Observation of Doppler shift f_(D) modulated by the internal kink mode using conventional reflectometry in the EAST tokamak

In this paper we present a new experimental observation using a conventional reflectometry technique,poloidal correlation reflectometry(PCR),in the Experimental Advanced Superconducting Tokamak(EAST).The turbulence spectrum detected by the PCR system exhibits an asymmetry and induced Doppler shift f_(D)during the internal kink mode(IKM)rotation phase.This Doppler shift f_(D)is the target measurement of Doppler reflectometry,but captured by conventional reflectometry.Results show that the Doppler shift f_(D)is modulated by the periodic changes in the effective angle between the probing wave and cutoff layer normal,but not by plasma turbulence.The fishbone mode and saturated long-lived mode are typical IKMs,and this modulation phenomenon is observed in both cases.Moreover,the value of the Doppler shift f_(D)is positively correlated with the amplitude of the IKM,even when the latter is small.However,the positive and negative frequency components of the Doppler shift f_(D)can be asymmetric,which is related to the plasma configuration.A simulated analysis is performed by ray tracing to verify these observations.These results establish a clear link between f_(D)and IKM rotation,and are helpful for studying the characteristics of IKM and related physical phenomena.

Comparison of methods for turbulence Doppler frequency shift calculation in Doppler reflectometer

The Doppler reflectometer(DR),a powerful diagnostic for the plasma perpendicular velocity(u⊥)and turbulence measurement,has been widely used in various fusion devices.Many efforts have been put into extracting the Doppler shift from the DR signal.There are several commonly used methods for Doppler shift extraction,such as the phase derivative,the center of gravity,and symmetric fitting(SFIT).However,the strong zero-order reflection component around 0 kHz may interfere with the calculation of the Doppler shift.To avoid the influence of the zerofrequency peak,the asymmetric fitting(AFIT)method was designed to calculate the Doppler shift.Nevertheless,the AFIT method may lead to an unacceptable error when the Doppler shift is relatively small compared to the half width at half maximum(HWHM).Therefore,an improved method,which can remove the zero-frequency peak and fit the remaining Doppler peak with a Gaussian function,is devised to extract the Doppler shift.This method can still work reliably whether the HWHM is larger than the Doppler shift or not.

A new model for Doppler shift of C-band echoes backscattered from sea surface

Within the framework of the two-scale scattering model,the Doppler shift of C-band radar return signals from the nonlinear sea surface are numerically evaluated.As an analytical approximation method,the Bragg resonance scattering method cannot accurately describe the backscattering field from sea surface.Therefore,in the twoscale scattering model,more accurate scattering coefficient(the normalized radar cross section,NRCS)evaluated by the C-band dual-polarized(HH/VV)empirical geophysical model function(CSAR model)is employed to replace the traditional Bragg NRCS to weight the Doppler shift.The numerical results indicate that there are obvious differences between the Doppler shift weighted by the CSAR NRCS and that weighted by the traditional Bragg NRCS.The hydrodynamic modulation of the large-scale waves is one of the important factors that affect the difference between the Doppler shift predicted in upwind and downwind directions.If the relaxation rate in the hydrodynamic modulation is set to be the angular frequency of the dominant water waves,the Doppler shift predicted by the numerical method can fit the results of the empirical model(C-band empirical geophysical model function,CDOP)well at moderate wind speed.Under low wind condition,the comparison shows that the empirical CDOP model appears to overestimate the Doppler shift.In order to facilitate the application,at the end of this paper a semi-empirical CSAR-DOP model,which is a polynomial fitting formula,is developed for evaluating the Doppler shift of C-band signals from time varying sea surface.

Effect Due to the Particle Nature of the Doppler Shifted Radiation on the Dynamics of the Spherical Light Emitting Source

The Doppler effect is a phenomenon of intrinsic kinematic character. This paper analyzes the kinematic Doppler effect for the case where the source is moving and the observer is at rest in the classical limit. The particle nature properties of radiation are considered and how it affects the dynamics of the Source has been studied. The dynamical and kinematical equations have been derived by considering this effect. It has been conclusively shown that a moving light-emitting source experiences a finite recoil momentum in the direction opposite to the direction of motion and come to rest in finite time.

Adaptive compensating method for Doppler frequency shift using LMS and phase estimation

The novel compensating method directly demodulates the signals without the carrier recovery processes, in which the carrier with original modulation frequency is used as the local coherent carrier. In this way, the phase offsets due to frequency shift are linear. Based on this premise, the compensation processes are： firstly, the phase offsets between the baseband neighbor-symbols after clock recovery is unbiasedly estimated among the reference symbols; then, the receiving signals symbols are adjusted by the phase estimation value; finally, the phase offsets after adjusting are compensated by the least mean squares （LMS） algorithm. In order to express the compensation processes and ability clearly, the quadrature phase shift keying （QPSK） modulation signals are regarded as examples for Matlab simulation. BER simulations are carried out using the Monte-Carlo method. The learning curves are obtained to study the algorithm＇s convergence ability. The constellation figures are also simulated to observe the compensation results directly.

Joint Doppler Shift and Channel Estimation for UAV mmWave System with Massive ULA

A joint Doppler shift and channel estimation method for the millimeter-wave communication system of an unmanned aerial vehicle(UAV) equipped with a large-scale uniform linear antenna(ULA) array has been proposed. Since Doppler shift induces intercarrier interference, the parameters of the channel paths have been decomposed into the Doppler shift and the channel information. In order to obtain the Doppler shift, a new estimation algorithm based on a combination of discrete Fourier transform and phase rotation has been proposed, which can determine the appropriate number of antennas. In addition to estimating the channel information, a low-complexity joint Doppler shift and channel estimation method has been designed that can quickly obtain accurate estimates. Furthermore, the achievable sum rate, the theoretical bounds of the mean squared errors, and the Cram?er-Rao lower bounds of the estimation method have been derived. The analysis and simulation results prove that the performance of the proposed approach is close to the theoretical inference.

An Orbit Determination Using SGP4 Propagator and Doppler Shifts for CubeSats

The two line elements(TLEs),released by the North American Aerospace Defense Command(NORAD),are chosen for CubeSats' mission operators.Unfortunately,they have errors and other accompanied problems,which cause large deviations in the in-track component.When a TLE value is available at a certain epoch,the dominant error is the angular error.It is proposed to correct the angular error by solving-for the mean argument of latitude at the desired epoch.A batch least squares technique and range rate measurements are used for the correction process.With the assistance of satellite tool kit(STK)software and Matlab,a simulation to verify the orbit determination(OD)technique is implemented.This paper provides an angular correction low cost OD method and presents a complete analysis for various test cases.This approach maintains high accuracy in cross-track and radial and makes great improvement in in-track at the same time,but it is exclusive for circular orbits.When it is applied to an elliptical orbit,the error will be unacceptable.Therefore,the angular error is corrected using the longitude of periapsis which totally mitigates the error at the epoch under consideration.For inclinations less than 20 o,the mean longitude is preferred for the angular correction as it provides more accuracy compared with the mean argument of latitude.

Simultaneous detection of the acoustic-field aberration and Doppler shift in forward acoustic scattering

The aberration in the received acoustic field and the Doppler shift in the forward scattered field are simultaneously induced when a submerged target crosses the source–receiver line. Formulations for the two variations are developed upon an ideal forward scattering configuration. Both the field aberration and the Doppler shift are expressed as functions of the same argument — the target motion time. An experimental validation was carried out in a tank, in which the continuous wave was transmitted. The field aberration and the Doppler shift were extracted from the collected data by the simple Hilbert transform and a hybrid technique, respectively. The measured aberration and Doppler shift agree with the theoretical results.Simultaneous detection outputs are beneficial to enhance the reliability on target detection by providing both the aberrations in the received acoustic field and the Doppler shift in the forward scattered field.

VEHICULAR NODE POSITIONING BASED ON DOPPLER-SHIFTED FREQUENCY MEASUREMENT ON HIGHWAY

Vehicular node positioning needs to be quick and precise on highway for safety considera-tion.In this paper,we present a novel and practical vehicular node positioning method which can achieve a higher accuracy and more reliability than the existing global-positioning-system-based po-sitioning solutions by making use of Doppler-shifted frequency measurements taken by vehicular node itself.This positioning method uses infrastructure nodes which are placed on the roadside every several kilometers as radiation sources to estimate the relative distances of vehicle to the infrastructure node.Through coordinate conversion,we get the absolute coordinates of vehicular node based on known absolute coordinates of infrastructure node.We also analyze the optimal distance of neighbor infra-structure nodes in order to ensure a high accuracy.In addition,simulation results demonstrate that the accuracy of our method with Extended Kalman Filtering(EKF) is superior to the method without EKF.

Investigation on the Doppler shifts induced by 1-D ocean surface wave displacements by the first order small slope approximation theory:comparison of hydrodynamic models

Based on the first order small slope approximation theory （SSA-I） for oceanic surface electromagnetic scattering, this paper predicts the Doppler shifts induced by wave displacements. Theoretical results from three distinct hydrody- namic models are compared： a linear model, the nonlinear Barrick model, and the nonlinear Creamer model. Meanwhile, the predicted Doppler shifts are also compared with the results associated to the resonant Bragg waves and the so-called long waves in the framework of the two-scale model. The dependences of the predicted Doppler shifts on the incident angle, the radar frequency, and the wind speed are discussed. At large incident angles, the predicted Doppler shifts for the linear and nonlinear Barrick models are found to be insensitive to the wind speed and this phenomenon is not coincident with the experimental data. The conclusions obtained in this paper are promising for better understanding the properties of time dependent radar echoes from oceanic surfaces.

Doppler shift of a laser pulse beam scattered by a rotating cone and cylinder

Based on laser radar equations, a Doppler shift model of a laser pulse beam scattered by a rotating arbitrary convex target is reported in this paper. The boundary relations between an incident pulse beam and the detected area elements are analyzed by geometric methods. The Doppler shift characteristics of the rotating cone and cylinder are discussed and the difference between the laser pulse beam and the plane wave scattered from the same rotating target is compared accordingly. Numerical simulations show that the Doppler shift is tightly relevant to their dimensions, speeds, and so on. In the same incidence conditions, the pulse beam and plane wave have difference peak values and the same Doppler shift bandwidth. If the waist radius of the pulse beam is larger, the peak value is higher, and the Doppler shifts are proportional to the speed of the rotating target. By virtue of our theoretical model, we probe into the scattered characteristics of the Doppler shifts of a laser pulse beam, which would benefit target identification in national defense.

Measurement and analysis of Doppler shift for high-speed rail scenario

Based on the analysis of the impact of Doppler shift to the railway dedicated mobile communication quality under the condition of high-speed mobility,this paper presents a Doppler shift measurement approach based on the phase estimation of frequency correction channel(FCCH) which correctly reflects the time-varying characteristic of the channel with a testing system developed.The Doppler shift data under the high-speed condition is collected,processed,analyzed,and compared with the simulation results.The scientific laws of the Doppler shift distribution of radio channel under high-speed condition are obtained.These data and analysis are essential for the establishment of high-speed railway Doppler power spectrum model and the development of the key technology of antiDoppler shift.

车联网V2I场景下基于GNN的SC-FDMA智能信道估计

随着车联网的迅猛发展,车对路基础设施(Vehicle to Infrastructure,V2I)通信对车联网的可靠性和时延提出了更高的要求,而信道估计是接收机高可靠低时延通信的重要保障.为解决传统信道插值算法不能有效拟合V2I信道快时变特性、自适应多普勒频移能力弱和传统神经网络可解释性不强的问题,本文提出基于图神经网络(Graph Neural Network,GNN)的单载波频分多址(Single Carrier-Frequency Division Multiple Access,SC-FDMA)智能信道估计算法.该算法将信道频率响应中的数据点作为图的节点、符号间时域相关性作为边,将图化后的数据送入GraphSAGE信道插值器(GraphSAGE Channel Interpolator,GCI)中,通过边更新、聚合操作、节点更新三大模块进行网络训练,同时采用多普勒频移矢量作为节点特征控制网络拟合不同多普勒条件的信道,使得网络具备可解释性.最后,系统仿真验证了在不同速度环境下算法的有效性和鲁棒性,较线性插值、样条插值以及全连接网络,本文所提GCI在低、中和高速移动环境下具有最优的误码率(Bit Error Rate,BER)和归一化均方误差(Normalized Mean Square Error,NMSE)性能,特别地,在200 km/h高速移动条件下GCI的优势更为明显.

基于FPGA的大频偏扩频信号快速捕获算法设计

星载扩频应答机的数据比特与扩频码是异步的,由于传输系统噪声及多普勒频移的影响,会引起接收扩频码与发送扩频码相关峰值的衰减,导致捕获性能下降。传统的捕获技术通常存在算法复杂度高,捕获速度慢,难以适应上百千赫兹大频偏的要求等问题。本文提出了一种将扩频序列截成两段分别作相关运算的扩频序列搜索法,并结合信号平方和FFT环进行大频偏锁频的捕获方案,有效抑制了相关峰的衰减,提高了伪码捕获性能。MATLAB仿真及FPGA板级测试表明,本文所提出的扩频信号捕获方案能够对抗高达±300 kHz的多普勒频移,平均捕获时间约为95 ms。另外,该算法的FPGA实现与传统结构相比节省了约47%的LUT、43%的Register以及一半以上的DSP和BRAM资源,在资源受限的实时通信系统中具有很大的应用价值。

移动物联网通信中的UFMC调制波形优化设计

移动物联网(Internet of Things, IoT)通信是6G的关键技术之一,面对多变的地面基站环境,无人机(Unmanned Aerial Vehicle, UAV)辅助通信被认为是物联网通信的重要组成部分,已受到广泛关注。通用滤波器多载波(Universal Filtered Multi-carrier, UFMC)作为一种新型非正交多载波调制技术,继承了正交频分复用(Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing, OFDM)的优势,主要应用在短数据包突发通信场景中,被认为适用于下一代无线物联网通信。但是,在无人机的高速移动环境下,通信信号会遭受显著的多普勒频移影响,产生严重的载波间干扰(Inter Carrier Interference, ICI),导致UFMC系统性能的显著下降。为了缓解ICI问题,本文首先理论分析、推导了存在多普勒频移时UFMC系统的信干噪比(Signal to Interference plus Noise Ratio, SINR)。根据SINR分析,可见将UFMC波形滤波器通带波动优化调控的足够小以及加快过渡带衰减有利于提升系统抗ICI能力。因此,本文提出了基于波形滤波器优化设计的干扰抑制方法,构建了符合UFMC通信需求的波形滤波器最优化设计数学模型,该模型可以有效地调控波形滤波器的通带波动,通过遍历搜索可求解得到使系统误符号率(Symbol Error Rate, SER)相对最优的波形滤波器。在考虑多普勒频移的系统仿真中,SER对比结果表明:与采用传统波形滤波器的UFMC系统相比,本文根据约束最小最大(Constraint Minimax, CMM)准则遍历搜索设计的波形滤波器可以有效地抑制系统ICI从而改善SER。这为未来移动物联网通信系统的波形设计提供了参考。

子午工程二期电离层高频多普勒监测仪初步观测结果

子午工程二期计划在漠河、北京、武汉、深圳四地分别建设由一个发射站和三个接收站构成的电离层高频多普勒监测台阵.本文介绍了为此研制的电离层高频多普勒监测仪的进展和试观测期间取得的一些观测结果.通过与电离层测高仪进行交叉对比,设备的性能和探测能力得到了验证.目前该设备已部署7个站点进行试观测,本文报告了该设备探测到的太阳耀斑导致的电离层扰动、电离层行进式扰动、大尺度电场导致的多站同时扰动等多种现象.未来子午工程二期建成后,该设备将具备我国上空北至漠河、南至广东的电离层扰动监测能力,并与其它探测手段融合发挥空间天气综合监测网络的最大效能.

大Doppler频移条件下基于导频信号的扩频码捕获

分析了Doppler频移对传统扩频码捕获算法的影响,提出了在发送导频信号期间,利用自适应谱线增强器(ALE)对部分匹配滤波输出进行处理以估计Doppler频移值,经过频偏校正后,采用传统全匹配捕获算法进行扩频码捕获判决的新方法。仿真结果表明,这种方法可以有效地消除大Doppler频移的影响,迅速完成扩频码的捕获。

基于多普勒偏移补偿的非线性FDA-MIMO雷达运动目标检测算法

非线性频控阵-多输入多输出(Frequency Diverse Array-Multiple Input Multiple Output,FDA-MIMO)雷达具有非线性增加的阵元频偏,使得雷达的距离-角度波束图不再呈现“S”型,而聚焦为点波束,以此将发射能量聚焦到目标位置能够获得更优异的目标检测性能。不过,FDA-MIMO雷达检测运动目标时,由于发射阵元间的频偏与目标速度存在耦合,导致在慢时间维出现多普勒偏移。基于插值滤波的重采样算法能够补偿阵元频偏带来的多普勒偏移,但对于非线性FDA-MIMO雷达,由于阵元间频偏不再是线性变化,上述算法将会失效。本文提出了一种新的算法,可以利用Keystone变换和多普勒偏移补偿的方法,来检测非线性FDA-MIMO雷达中的运动目标。建立了非线性FDA-MIMO雷达运动目标的回波模型,指出了基于插值滤波的重采样算法存在的不足,提出了一种基于速度搜索的算法来补偿非线性FDA-MIMO雷达检测运动目标时出现的多普勒偏移。首先利用Keystone变换消除目标回波的距离徙动,然后根据阵元间频偏构造多普勒补偿函数,利用多普勒补偿函数和各阵元脉压后的回波信号构造速度搜索函数,通过设定合适的速度搜索范围对其进行搜索,当该函数取得峰值时对应的速度即为真实速度,最后利用搜索的速度补偿多普勒偏移后再做相干积累检测目标。仿真结果表明:所提算法可以准确补偿阵元间的多普勒偏移,且在非线性FDA-MIMO雷达体制下的检测性能优于基于插值滤波的重采样算法。