxic cholangiopathy (HC) and patient/graft survival] and donor risk-conditions.METHODS: From 2003-2013, 45 DCD donor transplants were performed. Predonation physiologic data from UNOS DonorNet included preoperative systolic and diastolic blood pressure, heart rate, pH, SpO2, PaO2, FiO2, and hemoglobin. Mean arterial blood pressure was computed from the systolic and diastolic blood pressures. Donor preoperative arterial O2 content was computed as [hemoglobin (gm/dL) × 1.37 (mL O2/gm) × SpO2%) + (0.003 × PaO2)]. The amount of preoperative donor red blood cell transfusions given and vasopressor use during the intensive care unit stay were documented. Donors who were transfused ≥ 1 unit of red-cells or received ≥ 2 vasopressors in the preoperative period were categorized as the red-cell/multi-pressor group. Following withdrawal of life support, donor ischemia time was computed as the number-of-minutes from onset of diastolic blood pressure < 60 mmHg until aortic cross clamping. Donor hypoxemia time was the number-of-minutes from onset of pulse oximetry < 80% until clamping. Donor hypoxia score was (ischemia time + hypoxemia time) ÷ donor preoperative hemoglobin.RESULTS: The 1, 3, and 5 year graft and patient survival rates were 83%, 77%, 60%; and 92%, 84%, and 72%, respectively. HC occurred in 49% with 16% requiring retransplant. HC occurred in donors with increased age (33.0 ± 10.6 years vs 25.6 ± 8.4 years, P = 0.014), less preoperative multiple vasopressors or red-cell transfusion (9.5% vs 54.6%, P = 0.002), lower preoperative hemoglobin (10.7 ± 2.2 gm/dL vs 12.3 ± 2.1 gm/dL, P = 0.017), lower preoperative arterial oxygen content (14.8 ± 2.8 mL O2/100 mL blood vs 16.8 ± 3.3 mL O2/100 mL blood, P = 0.049), greater hypoxia score >2.0 (69.6% vs 25.0%, P = 0.006), and increased preoperative mean arterial pressure (92.7 ± 16.2 mmHg vs 83.8 ± 18.5 mmHg, P = 0.10). HC was independently associated with age, multi-pressor/red-cell transfusion status, arterial oxygen content, hypoxia score, and mean arterial pressure (r2 = 0.6197). The transplantation rate was greater for the later period with more liberal donor selection [era 2 (7.1/year)], compared to our early experience [era 1 (2.5/year)]. HC occurred in 63.0% during era 2 and in 29.4% during era 1 (P = 0.03). Era 2 donors had longer times for extubation-to-asystole (14.4 ± 4.7 m vs 9.3 ± 4.5 m, P = 0.001), ischemia (13.9 ± 5.9 m vs 9.7 ± 5.6 m, P = 0.03), and hypoxemia (16.0 ± 5.1 m vs 11.1 ± 6.7 m, P = 0.013) and a higher hypoxia score > 2.0 rate (73.1% vs 28.6%, P = 0.006).CONCLUSION: Easily measured donor indices, including a hypoxia score, provide an objective measure of DCD liver transplantation risk for recipient HC. Donor selection criteria influence HC rates.

Validation of a pediatric bedside tool to predict time to death after withdrawal of life support

AIM: To evaluate the accuracy of a tool developed to predict timing of death following withdrawal of life support in children. METHODS: Pertinent variables for all pediatric deaths(age ≤ 21 years) from 1/2009 to 6/2014 in our pediatric intensive care unit(PICU) were extracted through a detailed review of the medical records. As originally described, a recently developed tool that predicts timing of death in children following withdrawal of life support(dallas predictor tool [DPT]) was used to calculate individual scores for each patient. Individual scores were calculated for prediction of death within 30 min(DPT30) and within 60 min(DPT60). For various resulting DPT30 and DPT60 scores, sensitivity, specificity and area under the receiver operating characteristic curve were calculated.RESULTS: There were 8829 PICU admissions resulting in 132(1.5%) deaths. Death followed withdrawal of life support in 70 patients(53%). After excluding subjects with insufficient data to calculate DPT scores, 62 subjects were analyzed. Average age of patients was 5.3 years(SD: 6.9), median time to death after withdrawal oflife support was 25 min(range; 7 min to 16 h 54 min). Respiratory failure, shock and sepsis were the most common diagnoses. Thirty-seven patients(59.6%) died within 30 min of withdrawal of life support and 52(83.8%) died within 60 min. DPT30 scores ranged from-17 to 16. A DPT30 score ≥-3 was most predictive of death within that time period, with sensitivity = 0.76, specificity = 0.52, AUC = 0.69 and an overall classification accuracy = 66.1%. DPT60 scores ranged from-21 to 28. A DPT60 score ≥-9 was most predictive of death within that time period, with sensitivity = 0.75, specificity = 0.80, AUC = 0.85 and an overall classification accuracy = 75.8%.CONCLUSION: In this external cohort, the DPT is clinically relevant in predicting time from withdrawal of life support to death. In our patients, the DPT is more useful in predicting death within 60 min of withdrawal of life support than within 30 min. Furthermore, our analysis suggests optimal cut-off scores. Additional calibration and modifications of this important tool could help guide the intensive care team and families considering DCD.

Aetiology and risk factors of ischaemic cholangiopathy after liver transplantation

Liver transplantation (LT) is the best treatment for end-stage hepatic failure, with an excellent survival rates over the last decade. Biliary complications after LT pose a major challenge especially with the increasing number of procured organs after circulatory death. Ischaemic cholangiopathy (IC) is a set of disorders characterized by multiple diffuse strictures affecting the graft biliary system in the absence of hepatic artery thrombosis or stenosis. It commonly presents with cholestasis and cholangitis resulting in higher readmission rates, longer length of stay, repeated therapeutic interventions, and eventually re-transplantation with consequent effects on the patient&#x02019;s quality of life and increased health care costs. The pathogenesis of IC is unclear and exhibits a higher prevalence with prolonged ischaemia time, donation after circulatory death (DCD), rejection, and cytomegalovirus infection. The majority of IC occurs within 12 mo after LT. Prolonged warm ischaemic times predispose to a profound injury with a subsequently higher prevalence of IC. Biliary complications and IC rates are between 16% and 29% in DCD grafts compared to between 3% and 17% in donation after brain death (DBD) grafts. The majority of ischaemic biliary lesions occur within 30 d in DCD compared to 90 d in DBD grafts following transplantation. However, there are many other risk factors for IC that should be considered. The benefits of DCD in expanding the donor pool are hindered by the higher incidence of IC with increased rates of re-transplantation. Careful donor selection and procurement might help to optimize the utilization of DCD grafts.

The Dallas Donation after Circulatory Death Transplantation Summit:expanding donation after circulatory death procedures through process improvement,broader utilization,and innovation

Despite a significant increase in utilization over the past decade,the number of donation after circulatory death(DCD)organs that are procured and transplanted in the United States(US)remains well below its potential.There is still room for expansion,as utilizing DCD organs to the fullest extent is currently the most viable solution to the persistent mismatch between supply and demand in transplantation.We convened a multidisciplinary transplantation summit to examine various aspects of DCD,with faculty members from around the world with clinical and academic interest in DCD donation and transplantation,including abdominal and cardiothoracic surgeons,organ procurement organization directors,hepatologists,and gastroenterologists.The conference focused on identifying barriers to DCD organ utilization and strategies to overcome these barriers.We divide the barriers to DCD utilization into three mains categories:(Ⅰ)policy and process variation;(II)logistical and transportation challenges;and(Ⅲ)higher risk perceptions related to DCD outcomes.For each barrier,we proposed a variety of solutions,providing an overview of the status of DCD donation in the US and suggestions on how to increase the use of DCD.There is a specific focus on ex situ machine perfusion,normothermic regional perfusion,and other opportunities to expand DCD utilization without negatively impacting recipient outcomes.

Severity of early allograft dysfunction following donation after circulatory death liver transplantation:a multicentre study

Background:Early allograft dysfunction(EAD)is associated with decreased graft and patient survival rates.This study aimed to identify the severity of EAD and develop a predictive model for EAD after donation after circulatory death(DCD)liver transplantation(LT).Furthermore,the influence of operative time on EAD incidence was also evaluated.Methods:In this retrospective,multicentre cohort study,nomograms were established based on a single-centre training cohort(n=321)and validated in a 3-center validation cohort(n=501).Results:The incidence rate of EAD was 46.4%(149/321)in the training cohort and 40.5%(203/501)in the validation cohort.Of the 149 EAD patients in the training cohort,77 patients with either elevated alanine aminotransferase(ALT)or aspartate aminotransferase(AST)were classified as having EAD type A,and the rest of the EAD patients were classified as having EAD type B.Recipients with EAD type B had lower graft and patient survival rates than recipients with EAD type A(P=0.043 and 0.044,respectively).We further developed a nomogram to predict EAD(graft weight,cold ischemia time,donor age,model for end-stage liver disease(MELD)score)and another nomogram to predict EAD type B(graft weight,cold ischemia time,MELD score).The nomograms for the prediction of EAD and EAD type B had good discrimination[concordance index(C-index)=0.712(0.666-0.758),0.707(0.641-0.773)]and calibration[Hosmer-Lemeshow(HL)P=0.384,P=0.425]in the validation cohort.An increased operative time(>6 h)was associated with increased EAD and EAD type B incidence in the high-risk group(P=0.005,P=0.020,respectively).Conclusions:EAD type B was associated with decreased graft and patient survival rates.The novel nomograms effectively predicted the incidence of EAD and EAD type B in DCD LT patients.

Machine perfusion for liver transplantation:A concise review of clinical trials

Background: With the increased use of extended-criteria donors, static cold storage has failed to provide optimal preservation of liver grafts, resulting in early allograft dysfunction and long-term complications Machine perfusion(MP) is a beneficial alternative preservation strategy for donor livers, particularly fo those considered to be of suboptimal quality, and could expand the limited donor pool. Data sources: A comprehensive search in Pub Med, EMBASE, Ovid databases and Clinical Trials.gov website was conducted using the medical subject heading terms "machine perfusion", "machine preservation""liver transplantation", combined with free text terms such as "hypothermic", "normothermic" and "sub normothermic". The deadline for the search was September 30, 2017. Results: MP can be classified as hypothermic, subnormothermic, and normothermic with the tempera ture maintained at 0–12 °C, 25–34 °C and 35–38 °C, respectively. Twelve clinical trials of MP have been reported in recent years. MP effectively decreased AST/ALT level and the incidence of early allograft dys function. However, the graft and patient survival rate after MP were similar to static cold storage. The detailed clinical characteristics such as liver function, graft survival, patient survival and early allograf dysfunction were reviewed.Conclusions: Clinical trial results showed that MP improves delayed graft function, primary non-function and biliary strictures. However, MP still requires validation in large clinical trials and the key parameters during MP still require optimization.

Machine perfusion and the prevention of ischemic type biliary lesions following liver transplant:What is the evidence?

The widespread uptake of different machine perfusion(MP)strategies for liver transplant has been driven by an effort to minimize graft injury.Damage to the cholangiocytes during the liver donation,preservation,or early posttransplant period may result in stricturing of the biliary tree and inadequate biliary drainage.This problem continues to trouble clinicians,and may have catastrophic consequences for the graft and patient.Ischemic injury,as a result of compromised hepatic artery flow,is a well-known cause of biliary strictures,sepsis,and graft failure.However,very similar lesions can appear with a patent hepatic artery and these are known as ischemic type biliary lesions(ITBL)that are attributed to microcirculatory dysfunction rather than main hepatic arterial compromise.Both the warm and cold ischemic period duration appear to influence the onset of ITBL.All of the commonly used MP techniques deliver oxygen to the graft cells,and therefore may minimize the cholangiocyte injury and subsequently reduce the incidence of ITBL.As clinical experience and published evidence grows for these modalities,the impact they have on ITBL rates is important to consider.In this review,the evidence for the three commonly used MP strategies(abdominal normothermic regional perfusion[A-NRP],hypothermic oxygenated perfusion[HOPE],and normothermic machine perfusion[NMP])for ITBL prevention has been critically reviewed.Inconsistencies with ITBL definitions used in trials,coupled with variations in techniques of MP,make interpretation challenging.Overall,the evidence suggests that both HOPE and A-NRP prevent ITBL in donated after circulatory death grafts compared to cold storage.The evidence for ITBL prevention in donor after brain death grafts with any MP technique is weak.

Impact of machine perfusion of the liver on post-transplant biliary complications: A systematic review

AIM To review the clinical impact of machine perfusion(MP) of the liver on biliary complications post-transplantation, particularly ischaemic-type biliary lesions(ITBL). METHODS This systematic review was performed in accordance with the Preferred Reporting Systematic Reviews and MetaAnalysis(PRISMA) protocol. The following databases were searched: PubMed, MEDLINE and Scopus. The keyword "liver transplantation" was used in combination with the free term "machine perfusion". Clinical studies reporting results of transplantation of donor human livers following ex situ or in situ MP were analysed. Details relating to donor characteristics, recipients, technique of MP performed and post-operative biliary complications(ITBL, bile leak and anastomotic strictures) were critically analysed.RESULTS Fifteen articles were considered to fit the criteria for this review. Ex situ normothermic MP was used in 6 studies, ex situ hypothermic MP in 5 studies and the other 4 studies investigated in situ normothermic regional perfusion(NRP) and controlled oxygenated rewarming. MP techniques which have per se the potential to alleviate ischaemia-reperfusion injury: Such as hypothermic MP and NRP, have also reported lower rates of ITBL. Other biliary complications, such as biliary leak and anastomotic biliary strictures, are reported with similar incidences with all MP techniques. There is currently less clinical evidence available to support normothermic MP as a mitigator of biliary complications following liver transplantation. On the other hand, restoration of organ to full metabolism during normothermic MP allows assessment of hepatobiliary function before transplantation, although universally accepted criteria have yet to be validated.CONCLUSION MP of the liver has the potential to have a positive impact on post-transplant biliary complications, specifically ITBL, and expand extended criteria donor livers utilisation.

国内外经循环标准确定死亡后器官捐献的最新进展

器官短缺是全球移植界共同面临的难题,寻找多渠道的供者器官来源成为器官移植界的当务之急。近日,关于"扩大可控型经循环标准确定死亡后器官捐献(cDCDD)实践的联合声明"受到学术界的广泛关注,该声明旨在推广cDCDD,以提高器官捐献率,以期实现移植自给自足的最终目标。本文将整理声明提及的重点内容,阐述经循环标准确定死亡后器官捐献(DCDD)的学术名称更新及相关讨论、DCDD的发展趋势、构成cDCDD临床路径的基本部分及影响实施cDCDD的关键因素,思考该声明对我国器官捐献事业可持续发展的启示。

常温机械灌注对大鼠心脏死亡器官捐献供肝微循环保护作用的研究

目的探讨常温机械灌注(normothermic machine perfusion,NMP)对大鼠心脏死亡器官捐献(donation after circulatory death,DCD)供肝微循环发挥的作用。方法采用夹闭SD大鼠胸主动脉热缺血30 min获取DCD供肝;在体外建立大鼠NMP系统。根据不同的保存供肝方式,将实验分为:正常(Normal)组(n=6),留取血清及肝脏待用;NMP组(n=30),保存4、6和8 h后收集肝脏标本,灌注后0、2、4、6 h和8 h收集流入道、流出道灌注液待检;静态冷保存(SCS)组(n=6),肝脏以20 ml 4℃UW液冲出肝内血液,并于UW液中4℃SCS 6 h后收集肝脏标本。采用生物化学方法检测流出道灌注液的肝功能;HE染色观察肝组织病理学改变;透射电镜观察肝细胞超微结构;TUNEL检测肝脏细胞凋亡情况;Western blot检测肝脏组织内皮素-1(endothelin-1,ET-1)、内皮型一氧化氮合酶(endothelial nitric oxide synthase,eNOS)、诱导型一氧化氮合酶(inducible nitric oxide synthase,iNOS)、血管性血友病因子(von Willebrand factor,vWF)、细胞间黏附分子(intercellular adhesion molecule-1,ICAM-1)和血管间黏附分子-1(intervascular adhesion molecule-1,VCAM-1)的表达情况。结果与SCS比较,NMP能显著改善DCD供肝组织学损伤,Suzuki评分NMP组(3.40±0.55)显著低于SCS组(7.00±0.71,F=229.75,P<0.05);减轻肝细胞凋亡,NMP组凋亡细胞数(9.80±1.48)显著低于SCS组(33.40±4.39,F=166.58,P<0.05);同时能修复肝细胞线粒体损伤,NMP组不可逆损伤线粒体数量(1.60±0.55)显著低于SCS组(2.80±0.45,F=36.29,P<0.05)。进一步发现,NMP可改善DCD肝脏微循环:①抑制细胞间黏附,改善内皮细胞损伤,与SCS比较,NMP显著抑制肝内ICAM-1(F=1728.45,P<0.05)、VCAM-1(F=254.72,P<0.05)和vWF(F=595.30,P<0.05)的表达;②改善肝脏ET-1/NOS平衡和微循环灌注,与SCS相比,NMP显著抑制肝内ET-1(F=1372.51,P<0.05)、iNOS(F=1102.20,P<0.05)的表达,促进eNOS(F=271.66,P<0.05)的表达。结论NMP能够改善大鼠DCD供肝质量,其机制可能通过抑制细胞间黏附,改善窦内皮损伤及微循环灌注发挥保护作用的。

器官捐献脑死亡判定中的护理配合

目的探讨器官捐献脑死亡判定中的护理配合方法。方法总结吉林大学第一医院神经创伤外科2019年6月至2020年5月93例患者脑死亡判定的护理配合要点。提前预判脑死亡情况与医生及时沟通,确定脑死亡判定启动时间点;合理布局床旁仪器,预留脑死亡判定操作空间;监测生命体征,调整升压药物使用;快速完成自主呼吸激发试验的动脉血气抽取。结果脑死亡判定93例,成功捐献89例,完成肝脏移植76例,完成肾脏移植164例。脑死亡判定确认试验完成情况:脑电图89例(95.7%),经颅多普勒超声88例(94.6%),正中神经短潜伏期体感诱发电位55例(59.1%)。72例(77.4%)完成脑死亡自主呼吸激发试验,其中动脉留置针进行动脉血气抽取病例为12例(16.6%)。结论熟知脑死亡判定流程,优质的护理配合,是保证脑死亡判定快速顺利完成的重要环节。

他克莫司对肝移植急性排斥反应大鼠肠道菌群的影响

目的探讨他克莫司对心脏死亡器官捐献(donation after cardiac death,DCD)供肝移植后急性排斥反应大鼠肠道菌群的影响。方法构建稳定运行的常温机械灌注(normothermic machine perfusion,NMP)系统。夹闭Lewis大鼠胸主动脉30 min获取DCD肝脏,以棕色挪威大鼠(BN)为受体,建立原位肝移植急性排斥反应模型。根据对肝脏的不同处理方法,将BN大鼠分为以下3组:假手术(Sham)组、单纯NMP(NMP)组及NMP联合术后他克莫司(FMP)组,每组6只,术后14 d收集血液、肝脏和肠道内容物样本。血液标本检测肝功能,HE染色观察肝脏组织学变化并计算排斥活动指数(rejection activity index,RAI),16 SrDNA检测肠道内容物,观察各组肠道菌群结构、多样性及功能变化。结果FMP组(中位生存期>60 d)大鼠存活时间较NMP组(中位生存期为16.5 d)延长,肝功能和肝组织病理较NMP组显著改善(P<0.05)。计算RAI结果显示,FMP组(2.00±1.23)显著低于NMP组(7.60±1.14)(P<0.05)。与NMP组相比,FMP组肠道菌群丰度下降,两组在物种之间有明显差异,FMP组富含厚壁菌门、阿克曼菌科和毛螺菌科,且富集其他聚糖降解和鞘脂代谢通路。结论他克莫司能够改善DCD供肝移植后急性排斥反应大鼠肝损伤,同时调节肠道菌群结构和代谢途径。

多学科融合促进器官捐献学科体系建设及专业化发展

学科交叉融合成为当前科学技术发展的重大特征,跨界融合将逐步成为常态。专业和技术的多学科融合具有不可预计的潜力,催生新学科前沿、新科技领域及新创新形态。器官捐献是我国新时代的新生学科,构建和推动以保障捐献者及家属的合法合理权益及移植受者健康权益为总体目标的器官捐献学科体系,符合推动我国器官捐献和移植事业高质量发展的根本要求。同时,器官捐献工作是一项复杂的医疗和社会行为,公民捐献的器官属于国家资源,这也赋予了器官捐献事业一种社会公益属性和与社会各方的关联性。本文通过分析我国器官捐献工作当前面临问题的本质,以及分析器官捐献的全流程及供者的不同临床阶段其所需理论知识、专业技能和人员支撑,说明建立以多学科融合为基础的器官捐献学科体系的必要性和可行性。同时研究如何将器官捐献学科建设融入国家政策,以维护捐献、家属和移植受者权益为中心,以器官捐献和移植工作为主线,遵从多方共创、共建、共促、共享、共赢的合作原则,推动器官捐献的多学科融合发展和综合人才培养,共同提高器官捐献认知率及捐献率,使器官捐献工作获得社会各界人的广泛认同。

Acute kidney injury and post-reperfusion syndrome in liver transplantation

In the past decades liver transplantation(LT) has become the treatment of choice for patients with end stage liver disease(ESLD). The chronic shortage of cadaveric organs for transplantation led to the utilization of a greater number of marginal donors such as older donors or donors after circulatory death(DCD). The improved survival of transplanted patients has increased the frequency of long-term complications, in particular chronic kidney disease(CKD). Acute kidney injury(AKI) post-LT has been recently recognized as an important risk factor for the occurrence of denovo CKD in the long-term outcome. The onset of AKI post-LT is multifactorial, with pre-LT risk factors involved, including higher Model for End-stage Liver Disease score, more sever ESLD and pre-existing renal dysfunction, either with intra-operative conditions, in particular ischaemia reperfusion injury responsible for post-reperfusion syndrome(PRS) that can influence recipient's morbidity and mortality. Post-reperfusion syndrome-induced AKI is an important complication post-LT that characterizes kidney involvement caused by PRS with mechanisms not clearly understood and implication on graft and patient survival. Since preLT risk factors may influence intra-operative events responsible for PRS-induced AKI, we aim to consider all the relevant aspects involved in PRS-induced AKI in the setting of LT and to identify all studies that better clarified the specific mechanisms linking PRS and AKI. A Pub Med search was conducted using the terms liver transplantation AND acute kidney injury; liver transplantation AND post-reperfusion syndrome; acute kidney injury AND post-reperfusion syndrome; acute kidney injury AND DCD AND liver transplantation. Five hundred seventy four articles were retrieved on Pub Med search. Results were limited to title/abstract of English-language articles published between 2000 and 2015. Twenty-three studies were identified that specifically evaluated incidence, risk factors and outcome for patients developing PRS-induced AKI in liver transplantation. In order to identify intra-operative risk factors/mechanisms specifically involved in PRSinduced AKI, avoiding confounding factors, we have limited our study to "acute kidney injury AND DCD AND liver transplantation". Accordingly, three out of five studies were selected for our purpose.

站在亚洲看世界:亚洲视角下脑死亡器官捐献的可持续健康发展

器官短缺是全球移植界面临的共同难题,世界卫生组织呼吁所有国家通过减少疾病负担和扩充符合伦理原则的有效器官来源以实现器官移植的自给自足。在全球范围内,脑死亡器官捐献(DBD)仍是移植器官的主要来源。近几年,包括中国在内的一些亚洲国家积极推动死亡器官捐献事业的发展,这些举措正逐步改变亚洲地区以活体捐献为移植器官主要来源的格局。2020年新型冠状病毒肺炎疫情的暴发放缓了全球器官捐献和移植数量近十年的增长趋势。在疾病负担和移植需求未有显著降低的前提下,我国器官捐献和移植工作在“人民至上,生命至上,坚持动态清零”的疫情防控总方针和相关政策的指引下稳步开展。这一定程度证明了在人民群众医疗诉求和移植需求的持续驱动下,我国已经形成一个有韧性的、有抗压能力的、并具运作惯性且行业赖以生存的器官捐献与移植工作体系。站在中国看亚洲,站在亚洲看世界。本文通过整理全球及亚洲器官捐献与移植相关数据,重点剖析在全球器官移植发展新潮流下亚洲器官捐献和移植整体格局的变化,并结合我国自身发展特征及实践经验,探索脑死亡器官捐献的影响因素,并提出针对性的应对策略,以期为亚洲及我国器官捐献和移植的可持续健康发展提供专业参考。

2020年全球器官捐献和移植概况

当前,新型冠状病毒肺炎(新冠肺炎)疫情全球各地形势不一,疫情防控仍然不能松懈。在面对各自的社会环境和医疗资源配置的考验下,以及在行业赖以生存的体系运作惯性及固有生产力的支撑下,各国器官捐献和移植工作仍在努力前行。山西省人体器官获取与分配服务中心是在国家专家委员指导下,由原山西省卫生和计划生育委员会于2018年8月28日批准成立的全省唯一、独立运行的非营利性医疗机构。本文通过剖析疫情期间美国和西班牙的器官捐献与移植数据,结合山西省人体器官获取与分配服务中心器官捐献工作的开展情况,进一步探索符合我国国情、省情的公民器官捐献与移植工作体系的建设。