Photon energy response optimization using few-channel spectroscopy dose method for Si-PIN photodetector applied in personal dose equivalent measurements

Si-PIN photodetectors having features such as low cost,small size,low weight,low voltage,and low power consumption are widely used as radiation detectors in electronic personal dosimeters(EPDs).The technical parameters of EPDs based on the Si-PIN photodetectors include photon energy response(PER),angular response,inherent error,and dose rate linearity.Among them,PER is a key parameter for evaluation of EPD measurement accuracy.At present,owing to the limitations of volume,power consumption,and EPD cost,the PER is usually corrected by a combination of single-channel counting techniques and filtering material methods.However,the above-mentioned methods have problems such as poor PER and low measurement accuracy.To solve such problems,in this study,a 1024-channel spectrometry system using a Si-PIN photodetector was developed and fullspectrum measurement in the reference radiation fields was conducted for radiation protection.The measurement results using the few-channel spectroscopy dose method showed that the PER could be controlled within±14%and±2%under the conditions of two and three energy intervals,respectively,with different channel numbers.The PER measured at 0°angle of radiation incidence meets the-29%to+67%requirements of IEC 61526:2010.Meanwhile,the channel number and counts-to-dose conversion factors formed in the experiment can be integrated into an EPD.

Energy Dependence of the New Gafchromic EBT3 Film:Dose Response Curves for 50 KV, 6 and 15 MV X-Ray Beams

Purpose: To study and compare the dose response curves of the new GafChromic EBT3 film for megavoltage and kilovoltage x-ray beams, with different spatial resolutions. Methods: EBT3 films (lot#A101711-02) were exposed to each x-ray beam (6 MV, 15 MV, and 50 kV) at 7 dose values (50-3200 cGy). Each film piece was scanned three consecutive times in the center of Epson 10000XL flatbed scanner in 48-bit color at two separate spatial resolutions of 75 and 300 dpi. The data were analyzed using ImageJ and, for each scanned image, a region of interest (ROI) of 2 × 2 cm2 at the field center was selected to obtain the mean pixel value with its standard deviation in the ROI. For each energy, dose value and spatial resolution, the average net optical density (netOD) and its associated uncertainty were determined. The Student’s t-test was performed to evaluate the statistical differences between the net OD/dose values of the three energy modalities, with different color channels and spatial resolutions. Results and Discussion: The dose response curves for the three energy modalities were compared in three color channels. Weak energy dependence was found. For doses above 100 cGy, no statistical differences were observed between 6 and 15 MV beams, regardless of spatial resolution and color channel. However, statistical differences were observed between 50 kV and the megavoltage beams. The degree of energy dependence (from MV to 50 kV) was found to be a function of color channel, dose level, and spatial resolution. Conclusions: The dose response curves for GafChromic EBT3 films were found to be weakly dependent on the energy of the photon beams from 6 MV to 15 MV. For very low energy photon (e.g. 50 kV), variation of more than 11% due to the energy-dependence is observed, depending on the absorbed dose, spatial resolution and color channel used.

Rem-meter correction factor for measuring high energyneutrons outside concrete shielding

Correction factors of both Rem-meters, the 10 inch diameter single-sphere Remmeter and the standard A-B Rem-meter, were estimated for measuring high energy neutron dose equivalent outside a concrete shielding wall and the effects that the emitted neutron spectra become remarkably "harder" penetrated through a concrete shielding wall, and the energy response of the Rem-meter were taken in account. The estimated results could be applied in the measurement of neutron dose equivalent for the intermediate energy heavy ion reactions to avoid the difficulty induced by the energy response of the Rem-meters.

Energy Factor and Mathematical Modeling for Power DC/DC Converters

Mathematical modelling for power DC/DC converters is a historical problem accompanying DC/DC conversion technology since 1940’s. The traditional mathematical modelling is not available for complex structure converters since the differential equation order increases very high. We have to search other way to establish mathematical modelling for power DC/DC converters.We have theoretically defined a new concept-Energy Factor （EF） in this paper and researched the relations between EF and the mathematical modelling for power DC/DC converters. EF is a new concept in power DC/DC conversion technology, which thoroughly differs from the traditional concepts such as power factor （PF）, power transfer efficiency （η）, total harmonic distortion （THD） and ripple factor （RF）. EF and the subsequential EFV (and EFVD) can illustrate the system stability, reference response and interference recovery. This investigation is very helpful for system design and DC/DC converters characteristics foreseeing. Two DC/DC converters: Buck converter and Super-Lift Luo-Converter as the samples are analysed in this paper to demonstrate the applications of EF, EFV (and EFVD), PE, SE, VE （and VED）, time constant τ and damping time constant τd.

A new method of electric energy metering considering harmonic responsibility

Aiming at the shortcomings of the existing electric energy metering method,combining with the harmonic responsibility analysis model based on the reference impedance method and the idea of apparent power decomposition in IEEE Std 1459-2010 standard,two new metering indicators—billing active power and billing power factor are defined.A new electric energy metering method is proposed and its specific implementation steps are given.The simulation model is built in Matlab/Simulink,and three different examples are set up.Using the simulation data,the various metering indicators need to be examined by the existing electric energy metering method and the new electric energy metering method are calculated.The calculation results show that the new electric energy metering method not only overcomes the shortcomings of the existing electric energy metering method,but also is very easy to be popularized and applied.

Development of a spherical tissue equivalent proportional counter for neutron monitoring

A spherical tissue equivalent proportional counter(TEPC) for neutron monitoring has been developed. It was properly designed to produce a uniform electric field intensity around the anode wire. An internal ^(241)Am alpha source was adopted for lineal energy calibration. The TEPC was characterized in terms of dose equivalent response in a standard ^(252)Cf neutron field, and was tested with 2.45 MeV neutrons. Microdosimetric spectra, frequency mean lineal energy and dose-average mean lineal energy of 2.45 MeV neutrons were obtained and compared with FLUKA Monte Carlo simulation results. The measurement and simulation results agreed well. The mean quality factor and dose equivalent values evaluated from the 2.45 MeV neutron measurement were in good agreement with the recommended effective quality factor and ambient dose equivalent H*(10),respectively. Preliminary results have proved the availability of the developed TEPC for neutron monitoring.

考虑超碳需求响应的综合能源系统低碳优化调度

西北地区新能源发展迅速,充分利用当地独有的光热资源优势,同时结合火电低碳化改造与新能源协同运行,有利于推动当地能源系统绿色低碳转型。为尽最大限度地提升系统的减碳能力,提出一种基于源荷协同降碳的超碳需求响应模型,将动态碳排放因子作为分时电价的惩罚因子,从而将源侧碳信号传递至荷侧,驱使用户侧进行低碳性状态转移。首先,在日前调度阶段,构建预调度-再调度两阶段调度运行机制,再调度根据预调度的系统状态信息进行超碳需求响应,来深度降低系统碳排量。其次,将光热电站引入综合能源系统,与风电场、碳捕集电厂协同运行,从而构建高比例新能源场景,来验证超碳需求响应在此场景下的减碳效益。最后,建立了基于超碳需求响应的预调度-再调度两阶段低碳调度模型。经算例仿真分析表明,所提源荷协同降碳的新思路能有效提高系统的减碳能力,深入挖掘系统的降碳空间,提升系统的经济效益。

跟网型电化学储能虚拟惯性常数的常数化计算方法

在包含跟网型储能虚拟惯量控制的新型电力系统频率响应(SFR)建模应用中,跟网型储能的虚拟惯性常数具有时变特性,且无法聚合求解系统等效惯性常数,导致不能构建完整的SFR模型。基于此,提出了跟网型电化学储能虚拟惯性常数的常数化计算方法,通过计算具有等效惯性常数-能量支撑效果的常数化虚拟惯性常数,实现系统等效惯性常数的聚合求解。该方法根据能量变化关键节点和动态过程的约束条件,以及跟网型储能虚拟惯量响应的两阶段相异特征,建立了具有最相近能量变化的目标函数,以分段求解常数化虚拟惯性常数。最后,通过建立SFR模型,结合时域仿真法和相关评价指标验证了计算结果的精确性。

Low dose effects on cultured mammalian cells...

The low dose effects induced by carbon ions on Chinese hamster V79 cells and murine melanoma B16 cells were investigated in this paper. Both cell lines were divided into four groups for irradiation: (1) control, (2) 0.02 Gy or 0.05 Gy(D1), (3) 1 Gy(D2), (4) D1+D2. The survivors and micronuclei were studied as biological endpoints. The results of group (1) and group (2) showed that there were no obvious differences on micronucleus frequency but there were significant increases when irradiation dose was 0.02Gy on colony formation efficiency. Although low dose ion irradiation could not contribute to DNA damages, it could enhance the colony formation efficiency. In the study of group (3) and (4), when the ion dose was 0.02 Gy, there were evident increases on surviving fraction and decreases on micronucleus frequency, but there were no statistical changes on these endpoints when the ion dose was 0.05Gy. This meant that high LET radiation could induce the adaptive response of cultured cells, furthermore, in the range of inducing ion dose , low dose irradiation was more profitable than high dose one.

考虑预测误差不确定性的源-荷-广义储低碳经济动态优化调度

基于确定性模型的低碳经济调度方法无法准确描述不确定因素对电网碳排放的影响。据此,从系统层面考虑源-荷两侧不确定性,构建了一种低碳经济动态优化调度模型。采用混合高斯概率密度估计刻画风、光预测误差的不确定性,提出一种考虑净负荷预测误差的正负旋转备用容量概率约束方法;为减少系统的碳排放量,一从发电端考虑,引入碳交易机制,建立含有阶梯型碳交易成本的系统总运行成本最低的调度目标函数;二从用户层面考虑,将需求响应负荷同实际储能设备视为广义储能参与日前-日内滚动优化调度;在IEEE39节点系统进行不同场景分析,验证了所提的调度模型实现系统低碳、经济运行目标的有效性,也挖掘了需求响应负荷的减碳潜力。

基底隔震高层建筑风振响应和等效静风荷载

基于高层建筑风荷载规范,建立了基底隔震高层建筑在风荷载下的运动方程,推导得到了结构风振响应均方根.通过3栋高度不同的隔震高层建筑工程案例,对比分析了它们隔震前后的结构动力特性和顺风向风致响应;提出了与非隔震建筑等效静风荷载在表达形式上一致的基底隔震建筑等效静风荷载公式,其中对风振因子简化公式进行了修正.结果表明:结构隔震后在初始刚度弹性范围内的振动频率降低,阻尼比减小,振型在隔震层位置存在滑移,因此结构各响应较非隔震建筑增大;提出的背景因子简化公式可精确估计隔震结构风振系数,同时也可用于加速度的计算.该研究为高层隔震建筑在弹性范围内的风振验算提供了参考.

基于中子/瞬发γ射线联合测量的中子剂量监测模拟研究

辐射场下的中子周围剂量当量率监测具有重要意义,其可以反应核设施运行状况以及辐射防护信息。目前常用的监测仪器为基于单探测器、单慢化体的A-B型剂量当量率仪,其响应曲线与“中子注量-周围剂量当量转换系数”有较大的差异,导致测量结果误差较大。为提升中子剂量仪测量结果的准确性,对基于中子和瞬发γ射线联合监测中子剂量率开展研究。利用铅块、含硼聚乙烯、有机玻璃和氯化钠组合而成的转换材料,通过蒙特卡罗模拟计算B、H、Cl、Pb、C和O元素对不同能量中子的响应,利用响应曲线结合LB6411型剂量仪的响应曲线进行线性拟合,得到与“中子注量-周围剂量当量转换系数”更为接近的响应曲线。通过差分进化算法计算得到线性拟合系数,结果显示,新的响应曲线在1×10^(-8)~16 MeV能量区间内与h_(φ)响应曲线更贴近,二者的相对偏差在50%之内。联合测量中子与瞬发γ射线对中子周围剂量当量率进行监测可行,为中子剂量仪校准和研发提供了新的方向和支持。

巨噬细胞移动抑制因子抑制剂对蛛网膜下腔出血大鼠脑损伤的保护作用

目的探讨巨噬细胞移动抑制因子(MIF)抑制剂对蛛网膜下腔出血(SAH)大鼠脑损伤的保护作用。方法将120只12月龄健康雄性大鼠按照随机数字表法分为假手术组、SAH组、小剂量、中剂量和大剂量抑制剂组,每组24只。采用枕大池二次注血法制作大鼠SAH动物模型,小剂量、中剂量和大剂量抑制剂组分别给予10 mg/kg、20 mg/kg和40 mg/kg剂量MIF抑制剂注射大鼠腹腔,测定五组大鼠炎症因子、神经细胞凋亡、脑含水量、血脑屏障通透性和神经功能情况。结果大鼠脑组织白介素-1β、肿瘤坏死因子-α及白介素-6蛋白表达、神经细胞凋亡指数、脑水肿指数、伊文氏蓝含量及神经行为学评分五组间比较,差异均有统计学意义(F=76.406、62.664、64.106、40.211、24.869、60.229、43.664,均P<0.01),与假手术组比较,SAH组白介素-1β、肿瘤坏死因子-α及白介素-6蛋白表达、神经细胞凋亡指数、脑水肿指数和伊文氏蓝含量增高,神经行为学评分下降,差异均有统计学意义(P<0.01),MIF抑制剂腹腔注射可逆转上述作用,且呈剂量-疗效依赖关系(P<0.05)。结论MIF抑制剂对SAH大鼠脑损伤具有明显的保护作用,且呈量效关系。

能源供给侧与消费侧碳排放的责任核算与驱动因素——基于“收入者责任”视角的考察

在大力推动“碳达峰、碳中和”的背景下,碳排放核算体系的科学性对碳减排责任界定的合理性至关重要。本文采用Ghosh投入产出模型,基于“收入者责任”视角对中国能源供给侧与消费侧省份的碳排放分别进行了核算和特征事实分析,并对其驱动因素进行了考察。结果显示:从时序变化趋势来看,“收入者责任”视角下能源供给侧和消费侧省份的碳排放均呈现出增长趋势;从动态演变情况来看,能源消费侧省份的碳排放分布呈现出明显的延展收敛趋势,而能源供给侧省份出现了微弱的梯度效应和分化效应;从责任差异来看,能源供给侧省份需要承担更多的碳排放责任;从行业集中度来看,能源消费侧省份产业部门碳排放的集中程度明显较低;从网络结构来看,“收入者责任”视角下碳排放网络总体上呈现“核心—边缘”特征;从驱动因素来看,规模效应是导致能源供给侧与消费侧碳排放增长的首要因素,而技术效应是降低能源供给侧与消费侧碳排放的关键驱动力。

计及电动汽车充电需求的城市配电网多场景低碳优化调度研究

【目的】随着光伏、储能、电动汽车负荷在配电网中占比不断增加,高比例新能源的波动性与不确定性给配电网低碳运行带来了巨大挑战。为了有效地减少配电网的碳排放量,【方法】提出了一种考虑电动汽车负荷充电需求的配电网低碳经济优化调度方法。首先给出了基于动态碳排放因子的配电网负荷侧碳排放量计算方法,并针对居民用户、商业用户场景,构建城市配电网多场景下的电动汽车负荷充电模型,并将电动汽车负荷充电状态作为决策变量,以调度成本和碳排放量最小为目标,对配电网进行优化调度。通过在改进IEEE-33节点配电网中进行算例分析【结果】以夏季典型日为例,在可协调SOC调度模式下,居民负荷调度成本和碳排放量相比于无序SOC调度模式分别降低了8.06%、13.92%,商业负荷调度成本和碳排放量相比于无序SOC调度模式分别降低了4.31%、4.87%。【结论】结果表明,针对不同的用户场景,对电动汽车充电负荷采用可协调SOC的充电调度方法,可以有效减小配电网的调度成本,降低配电网的碳排放量。

EDR2胶片对扫描质子碳离子束的能量响应研究

目的 研究EDR2胶片对扫描质子碳离子束的能量响应关系。方法 同一张EDR2胶片接受扫描范围为5 cm×5 cm、相同能量、9种不同剂量的均匀质子束和碳离子束照射。经冲洗扫描后,通过Image J读取2 cm×2 cm范围内像素平均值,通过计算将像素平均值转化为净光度(Optical Density,OD)值,获取该能量质子和碳离子拟合直线斜率,即剂量响应因子(Dose Response Factor,DRF)。比较分析不同能量的DRF,获得EDR2胶片对不同能量质子和碳离子的响应曲线。结果 最高能(218.56 MeV)和最低能(53.04 MeV)质子的DRF值分别为0.52 OD/Gy和0.40 OD/Gy;最高能(424.89 MeV/u)和最低能(97.87 MeV/u)碳离子的DRF值分别为0.25 OD/Gy和0.11 OD/Gy。EDR2胶片对于质子和碳离子的DRF均随能量的增加而增加。结论 使用EDR2胶片测量质子碳离子束剂量,可得EDR2胶片对能量依赖性显著。使用EDR2胶片测量不同能量质子和碳离子剂量时,可使用拟合得出的能量响应曲线进行能量响应校准,提高剂量测量准确性。

基于G-M管的伸缩式γ剂量率探头设计及性能分析

目前,对于测量未知剂量水平或者明显高于本底剂量率水平的辐射场所使用的γ剂量率设备大多需要现场测量,可能造成操作人员接触超剂量辐射。设计一种基于G-M计数管的带有伸缩结构的γ剂量率探头可以有更好的防护距离,有效避免测量人员受到强辐射场的照射,降低风险。结合现场需求反馈及参考国内外相似设备,设计适合的伸缩式结构,同时对选用G-M管的能响补偿条件进行分析,选取适合的补偿条件,并设计一种脉冲检测电路解决以往G-M管漏计数的问题。通过对使用补偿后G-M管的伸缩式γ探头进行性能测试,结果表明该γ剂量率探头在满足相对响应范围的能量条件下,在±45°范围内的相对响应为0.77~1.06。在有效测量范围内由非线性产生的剂量率响应的相对变化范围为-9.30%~+11.84%,同时在接收到大剂量率照射时也会有过载提示。可见探头的各项物理性能均满足并优于参考标准,符合设计要求。

β辐射个人剂量当量H_(p)(3)次级标准电离室的设计与性能测试

研发了β辐射个人剂量当量H_(p)(3)次级标准电离室,不同于主标准器外推电离室的外推结构设计,该电离室采取附带体模的平板电离室的结构,兼顾高测量精度(相对固有误差<2.0%)的同时,简化试验流程。辐射性能试验结果表明:在β辐射H_(p)(3)个人剂量当量率5~170 mSv/h内的相对固有误差不超过±1.5%;具备β辐射H_(p)(3)个人剂量当量率0.5 mSv/h~1.5 Sv/h内至少5个量程的测量范围且相对固有误差不超过±4.0%;在β辐射±60°入射角下的响应相对偏差不超过±5%;电离室的测量重复性为0.6%;对^(90)Sr/^(90)Y源在30 cm处加展平过滤的测量相对扩展不确定度为U_(rel)=3.9%(k=2)。另外,实验发现,H_(p)(3)电离室对低能污染光子具有相对较高的响应。

新能源电源控制故障响应对交流线路距离保护影响分析

大规模风电、光伏新能源经交流送出系统中,送出线路发生故障后,新能源电源控制的故障响应严重影响交流线路距离保护的动作性能。该文分析了新能源电源典型控制策略对故障后电源等值阻抗及系统功角的影响,故障后电源等值阻抗和系统功角显著增大。进一步研究了不同类型距离保护的动作性能。针对测距式距离保护,揭示了线路正向区外或反向区外发生经过渡电阻故障时保护误动、线路正向区内故障时保护拒动机理。针对比相式距离保护,揭示了正序极化电压相位受控偏移导致线路区内相间短路故障时保护拒动、区外反向故障时保护误动机理。利用实时数字仿真平台(real time digital simulation system,RTDS)建立了仿真模型,利用仿真结果和现场实际误动数据验证了理论分析的正确性,为大规模新能源送出线路故障分析和后备保护配置提供了理论依据。

新能源电源送出线路不同类型距离保护动作性能比较

新能源交流送出线路故障后,新能源电源的故障响应特性会影响距离保护的动作行为。为此,结合新能源电源控制策略,分析故障前后新能源电源阻抗、系统功角及故障电气量的变化,比较相极化电压距离保护、正序极化电压距离保护、突变量距离保护3种类型距离保护的动作性能。由于在线路出口故障时相电压为零,相极化电压距离保护存在动作死区;由于故障后正序电压相位受控制影响发生偏移,正序极化电压相间距离保护存在线路区内故障时拒动、区外故障时误动的风险;对于突变量距离保护,故障后补偿电压相位受控制影响发生偏移,导致保护可能发生拒动或误动。利用RTDS(实时数字仿真系统)建立新能源经交流线路送出的系统模型,仿真分析线路不同类型故障情况下3种距离保护的动作性能,仿真结果与理论分析结论一致。