Total Indicative Dose Determination in Water from the North Riviera Well Field of SODECI in Abidjan, Cote d’Ivoire

The Uranium-238 (238U), Thorium-232 (232Th) families and Potassium-40 (40K) are of terrestrial origin and contribute generally to an individual’s external exposure through our presence in this environment. They also contribute to the internal exposure through the ingestion of products and beverages such as water that are close to the earth. The aim of this work is to determine the committed effective dose or Total Indicative Dose (TID) due to gamma radioactivity of the borehole water from the Nord Riviera (NR) well field operated by the Côte d’Ivoire Water Distribution Company (SODECI) for the supply of drinking water to part of the population of Abidjan. In addition, the populations, with their habits, could use these borehole waters directly as drinking water. To this end, water samples from the seven (07) functional boreholes were collected and analyzed on a gamma spectrometry chain, equipped with an HPGe detector in the laboratory of the Radiation Protection Institute (RPI) of the GHANA Atomic Energy Commission (GAEC). The results of the specific activities of 238U, 232Th and 40K obtained were transcribed into TID. As the natural radioactivity of the borehole water is high [1], the TIDs calculated from the activity results of the natural radionuclides238U, 232Th, and 40K vary for the seven boreholes from 0.150 to 0.166 mSv/yr with an average of 0.161 ± 0.034 mSv/yr. The TID of the control tower, where the borehole water is mixed and treated for household use, is equal to 0.136 ± 0.03 mSv/yr. The TIDs obtained are therefore all slightly greater than the WHO reference dose value of 0.1 mSv/yr. But all remain below the UNSCEAR reference dose of 0.29 mSv/yr.

Evaluation of Single Field Uniform Dose (SFUD) Proton Pencil Beam Scanning (PBS) Planning Strategy for Lung Mobile Tumor Using a Digital Phantom

Purpose: To quantitatively evaluate four different Proton SFUD PBS initial planning strategies for lung mobile tumor. Methods and Materials: A virtual lung patient’s four-dimensional computed tomography (4DCT) was generated in this study. To avoid the uncertainties from target delineation and imaging artifacts, a sphere with diameter of 3 cm representing a rigid mobile target (GTV) was inserted into the right side of the lung. The target motion is set in superior-inferior (SI) direction from ?5 mm to 5 mm. Four SFUD planning strategies were used based on: 1) Maximum-In-tensity-Projection Image (MIP-CT);2) CT_average with ITV overridden to muscle density (CTavg_muscle);3) CT_average with ITV overridden to tumor density (CTavg_tumor);4) CT_average without any override density (CTavg_only). Dose distributions were recalculated on each individual phase and accumulated together to assess the “actual” treatment. To estimate the impact of proton range uncertainties, +/?3.5% CT calibration curve was applied to the 4DCT phase images. Results: Comparing initial plan to the dose accumulation: MIP-CT based GTV D98 degraded 2.42 Gy (60.10 Gy vs 57.68 Gy). Heart D1 increased 6.19 Gy (1.88 Gy vs 8.07 Gy);CTavg_tumor based GTV D98 degraded 0.34 Gy (60.07 Gy vs 59.73 Gy). Heart D1 increased 2.24 Gy (3.74 Gy vs 5.98 Gy);CTavg_muscle based initial GTV D98 degraded 0.31 Gy (60.4 Gy vs 60.19 Gy). Heart D1 increased 3.44 Gy (4.38 Gy vs 7.82 Gy);CTavg_only based Initial GTV D98 degraded 6.63 Gy (60.11 Gy vs 53.48 Gy). Heart D1 increased 0.30 Gy (2.69 Gy vs 2.96 Gy);in the presence of ±3.5% range uncertainties, CTavg_tumor based plan’s accumulated GTV D98 degraded to 57.99 Gy (+3.5%) 59.38 Gy (?3.5%), and CTavg_muscle based plan’s accumulated GTV D98 degraded to 59.37 Gy (+3.5%) 59.37 Gy (?3.5%). Conclusion: This study shows that CTavg_Tumor and CTavg_Muscle based planning strategies provide the most robust GTV coverage. However, clinicians need to be aware that the actual dose to OARs at distal end of target may increase. The study also indicates that the current SFUD PBS planning strategy might not be sufficient to compensate the CT calibration uncertainty.

SPRR-300反应堆生物屏蔽层剂量场三维仿真

反应堆生物屏蔽层的拆除是反应堆退役阶段的重要任务之一,生物屏蔽层辐射场的数字化可为反应堆退役中的辐射防护和废物管理提供重要信息。本文通过构建三维辐射场计算模型,采用粒子输运计算程序(MCNP)获得了SPRR-300反应堆生物屏蔽层三维辐射剂量场;运用3Dmax、Pro/E等建模工具建立了生物屏蔽层剂量场三维仿真场景和模型,直观地展示了生物屏蔽层活度状况和剂量分布,实现放射性水平分布可视化。

Absorbed Dose to Water Rate in a Cyberknife VSI System Reference Field Using Ionization Chambers and Gafchromic Films

This work investigated the absorbed dose to water rate under reference conditions in a Cyberknife VSI system using radiochromic films EBT3 and MD-V3 and three ionization chambers: an Exradin A12 and two FC65P Welhöfer Scanditronix with different serial numbers. The correction factor,, was studied using a Varian iX linac and the Cyberknife system. The measurements in the Varian iX were performed in a 10 × 10 cm2 field, 10 cm depth in liquid water at 90 cm and 70 cm SSD and in a 5.4 × 5.4 cm2 field, 10 cm depth at 70 cm SSD to simulate the Cyberknife conditions. In the Cyberknife system, measurements were performed using ionization chambers and both film types at 70 cm SSD and 10 cm depth in its 6 cm diameter reference field. The results indicate that ?is independent of the dosimeters and the evaluation methods. Maximum differences of 0.22% - 0.55% (combined uncertainties of 1.22% - 1.98%, k = 1) are obtained on ?using Varian iX, whereas discrepancies of 2.08% - 2.09% (combined uncertainties of 1.87% - 2.13%, k = 1) are observed using the Cyberknife system. Given the agreement between detectors and the combined standard uncertainties, the data from Varian iX could be considered the most accurate and consequently a weighted average factor of 0.902 ± 0.006 could be used for the Cyberknife VSI system reference field. Within measurement uncertainties, the absorbed dose rate measured in the Cyberknife VSI system reference field was found to be independent of the dosimeters used. These results suggest that the absorbed dose measured at a point within a given field size should be the same, regardless the dosimeter used, if their dosimetric characteristics are well known. This highlighted the importance of performing dosimetry by controlling all parameters that could affect the dosimeter response. One can conclude that radiochromic film dosimetry can be considered as an appropriate alternative for measuring absorbed dose to water rate.

Dose Comparison between Eclipse Dose Calculation and Fast Dose Calculator in Single- and Multi-Field Optimization Intensity-Modulated Proton Therapy Plans with Various Multi-Beams for Brain Cancer

The purpose of this study was to grasp current potential problems of dose error in intensity-modulated proton therapy (IMPT) plans. We were interested in dose differences of the Varian Eclipse treatment planning system (TPS) and the fast dose calculation method (FDC) for single-field optimization (SFO) and multi-field optimization (MFO) IMPT plans. In addition, because some authors have reported dosimetric benefit of a proton arc therapy with ultimate multi-fields in recent years, we wanted to evaluate how the number of fields and beam angles affect the differences for IMPT plans. Therefore, for one brain cancer patient with a large heterogeneity, SFO and MFO IMPT plans with various multi-angle beams were planned by the TPS. Dose distributions for each IMPT plan were calculated by both the TPS’s conventional pencil beam algorithm and the FDC. The dosimetric parameters were compared between the two algorithms. The TPS overestimated 400 - 500 cGy (RBE) for minimum dose to the CTV relative to the dose calculated by the FDC. These differences indicate clinically relevant effect on clinical results. In addition, we observed that the maximum difference in dose calculated between the TPS and the FDC was about 900 cGy (RBE) for the right optic nerve, and this quantity also has a possibility to have a clinical effect. The major difference was not seen in calculations for SFO IMPT planning and those for MFO IMPT planning. Differences between the TPS and the FDC in SFO and MFO IMPT plans depend strongly on beam arrangement and the presence of a heterogeneous body. We advocate use of a Monte Carlo method in proton treatment planning to deliver the most precise proton dose in IMPT.

风云三号E星空间环境载荷综合探测技术

针对中国风云三号卫星运行的低地球太阳同步轨道,开展空间环境及粒子辐射效应监测,提出基于空间环境监测器Ⅱ型载荷的综合探测技术。在各载荷技术指标的地面研制过程中,通过标准放射源、等效信号源、粒子加速器和标准磁场等不同方式进行标定和实验验证。结果表明,多方向全能谱粒子探测的能量范围为30 keV~300 MeV,精度优于10%;磁场强度测量范围为-65023~+65023 nT,精度优于0.73 nT;电位探测范围为-32.4~+23.7 kV,灵敏度优于10 V;辐射剂量探测范围为0~3×10^(4) rad(Si),灵敏度优于8.3 rad(Si)。通过空间环境监测器Ⅱ型载荷对卫星运行轨道上的粒子辐射环境、原位磁场矢量变化、辐射剂量累积以及卫星表面电位变化等进行观测,可以为航天活动、卫星设计、空间科学研究及空间天气预警预报业务提供必要的数据支撑。

50~120kV脉冲X射线参考辐射场建立及剂量率测量

为满足国内医疗、安检等脉冲辐射场所对剂量监测仪表准确溯源的需求,基于栅控技术建立满足规范和标准要求的50~120 kV毫秒级脉冲X射线参考辐射场,其脉冲宽度在1~6 300 ms范围内可调。通过对该辐射场的管电压稳定性、剂量线性、重复性、脉冲波形等关键参数进行研究测试,建立脉冲X射线参考波形,并使用30 cm3的圆柱电离室开展脉冲剂量率测量研究。结果表明,管电压预设60 kV时,介入法、非介入法测量管电压的相对偏差均不超过±1.5%;可输出参考波形脉冲的最小脉冲宽度为20 ms,在1 m处95%均匀辐射野直径约为5.5 cm;且N系列、RQR系列辐射质条件下的剂量率范围可分别扩展至0.002~10 mGy/s和0.03~250 mGy/s,可用于防护仪表的量值溯源。

磁场中加速器小野X线射束在非均匀模体中的剂量沉积特性研究

目的利用蒙特卡洛模拟方法研究磁场中加速器输出的小野X线射束在非均匀模体中的剂量沉积特性。方法使用通用蒙卡程序EGSnrc并结合Varian官方提供的相空间文件搭建TrueBeam 6 MV机头模型,在源皮距为100 cm处分别模拟10 cm×10 cm的常规野和2 cm×2 cm的小野。先模拟常规野在均匀水模体中的能量沉积以验证模型的正确性,再模拟小野分别在非均匀的水-肺-水模体和水-骨-水模体中的能量沉积,在空间中添加与射束方向正交的1.5 T静态磁场后再进行模拟,最后分析剂量沉积特性。结果常规野的结果显示,无磁场时,Dmax深度为1.5 cm;磁场存在时,建成区缩短且Dmax深度前移至1.1 cm。小野的结果显示,磁场的存在导致原本的剂量沉积特性反转:水-肺-水模体中,两个交界面处分别有36.92%和-36.44%的剂量改变;水-骨-水模体中,两个交界面处分别有-11.17%和10.89%的剂量改变。结论磁场的存在会使加速器输出的小野射束在模体中的剂量沉积情况发生较大程度改变,特别是在非均匀介质的交界处。

放疗计划参数对剂量验证计划γ通过率的相关性研究

目的 探讨头颈部放疗计划参数对剂量验证计划γ通过率的相关性。方法 选取2019年11月—2021年9月福建肿瘤医院放疗中心收治的184例放射治疗的头颈部肿瘤患者。其中85例采用调强放疗(intensity-modulated radio therapy,IMRT)计划,99例采用容积旋转调强放疗(volumetric modulated arc therapy,VMAT)计划,通过电子射野影像装置,使用ArcCHECK分别对IMRT和VMAT计划进行计量验证,并在不同的γ分析标准(选取1%/1 mm,2%/2 mm和3%/3 mm)下验证剂量通过率。分析不同放疗计划中射野复杂度指标,并判断其射野复杂度指标与γ通过率的相关性。结果 VMAT计划在1%/1 mm标准下γ通过率低于IMRT计划,差异有统计学意义(P <0.05);VMAT计划和IMRT计划在2%/2 mm标准下γ通过率分别为(90.72±2.84)%、(90.59±5.19)%,在3%/3 mm标准下γ通过率分别为(97.02±1.71)%、(98.64±1.00)%,2种计划在3%/3 mm标准下的平均γ通过率均较高,在2%/2 mm标准下的平均γ通过率均有所下降,2种计划比较差异无统计学意义(P> 0.05)。在不同射野复杂度指标中,VMAT计划的计划标准跳数(plan normalized MU,PMU)、计划平均射野不规则性(plan averaged beam irregularity,PI)、计划平均射野调制(plan averaged beam modulation,PM)均大于IMRT计划,VMAT计划的平均调制复杂度分数(modulation complexity score,MCS)、计划平均射野面积(plan averaged beam area,PA)小于IMRT计划,差异有统计学意义(P <0.05)。Spearman相关性检验结果表明,IMRT计划中,在2%/2 mm标准下,MCS、PM和γ通过率呈弱相关性(|r|<0.4,P <0.05),PMU和γ通过率呈中度相关性(0.4≤|r|≤0.7,P <0.05),在3%/3 mm标准下,PMU、MCS、PM和γ通过率呈中度相关性(0.4≤|r|≤0.7,P <0.05);PA、PI与γ通过率均无相关性(P> 0.05);VMAT计划中,在2%/2 mm标准下,PMU、MCS、PI、PM和γ通过率呈中度相关性(0.4≤|r|≤0.7,P <0.05),在3%/3 mm标准下,PMU、MCS、PM、PI和γ通过率呈中度相关性(0.4≤|r|≤≤0.7,P <0.05),PA与γ通过率均无相关性(P> 0.05)。结论射野复杂度指标与γ通过率具有不同程度的相关性,可在剂量验证前调整射野指标辅助设计放疗计划。

电磁场暴露中实验动物的热剂量学研究

本文开展了电磁暴露下实验动物的热剂量学特征研究。基于生物热方程和数字化三维大鼠模型建立了电磁剂量和热剂量仿真环境,评估了比吸收率、代谢率和边界条件对温度分布及变化的影响。结果表明:核心温升随全身平均比吸收率(WBASAR)增加而增加;在WBASAR值为4 W/kg的电磁波照射下,中脑和睾丸因趋肤效应具有较高的比吸收率值,导致器官组织的温升明显高于核心温升;在WBASAR值为0.4 W/kg的电磁波照射下,代谢和外界环境突变引起的浅层器官温度变化可达到1℃,远高于核心温升值。在实验评估中,头部和睾丸等靶器官是关键的热剂量评估对象;在实验设计中,需合理规范实验条件,降低代谢率和热边界条件对热剂量的影响。本研究为生物电磁学实验设计及效应研究提供热剂量学评估基础。

石墨烯场效应晶体管的X射线总剂量效应

本文针对不同结构、尺寸的石墨烯场效应晶体管(graphene field effect transistors,GFET)开展了基于10 keV-X射线的总剂量效应研究.结果表明,随累积剂量的增大,不同结构GFET的狄拉克电压V_(Dirac)和载流子迁移率μ不断退化;相比于背栅型GFET,顶栅型GFET的辐射损伤更加严重;尺寸对GFET器件的总剂量效应决定于器件结构;200μm×200μm尺寸的顶栅型GFET损伤最严重,而背栅型GFET是50μm×50μm尺寸的器件损伤最严重.研究表明:对于顶栅型GFET,辐照过程中在栅氧层中形成的氧化物陷阱电荷的积累是V_(Dirac)和μ降低的主要原因.背栅型GFET不仅受到辐射在栅氧化层中产生的陷阱电荷的影响,还受到石墨烯表面的氧吸附的影响.在此基础上,结合TCAD仿真工具实现了顶栅器件氧化层中辐射产生的氧化物陷阱电荷对器件辐射响应规律的仿真.相关研究结果对于石墨烯器件的抗辐照加固研究具有重大意义.

JRODOS模拟核事故时核素扩散及剂量时空分布

核事故时核素扩散范围和造成的辐射剂量是核电厂事故应急措施制定的重要参考,利用JRODOS软件模拟了不同气象源和大气扩散模型对核电厂核素浓度和辐射剂量时空分布的影响。结果表明:WRF气象场情景下核素的扩散范围广,FNL气象场情景下核素浓度和有效剂量区域均值较高。不同大气扩散模型中LASAT模型模拟的有效剂量最高。这为核事故后果评价数据来源和大气扩散模型选择提供了依据。

基于生物启发神经网络的核辐射场区全覆盖路径规划

核辐射场区全覆盖路径规划对于辐射环境下区域作业者的辐射安全有重要意义。本研究基于生物启发神经网络算法,提出一种进行辐射剂量最优控制的全覆盖路径规划算法。首先,利用福岛核电站部分地形以及蒙特卡罗粒子输运程序分别构建模拟核辐射场区的障碍物分布和辐射剂量场,然后,采用Python语言进行算法仿真试验,模拟核辐射场区的每一个栅格定义为一个神经元,建立起生物启发神经网络,将栅格剂量率与神经元活性耦合实现路径规划的辐射剂量最优控制,分别采用单个、4个和8个移动单元进行仿真试验。结果表明:单个移动单元的规划路径在实现100%覆盖率,4%覆盖重复率的同时,能够优先覆盖低剂量区,延后覆盖高剂量区,实现了过程剂量和累积剂量的最优控制。为提高全覆盖的时间效率和获得更低的单体累积剂量,对算法进行多单元协同搜索的改进,结果表明:4单元和8单元仿真的覆盖重复率分别为5.72%和6.29%,1单元、4单元和8单元仿真完成全覆盖时间分别为30 min、9 min和4 min,时间效率成倍提高;最大单体累积剂量分别为4.11×10^(-3)mSv、1.28×10^(-3)mSv和0.85×10^(-3)mSv,也在显著降低。本文提出的算法能实现过程剂量和累积剂量最优控制的全覆盖路径规划,另外算法可以协同规划多单元路径,显著降低单体累积剂量,对辐射环境下区域作业的辐射防护有重要意义。

Peripheral dose measurement in high-energy photon radiotherapy with the implementation of MOSFET

AIM:To study the peripheral dose(PD) from highenergy photon beams in radiotherapy using the metal oxide semiconductor field effect transistor(MOSFET) dose verification system.METHODS:The radiation dose absorbed by the MOSFET detector was calculated taking into account the manufacturer's Correction Factor,the Calibration Factor and the threshold voltage shift.PD measurements were carried out for three different field sizes(5 cm×5 cm,10 cm×10 cm and 15 cm×15 cm) and for various depths with the source to surface distance set at 100 cm.Dose measurements were realized on the central axis and then at distances(1 to 18 cm) parallel to the edge of the field,and were expressed as the percentage PD(% PD) with respect to the maximum dose(dmax).The accuracy of the results was evaluated with respect to a calibrated 0.3 cm3 ionization chamber.The reproducibility was expressed in terms of standard deviation(s) and coefficient of variation.RESULTS:% PD is higher near the phantom surface and drops to a minimum at the depth of dmax,and then tends to become constant with depth.Internal scatter radiation is the predominant source of PD and the depth dependence is determined by the attenuation of the primary photons.Closer to the field edge,where internal scatter from the phantom dominates,the % PD increases with depth because the ratio of the scatter to primary increases with depth.A few centimeters away from the field,where collimator scatter and leakage dominate,the % PD decreases with depth,due to attenuation by the water.The % PD decreases almost exponentially with the increase of distance from the field edge.The decrease of the % PD is more than 60% and can reach up to 90% as the measurement point departs from the edge of the field.For a given distance,the % PD is significantly higher for larger field sizes,due to the increase of the scattering volume.Finally,the measured PD obtained with MOSFET is higher than that obtained with an ionization chamber with percentage differences being from 0.6% to 34.0%.However,when normalized to the central dmax this difference is less than 1%.The MOSFET system,in the early stage of its life,has a dose measurement reproducibility of within 1.8%,2.7%,8.9% and 13.6% for 22.8,11.3,3.5 and 1.3 cGy dose assessments,respectively.In the late stage of MOSFET life the corresponding values change to 1.5%,4.8%,11.1% and 29.9% for 21.8,2.9,1.6 and 1.0 cGy,respectively.CONCLUSION: Comparative results acquired with the MOSFET and with an ionization chamber show fair agreement, supporting the suitability of this measurement for clinical in vivo dosimetry.

THEORETICAL DESCRIPTION OF PERCENTAGE DEPTH DOSE CURVE FORγ—RAY OF ^(60)Co

A formula describing the percentage depth dose curve for 60Co γ beams is theoretically developed. The formula only needs a few data determined by measuring directly in water phantom and can be used to calculate the whole set of percentage depth dose （PDD） and tissuse air ratios （TAR） for the wide range of SSD （from 20cm to 100cm）, field size （from 4cm×4cm to 20cm×20cm） and depth （from dm to 30cm）. The data calculated by the formula fits very well to the data currently used in clinics with the maximum error less than 1% and probable error of about 0.1%-0.3%. Using this formula can overcome the time-exhausting work in measurement of PDD and TAR.

绝对剂量的变化对鼻咽癌调强放疗计划大野Portal Dosimetry剂量验证的影响

目的 研究加速器绝对剂量的变化对鼻咽癌调强放疗(Intensity Modulated Radiotherapy,IMRT)计划大野Portal Dosimetry(PD)剂量验证结果的影响。方法 选取12例行IMRT计划的鼻咽癌患者进行研究。每例治疗计划中,选择机架角为0°的射野(记为AA0),该射野是大野,由两个分野组成。对AA0野,制作相应的PD剂量验证计划并在一台Clinac iX加速器上执行。通过两个PD分野的矩阵相加,得到大野AA0的PD剂量分布矩阵。通过使用不同的系数与AA0射野的测量剂量分布矩阵相乘,模拟加速器绝对剂量的变化。采用3 mm/3%的Gamma分析参数,使用PD软件模块分析得到不同绝对剂量变化情况下AA0大野的Gamma通过率(G值)。使用dp表示加速器绝对剂量变化的相对百分比。对dp在-5.0%~5.0%范围内以间隔0.5%取值,分析G(dp)的变化。对G(dp)的数据使用四次多项式拟合,由拟合公式计算得到G值的最大值(G_(max))以及G≥95%对应dp值的变化范围(R95)。结果 12个AA0射野的G(0)均>95%(96.91%~99.38%)。当dp向正负方向偏离时,总体上G值呈下降趋势,但是G(0)不是G(dp)的最大值,G值随dp的变化呈拱形形状。G_(max)值的范围为97.08%~99.41%,R95值的范围为6.3%~12.0%。当-1.5%≤dp≤2.3%时,所有12个AA0野的G值均≥95%。平均G_(max)对应的dp为0.6%。结论 加速器绝对剂量的变化对鼻咽癌IMRT计划大野的PD剂量验证结果有一定影响,为了获得较好的PD剂量验证结果,应将加速器绝对剂量的变化控制在合理的范围内。本研究为评估大野的PD剂量验证结果以及测量校准加速器绝对剂量的质控工作,提供了有益的数据参考。

基于蒙特卡罗模拟的方舱CT辐射剂量空间分布研究

目的:基于蒙特卡罗仿真模拟方法,研究方舱CT机房内辐射剂量空间分布,为促进医疗机构现有方舱CT的再利用提供参考和数据支撑。方法:采用蒙特卡罗方法和蒙特卡罗粒子输运(MCNP)模拟计算程序,模拟头部模体和体部模体作为CT扫描散射体,在模拟的方舱机房内部,长、宽、高3个方向上每间隔10 cm设置一个剂量模拟计算网格点。在不同准直宽度下分别获取方舱机房内的周围剂量当量分布。使用Matlab软件对MCNP模拟计算结果进行处理,在相应的水平面、垂直面分别绘制0.005 mGy、0.01 mGy、0.015 mGy、0.02 mGy、0.025 mGy和0.03 mGy共6条等剂量分布曲线图。结果:根据模拟计算结果,在水平面、垂直面分别绘制的6条等剂量分布曲线图显示,CT扫描时机房内的辐射场呈不对称的蝶状分布,辐射剂量最大区域(>0.03 mGy)位于CT扫描孔径内,机架两侧区域周围剂量当量<0.005 mGy,相比之下在与CT扫描中心轴成45°角的范围内周围剂量当量处于较高水平。结论:蒙特卡罗仿真模拟方法用于方舱CT空间辐射剂量分布研究结果可靠,可为促进医疗机构现有方舱CT的再利用提供参考和数据支撑。

不同栅压下Si-n型金属氧化物半导体场效应管总剂量效应的瞬态特性仿真

为了实现半导体器件在电离辐射环境中电学特性的动态退化过程,本文基于总剂量效应中陷阱对载流子的俘获/发射过程,建立了Si-n型金属氧化物半导体场效应管总剂量效应的瞬态特性数值模型.仿真了不同栅极偏压下,器件电学特性随累积总剂量的上升而造成的器件退化效应,并提取了Si/SiO_(2)界面和栅氧化层中陷阱电荷的变化.仿真发现,随着累计总剂量的上升,两个位置处陷阱电荷的数量都趋向于饱和.当辐照中栅极偏压为正时,器件阈值电压的退化幅度显著高于辐照偏压为负时的退化幅度.无论是辐照过程中栅极加正偏压还是反偏压,都表现出阈值电压的退化幅度随着偏压幅值上升先上升再下降的趋势.栅极偏压对器件辐照后的退火效应也有一定的影响,在退火过程中如果栅极偏压不为零,器件退火后的电学特性恢复幅度比零偏压下的要低一些.

基于γ放射源的便携式照射装置研究

为解决现场校准在线监测用固定式辐射剂量监测仪表时需提供标准辐射场的问题,本研究运用蒙特卡洛模拟方法,设计并建立了基于γ放射源的便携式照射装置,该装置放射源屏蔽切换挡位不少于3个,表面漏射线减小到有用射线束的0.5%,辐射场均匀性优于5%,满足固定式X、γ辐射剂量率仪现场校准工作需要,弥补固定式辐射剂量监测仪表现场量值传递服务能力的短板。

喷雾助剂对不同剂型吡虫啉药液理化性能与沉积的影响

为明确4种不同类型喷雾助剂对吡虫啉5种剂型的增效效果,测定了助剂与农药混用后药液的表面张力、接触角、干燥时间、扩展直径与叶面持留量,之后根据上述试验结果,选择增效作用较好的2种助剂与吡虫啉各剂型混用,对枸杞木虱进行大田防效试验,最终得到喷雾助剂与农药剂型的最优搭配。试验结果表明,添加喷雾助剂可降低药液表面张力、接触角与干燥时间,增加药液在枸杞叶片上的扩展直径与叶面持留量。其中,强力源对5%吡虫啉SL、70%吡虫啉WP的增效效果较好,矿物油对5%吡虫啉SL、70%吡虫啉WG的增效效果较好,迈润与步锐丝效果相对较差。田间试验结果表明,强力源分别与70%吡虫啉WP和5%吡虫啉SL混用防治枸杞木虱,药后7、10 d的防效较好。表面活性剂类助剂强力源可有效改善5%吡虫啉SL、70%吡虫啉WP药液物理性能,增加药液在叶片上的沉积量,并有效防治枸杞木虱,故生产上推荐使用该搭配。