After reading the review by An et al“Biological factors driving colorectal cancer metastasis”,which covers the problem of the metastasis of colorectal cancer(CRC),I had a desire to discuss with readers one of the ex...After reading the review by An et al“Biological factors driving colorectal cancer metastasis”,which covers the problem of the metastasis of colorectal cancer(CRC),I had a desire to discuss with readers one of the exciting problems associated with dormant metastases.Most deaths from CRCs are caused by metastases,which can be detected both at diagnosis of the primary tumor and several years or even decades after treatment.This is because tumor cells that enter the bloodstream can be destroyed by the immune system,cause metastatic growth,or remain dormant for a long time.Dormant tumor cells may not manifest themselves throughout a person’s life or,after some time and under appropriate conditions,may give rise to the growth of metastases.In this editorial,we will discuss the most important features of dormant metastases and the mechanisms of premetastatic niche formation,as well as factors that contribute to the activation of dormant metastases in CRCs.We will pay special attention to the possible mechanisms involved in the formation of circulating tumor cell complexes and the choice of therapeutic strategies that promote the dormancy or destruction of tumor cells in CRCs.展开更多
Nearly half of the global population are carriers of Helicobacter pylori(H. pylori),a Gram-negative bacterium that persists in the healthy human stomach. H. pylori can be a pathogen and causes development of peptic ul...Nearly half of the global population are carriers of Helicobacter pylori(H. pylori),a Gram-negative bacterium that persists in the healthy human stomach. H. pylori can be a pathogen and causes development of peptic ulcer disease in a certain state of the macroorganism. It is well established that H. pylori infection is the main cause of chronic gastritis and peptic ulcer disease(PUD). Decontamination of the gastric mucosa with various antibiotics leads to H. pylori elimination and longer remission in this disease. However,the reasons for repeated detection of H. pylori in recurrent PUD after its successful eradication remain unclear. The reason for the redetection of H. pylori in recurrent PUD can be either reinfection or ineffective anti-Helicobacter therapy. The administration of antibacterial drugs can lead not only to the emergence of resistant strains of microorganisms,but also contribute to the conversion of H. pylori into the resting(dormant) state. The dormant forms of H. pylori have been shown to play a potential role in the development of relapses of PUD. The paper discusses morphological H. pylori forms,such as S-shaped,C-shaped,U-shaped,and coccoid ones. The authors proposes the classification of H. pylori according to its morphological forms and viability.展开更多
Objective This study aimed to review the available literatures on control of latent tuberculosis （TB） infection and propose a new control strategy to shorten the course of TB chemotherapy. Data sources The data used...Objective This study aimed to review the available literatures on control of latent tuberculosis （TB） infection and propose a new control strategy to shorten the course of TB chemotherapy. Data sources The data used in this review were mainly obtained from articles listed in PubMed. The search terms were ＂therapy （treatment） of tuberculosis; ＂therapy （treatment） of latent TB infection; and ＂vaccine of TB.＂ Study selection Articles regarding treatment and vaccine of TB were selected and reviewed. Results The most crucial reason causing the prolonged course of TB chemotherapy is the dormant state of Mycobacterium tuberculosis （M. tuberculosis）. Nevertheless, there are, to date, no effective drugs that can directly kill the dormant cells of M. tuberculosis in clinical therapy. In accordance with the growth cycle of dormant M. tuberculosis in the body, the methods for controlling dormant M. tuberculosis include direct killing with drugs, prevention of dormant M. tuberculosis resuscitation with vaccines, and resuscitating dormant M. tuberculosis with preparations or drugs and then thoroughly killing these resuscitated M. tuberculosis by using anti-TB therapy. Conclusions The comprehensive analysis of the above three methods suggests that the drugs directly killing dormant cells are in clinical trials, TMC207 is the most beneficial for controlling TB. Because the side effect of vaccines is less and their action period is long, prevention of dormant cells resuscitation with vaccines is promising. The last control method makes it probable that when a huge number of active cells of M. tuberculosis have been killed and eradicated after 1-month short chemotherapy, only a strong short-term subsequent chemotherapy can completely kill and eradicate the remaining M. tuberculosis. This control strategy is expected to significantly shorten the course of TB chemotherapy and bring a new change and breakthrough in TB treatment.展开更多
Microorganisms are ubiquitous in the ocean environment and they play key roles in marine ecosystem function and service.However,many of their functions and phenotypes remain unknown because indigenous marine bacteria ...Microorganisms are ubiquitous in the ocean environment and they play key roles in marine ecosystem function and service.However,many of their functions and phenotypes remain unknown because indigenous marine bacteria are mostly difficult to culture.Although many novel techniques have brought previously uncultured microbes into laboratory culture,there are still many most-wanted or key players that need to be cultured from marine environments.This review discusses possible reasons for‘unculturable microbes’and categorizes uncultured bacteria into three groups:dominant active bacteria,rare active bacteria,and dormant bacteria.This review also summarizes advances in cultivation techniques for culturing each group of unculturable bacteria.Simulating the natural environment is an effective strategy for isolating dominant active bacteria,whereas culturomics and enrichment culture methods are proposed for isolating rare active bacteria.For dormant bacteria,resuscitation culture is an appropriate strategy.Furthermore,the review provides a list of the most-wanted bacteria and proposes potential strategies for culturing these bacteria in marine environments.The review provides new insight into the development of strategies for the cultivation of specific groups of uncultured bacteria and therefore paves the way for the detection of novel microbes and their functions in marine ecosystems.展开更多
The mature seed of Paris polyphylla var.chinensis(PPC)is morphophysiologically dormant and develops differently under warm and cold temperatures.To elucidate the molecular mechanisms underlying temperature-dependent r...The mature seed of Paris polyphylla var.chinensis(PPC)is morphophysiologically dormant and develops differently under warm and cold temperatures.To elucidate the molecular mechanisms underlying temperature-dependent regulation of PPC seed dormancy and germination,we investigated the dynamic changes in PPC seed transcript levels under warm and cold temperature stratifications(WS and CS,respectively)by time-resolved RNA sequencing,focusing on genes related to hormone metabolism and signaling and cell wall remodeling(CWRM)and encoding transcription factors/regulators(TFs/TRs).A total of 48765 and 47836 differentially expressed genes(DEGs)were associated with WS and CS,respectively.Of these,17581 and 16652 DEGs,respectively,unique to WS and CS,and 5386 were common to both temperature stratifications across nine analyzed growth stages.The expression of hormone metabolism and signaling,TF/TR,and CWRM genes were closely associated with temperature.More genes related to gibberellin(GA),cytokinin,auxin,and brassinosteroid biosynthetic were upregulated in WS as compared to CS seeds,while genes related to dormancy release and germination were downregulated in WS seeds.However,only GA and abscisic acid levels were altered in PPC seeds breaking morphophysiological dormancy(MPD).Overall,37 TF and five TR families were upregulated whereas 24 TF and 16 TR families were downregulated in WS as compared to CS seeds.Most CWRM families were highly expressed under WS as compared to CS,suggesting that they promote endosperm weakening and embryo growth of WS seeds and facilitate MPD release and germination.A coexpression analysis revealed positive correlations between TFs/TRs and DEGs involved in hormone metabolism and signaling and CWRM.These results provided a basis for investigating the interaction between the endosperm and underdeveloped embryo in the regulation of PPC seed germination and seedling emergence.展开更多
文摘After reading the review by An et al“Biological factors driving colorectal cancer metastasis”,which covers the problem of the metastasis of colorectal cancer(CRC),I had a desire to discuss with readers one of the exciting problems associated with dormant metastases.Most deaths from CRCs are caused by metastases,which can be detected both at diagnosis of the primary tumor and several years or even decades after treatment.This is because tumor cells that enter the bloodstream can be destroyed by the immune system,cause metastatic growth,or remain dormant for a long time.Dormant tumor cells may not manifest themselves throughout a person’s life or,after some time and under appropriate conditions,may give rise to the growth of metastases.In this editorial,we will discuss the most important features of dormant metastases and the mechanisms of premetastatic niche formation,as well as factors that contribute to the activation of dormant metastases in CRCs.We will pay special attention to the possible mechanisms involved in the formation of circulating tumor cell complexes and the choice of therapeutic strategies that promote the dormancy or destruction of tumor cells in CRCs.
文摘Nearly half of the global population are carriers of Helicobacter pylori(H. pylori),a Gram-negative bacterium that persists in the healthy human stomach. H. pylori can be a pathogen and causes development of peptic ulcer disease in a certain state of the macroorganism. It is well established that H. pylori infection is the main cause of chronic gastritis and peptic ulcer disease(PUD). Decontamination of the gastric mucosa with various antibiotics leads to H. pylori elimination and longer remission in this disease. However,the reasons for repeated detection of H. pylori in recurrent PUD after its successful eradication remain unclear. The reason for the redetection of H. pylori in recurrent PUD can be either reinfection or ineffective anti-Helicobacter therapy. The administration of antibacterial drugs can lead not only to the emergence of resistant strains of microorganisms,but also contribute to the conversion of H. pylori into the resting(dormant) state. The dormant forms of H. pylori have been shown to play a potential role in the development of relapses of PUD. The paper discusses morphological H. pylori forms,such as S-shaped,C-shaped,U-shaped,and coccoid ones. The authors proposes the classification of H. pylori according to its morphological forms and viability.
文摘Objective This study aimed to review the available literatures on control of latent tuberculosis （TB） infection and propose a new control strategy to shorten the course of TB chemotherapy. Data sources The data used in this review were mainly obtained from articles listed in PubMed. The search terms were ＂therapy （treatment） of tuberculosis; ＂therapy （treatment） of latent TB infection; and ＂vaccine of TB.＂ Study selection Articles regarding treatment and vaccine of TB were selected and reviewed. Results The most crucial reason causing the prolonged course of TB chemotherapy is the dormant state of Mycobacterium tuberculosis （M. tuberculosis）. Nevertheless, there are, to date, no effective drugs that can directly kill the dormant cells of M. tuberculosis in clinical therapy. In accordance with the growth cycle of dormant M. tuberculosis in the body, the methods for controlling dormant M. tuberculosis include direct killing with drugs, prevention of dormant M. tuberculosis resuscitation with vaccines, and resuscitating dormant M. tuberculosis with preparations or drugs and then thoroughly killing these resuscitated M. tuberculosis by using anti-TB therapy. Conclusions The comprehensive analysis of the above three methods suggests that the drugs directly killing dormant cells are in clinical trials, TMC207 is the most beneficial for controlling TB. Because the side effect of vaccines is less and their action period is long, prevention of dormant cells resuscitation with vaccines is promising. The last control method makes it probable that when a huge number of active cells of M. tuberculosis have been killed and eradicated after 1-month short chemotherapy, only a strong short-term subsequent chemotherapy can completely kill and eradicate the remaining M. tuberculosis. This control strategy is expected to significantly shorten the course of TB chemotherapy and bring a new change and breakthrough in TB treatment.
基金This work was supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(41876166,and 31770002)Science and Technology Basic Resources Investigation Program of China(2017FY100302).
文摘Microorganisms are ubiquitous in the ocean environment and they play key roles in marine ecosystem function and service.However,many of their functions and phenotypes remain unknown because indigenous marine bacteria are mostly difficult to culture.Although many novel techniques have brought previously uncultured microbes into laboratory culture,there are still many most-wanted or key players that need to be cultured from marine environments.This review discusses possible reasons for‘unculturable microbes’and categorizes uncultured bacteria into three groups:dominant active bacteria,rare active bacteria,and dormant bacteria.This review also summarizes advances in cultivation techniques for culturing each group of unculturable bacteria.Simulating the natural environment is an effective strategy for isolating dominant active bacteria,whereas culturomics and enrichment culture methods are proposed for isolating rare active bacteria.For dormant bacteria,resuscitation culture is an appropriate strategy.Furthermore,the review provides a list of the most-wanted bacteria and proposes potential strategies for culturing these bacteria in marine environments.The review provides new insight into the development of strategies for the cultivation of specific groups of uncultured bacteria and therefore paves the way for the detection of novel microbes and their functions in marine ecosystems.
基金supported by the CAMS Innovation Fund for Medical Sciences (CIFMS) (2017-I2M-3-013)the National Key Research and Development Program of China (Grant No. 2017YFC1700706)the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant No. 31471575).
文摘The mature seed of Paris polyphylla var.chinensis(PPC)is morphophysiologically dormant and develops differently under warm and cold temperatures.To elucidate the molecular mechanisms underlying temperature-dependent regulation of PPC seed dormancy and germination,we investigated the dynamic changes in PPC seed transcript levels under warm and cold temperature stratifications(WS and CS,respectively)by time-resolved RNA sequencing,focusing on genes related to hormone metabolism and signaling and cell wall remodeling(CWRM)and encoding transcription factors/regulators(TFs/TRs).A total of 48765 and 47836 differentially expressed genes(DEGs)were associated with WS and CS,respectively.Of these,17581 and 16652 DEGs,respectively,unique to WS and CS,and 5386 were common to both temperature stratifications across nine analyzed growth stages.The expression of hormone metabolism and signaling,TF/TR,and CWRM genes were closely associated with temperature.More genes related to gibberellin(GA),cytokinin,auxin,and brassinosteroid biosynthetic were upregulated in WS as compared to CS seeds,while genes related to dormancy release and germination were downregulated in WS seeds.However,only GA and abscisic acid levels were altered in PPC seeds breaking morphophysiological dormancy(MPD).Overall,37 TF and five TR families were upregulated whereas 24 TF and 16 TR families were downregulated in WS as compared to CS seeds.Most CWRM families were highly expressed under WS as compared to CS,suggesting that they promote endosperm weakening and embryo growth of WS seeds and facilitate MPD release and germination.A coexpression analysis revealed positive correlations between TFs/TRs and DEGs involved in hormone metabolism and signaling and CWRM.These results provided a basis for investigating the interaction between the endosperm and underdeveloped embryo in the regulation of PPC seed germination and seedling emergence.
