An Evidence-Based CoCoSo Framework with Double Hierarchy Linguistic Data for Viable Selection of Hydrogen Storage Methods

Hydrogen is the new age alternative energy source to combat energy demand and climate change.Storage of hydrogen is vital for a nation’s growth.Works of literature provide different methods for storing the produced hydrogen,and the rational selection of a viable method is crucial for promoting sustainability and green practices.Typically,hydrogen storage is associated with diverse sustainable and circular economy(SCE)criteria.As a result,the authors consider the situation a multi-criteria decision-making(MCDM)problem.Studies infer that previous models for hydrogen storage method(HSM)selection(i)do not consider preferences in the natural language form;(ii)weights of experts are not methodically determined;(iii)hesitation of experts during criteria weight assessment is not effectively explored;and(iv)three-stage solution of a suitable selection of HSM is unexplored.Driven by these gaps,in this paper,authors put forward a new integrated framework,which considers double hierarchy linguistic information for rating,criteria importance through inter-criteria correlation(CRITIC)for expert weight calculation,evidence-based Bayesian method for criteria weight estimation,and combined compromise solution(CoCoSo)for ranking HSMs.The applicability of the developed framework is testified by using a case example of HSM selection in India.Sensitivity and comparative analysis reveal the merits and limitations of the developed framework.

Analysis of Extended Fisher-Kolmogorov Equation in 2D Utilizing the Generalized Finite Difference Method with Supplementary Nodes

In this study,we propose an efficient numerical framework to attain the solution of the extended Fisher-Kolmogorov(EFK)problem.The temporal derivative in the EFK equation is approximated by utilizing the Crank-Nicolson scheme.Following temporal discretization,the generalized finite difference method(GFDM)with supplementary nodes is utilized to address the nonlinear boundary value problems at each time node.These supplementary nodes are distributed along the boundary to match the number of boundary nodes.By incorporating supplementary nodes,the resulting nonlinear algebraic equations can effectively satisfy the governing equation and boundary conditions of the EFK equation.To demonstrate the efficacy of our approach,we present three numerical examples showcasing its performance in solving this nonlinear problem.

A Calculation Method of Double Strength Reduction for Layered Slope Based on the Reduction of Water Content Intensity

The calculation of the factor of safety(FOS)is an important means of slope evaluation.This paper proposed an improved double strength reductionmethod(DRM)to analyze the safety of layered slopes.The physical properties of different soil layers of the slopes are different,so the single coefficient strength reduction method(SRM)is not enough to reflect the actual critical state of the slopes.Considering that the water content of the soil in the natural state is the main factor for the strength of the soil,the attenuation law of shear strength of clayey soil changing with water content is fitted.This paper also establishes the functional relationship between different reduction coefficients.Then,a USDFLD subroutine is programmed using the secondary development function of finite element software.Controlling the relationship between field variables and calculation time realizes double strength reduction applicable to the layered slope.Finally,by comparing the calculation results of different examples,it is proved that the stress and displacement distribution of the critical slope state obtained by the improved method is more realistic,and the calculated safety factor is more reliable.The newly proposedmethod considers the difference of intensity attenuation between different soil layers under natural conditions and avoids the disadvantage of the strength reduction method with uniform parameters,which provides a new idea and method for stability analysis of layered and complex slopes.

Stability and accuracy of central difference method for real-time dynamic substructure testing considering mass participation coefficient

For real-time dynamic substructure testing(RTDST),the influence of the inertia force of fluid specimens on the stability and accuracy of the integration algorithms has never been investigated.Therefore,this study proposes to investigate the stability and accuracy of the central difference method(CDM)for RTDST considering the specimen mass participation coefficient.First,the theory of the CDM for RTDST is presented.Next,the stability and accuracy of the CDM for RTDST considering the specimen mass participation coefficient are investigated.Finally,numerical simulations and experimental tests are conducted for verifying the effectiveness of the method.The study indicates that the stability of the algorithm is affected by the mass participation coefficient of the specimen,and the stability limit first increases and then decreases as the mass participation coefficient increases.In most cases,the mass participation coefficient will increase the stability limit of the algorithm,but in specific circumstances,the algorithm may lose its stability.The stability and accuracy of the CDM considering the mass participation coefficient are verified by numerical simulations and experimental tests on a three-story frame structure with a tuned liquid damper.

High-Order Bound-Preserving Finite Difference Methods for Multispecies and Multireaction Detonations

In this paper,we apply high-order finite difference(FD)schemes for multispecies and multireaction detonations(MMD).In MMD,the density and pressure are positive and the mass fraction of the ith species in the chemical reaction,say zi,is between 0 and 1,withΣz_(i)=1.Due to the lack of maximum-principle,most of the previous bound-preserving technique cannot be applied directly.To preserve those bounds,we will use the positivity-preserving technique to all the zi'is and enforceΣz_(i)=1 by constructing conservative schemes,thanks to conservative time integrations and consistent numerical fluxes in the system.Moreover,detonation is an extreme singular mode of flame propagation in premixed gas,and the model contains a significant stiff source.It is well known that for hyperbolic equations with stiff source,the transition points in the numerical approximations near the shocks may trigger spurious shock speed,leading to wrong shock position.Intuitively,the high-order weighted essentially non-oscillatory(WENO)scheme,which can suppress oscillations near the discontinuities,would be a good choice for spatial discretization.However,with the nonlinear weights,the numerical fluxes are no longer“consistent”,leading to nonconservative numerical schemes and the bound-preserving technique does not work.Numerical experiments demonstrate that,without further numerical techniques such as subcell resolutions,the conservative FD method with linear weights can yield better numerical approximations than the nonconservative WENO scheme.

按病种付费对中医优势病种住院费用的影响研究——基于PSM-DID法

目的:分析按病种付费对中医优势病种住院费用的影响,为中医按病种付费改革提供参考。方法:采用某中医医院实施按病种付费的高位肛瘘患者住院费用数据,经倾向得分匹配法(PSM)匹配后,进行双重差分(DID)回归分析,探讨按病种付费对中医优势病种住院费用的影响。结果:实施按病种付费后,高位肛瘘患者住院总费用下降了1067.63元、自付费用下降了656.66元、住院天数缩短了5.54天、西药费增长了406.55元、中成药费下降了126.80元。结论:在中医优势病种按病种付费过程中,应加强医保监督,持续完善、更新中医信息系统,扩大按病种付费的中医优势病种范围,突出中医临床路径优势,促进中医药传承创新发展。

Efficient Finite Difference/Spectral Method for the Time Fractional Ito Equation Using Fast Fourier Transform Technic

A finite difference/spectral scheme is proposed for the time fractional Ito equation.The mass conservation and stability of the numerical solution are deduced by the energy method in the L^(2)norm form.To reduce the computation costs,the fast Fourier transform technic is applied to a pair of equivalent coupled differential equations.The effectiveness of the proposed algorithm is verified by the first numerical example.The mass conservation property and stability statement are confirmed by two other numerical examples.

Numerical Study by Imposing the Finite Difference Method for Unsteady Casson Fluid Flow with Heat Flux

This article presents an investigation into the flow and heat transfer characteristics of an impermeable stretching sheet subjected to Magnetohydrodynamic Casson fluid. The study considers the influence of slip velocity, thermal radiation conditions, and heat flux. The investigation is conducted employing a robust numerical method that accounts for the impact of thermal radiation. This category of fluid is apt for characterizing the movement of blood within an industrial artery, where the flow can be regulated by a material designed to manage it. The resolution of the ensuing system of ordinary differential equations (ODEs), representing the described problem, is accomplished through the application of the finite difference method. The examination of flow and heat transfer characteristics, including aspects such as unsteadiness, radiation parameter, slip velocity, Casson parameter, and Prandtl number, is explored and visually presented through tables and graphs to illustrate their impact. On the stretching sheet, calculations, and descriptions of the local skin-friction coefficient and the local Nusselt number are conducted. In conclusion, the findings indicate that the proposed method serves as a straightforward and efficient tool for exploring the solutions of fluid models of this kind.

基于DID模型分析轻盈祛浊汤治疗痰湿瘀阻型糖尿病肾病的远期疗效及对维生素D水平的影响

目的:基于双重差分法(DID)模型分析轻盈祛浊汤治疗痰湿瘀阻型糖尿病肾病(DN)的远期疗效及对血清25羟基维生素D[25(OH)D]水平的影响。方法:前瞻性选取2020年6月至2022年6月于该院就诊的痰湿瘀阻型DN患者120例,按照随机数字表法分为对照组和观察组,各60例。对照组患者接受常规西医标准化治疗,观察组患者在对照组的基础上予以轻盈祛浊汤治疗。比较两组患者的临床疗效,炎症因子、血钙、血磷和25(OH)D水平,采用DID模型对比两组患者治疗前后不同时间点(治疗前,治疗后1、2、3及6个月)的血清25(OH)D水平。结果:随访6个月,无1例失访。观察组患者的总有效率[93.33%(56/60)]较对照组[78.33%(47/60)]升高,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。观察组患者随访结束时肿瘤坏死因子α、白细胞介素(IL)6和IL-1β水平低于对照组,血钙水平高于对照组,血磷水平低于对照组,差异均有统计学意义(P<0.05)。血清25(OH)D水平在时间、组间、时间-组间交互项的差异均有统计学意义(P<0.05);DID回归模型显示,两组治疗前的差分效应量为0.844,且差异无统计学意义(P=0.329>0.1),满足平行趋势假设;两组治疗后的差分效应量为-1.878,且差异有统计学意义(P<0.05),即说明在治疗后各时间点,观察组的效应值明显高于对照组;双重差分效应值为-2.722,且差异有统计学意义(P=0.005)。结论:轻盈祛浊汤能上调痰湿瘀阻型DN患者维生素D水平,改善钙磷水平,减轻炎症水平,提高疗效。

PSM⁃DID在政策评价中的应用现状与改进方法

倾向得分匹配-双重差分模型(PSM⁃DID)是政策评估及因果推断中最为流行的方法之一.但是在实际应用中,该方法面临着控制变量在处理组样本和控制组样本之间非平衡性的挑战.传统基于均值差异t检验的平衡性检验容易产生片面和误导性的结论,使得后续因果推断产生偏误.为克服上述问题,本文对传统的平衡性检验提出以下改进:一是推荐更全面的多维度的平衡性测度指标,便于在匹配后更严谨地比较处理组和控制组的平衡性;二是提出了适用于非平衡样本的新估计方法:倾向得分匹配-逆概率加权-双重差分(PSM⁃IPW⁃DID),该方法结合了倾向得分匹配(PSM)克服样本自选择内生性及对非平衡样本稳健的优势和逆概率加权(inverse probability weighting,IPW)利用全样本信息的长处,在不进一步删除样本的情况下得到一种更稳健的双重差分估计方法.数据模拟和应用实例显示,本文提出的新方法能更全面、客观地评价宏观、微观政策的作用,得到更为可信的因果推断.

On power series statistical convergence and new uniform integrability of double sequences

In the present paper,we mostly focus on P_(p)^(2)-statistical convergence.We will look into the uniform integrability via the power series method and its characterizations for double sequences.Also,the notions of P_(p)^(2)-statistically Cauchy sequence,P_(p)^(2)-statistical boundedness and core for double sequences will be described in addition to these findings.

Probing the electric double layer structure at nitrogen-doped graphite electrodes by constant-potential molecular dynamics simulations

Electric double layer(EDL)is a critical topic in electrochemistry and largely determines the working performance of lithium batteries.However,atomic insights into the EDL structures on heteroatom-modified graphite anodes and EDL evolution with electrode potential are very lacking.Herein,a constant-potential molecular dynamics(CPMD)method is proposed to probe the EDL structure under working conditions,taking N-doped graphite electrodes and carbonate electrolytes as an example.An interface model was developed,incorporating the electrode potential and atom electronegativities.As a result,an insightful atomic scenario for the EDL structure under varied electrode potentials has been established,which unveils the important role of doping sites in regulating both the EDL structures and the following electrochemical reactions at the atomic level.Specifically,the negatively charged N atoms repel the anions and adsorb Li~+at high and low potentials,respectively.Such preferential adsorption suggests that Ndoped graphite can promote Li~+desolvation and regulate the location of Li~+deposition.This CPMD method not only unveils the mysterious function of N-doping from the viewpoint of EDL at the atomic level but also applies to probe the interfacial structure on other complicated electrodes.

Finite Difference-Peridynamic Differential Operator for Solving Transient Heat Conduction Problems

Transient heat conduction problems widely exist in engineering.In previous work on the peridynamic differential operator(PDDO)method for solving such problems,both time and spatial derivatives were discretized using the PDDO method,resulting in increased complexity and programming difficulty.In this work,the forward difference formula,the backward difference formula,and the centered difference formula are used to discretize the time derivative,while the PDDO method is used to discretize the spatial derivative.Three new schemes for solving transient heat conduction equations have been developed,namely,the forward-in-time and PDDO in space(FT-PDDO)scheme,the backward-in-time and PDDO in space(BT-PDDO)scheme,and the central-in-time and PDDO in space(CT-PDDO)scheme.The stability and convergence of these schemes are analyzed using the Fourier method and Taylor’s theorem.Results show that the FT-PDDO scheme is conditionally stable,whereas the BT-PDDO and CT-PDDO schemes are unconditionally stable.The stability conditions for the FT-PDDO scheme are less stringent than those of the explicit finite element method and explicit finite difference method.The convergence rate in space for these three methods is two.These constructed schemes are applied to solve one-dimensional and two-dimensional transient heat conduction problems.The accuracy and validity of the schemes are verified by comparison with analytical solutions.

A new control method based on the lattice hydrodynamic model considering the double flux difference

A new feedback control method is derived based on the lattice hydrodynamic model in a single lane. A signal based on the double flux difference is designed in the lattice hydrodynamic model to suppress the traffic jam. The stability of the model is analyzed by using the new control method. The advantage of the new model with and without the effect of double flux difference is explored by the numerical simulation. The numerical simulations demonstrate that the traffic jam can be alleviated by the control signal.

Enhancing the crop yield through capacity building programs: Application of double difference method for evaluation of drip capacity building program in Tamil Nadu State, India

A capacity building program on drip irrigation (TNDRIP) was undertaken in certain regions of the Indian State of Tamil Nadu during 2009-2010. An assessment of the impact of the program in terms of effective use of drip irrigation and increased crop yields was made in 2011 by applying double difference method (a combination of both with and without and before and after approaches). The results had indicated that the drip capacity building program resulted in a yield increase of 2.5 t/ha for Banana 1, 1.9 t/ha for Banana 2, 3.3 t/ha for sugarcane and 0.3 t/ha for turmeric. The conventional method using the before and after situations had shown a yield increase of 4.3 t/ha for Banana 1, 12.1 t/ha for Banana 2, 40.6 t/ha for sugarcane and 2.6 t/ha for turmeric. The conventional approach is highly upward biased in estimating the impact of the drip capacity building program and thus the double difference method will be an appropriate method to evaluate the impact of the programs that involve both with and without as well as before and after situations.

Stability and Time-Step Constraints of Implicit-Explicit Runge-Kutta Methods for the Linearized Korteweg-de Vries Equation

This paper provides a study on the stability and time-step constraints of solving the linearized Korteweg-de Vries(KdV)equation,using implicit-explicit(IMEX)Runge-Kutta(RK)time integration methods combined with either finite difference(FD)or local discontinuous Galerkin(DG)spatial discretization.We analyze the stability of the fully discrete scheme,on a uniform mesh with periodic boundary conditions,using the Fourier method.For the linearized KdV equation,the IMEX schemes are stable under the standard Courant-Friedrichs-Lewy(CFL)conditionτ≤λh.Here,λis the CFL number,τis the time-step size,and h is the spatial mesh size.We study several IMEX schemes and characterize their CFL number as a function ofθ=d/h^(2)with d being the dispersion coefficient,which leads to several interesting observations.We also investigate the asymptotic behaviors of the CFL number for sufficiently refined meshes and derive the necessary conditions for the asymptotic stability of the IMEX-RK methods.Some numerical experiments are provided in the paper to illustrate the performance of IMEX methods under different time-step constraints.

A Hybrid ESA-CCD Method for Variable-Order Time-Fractional Diffusion Equations

In this paper, we study the solutions for variable-order time-fractional diffusion equations. A three-point combined compact difference (CCD) method is used to discretize the spatial variables to achieve sixth-order accuracy, while the exponential-sum-approximation (ESA) is used to approximate the variable-order Caputo fractional derivative in the temporal direction, and a novel spatial sixth-order hybrid ESA-CCD method is implemented successfully. Finally, the accuracy of the proposed method is verified by numerical experiments.

自贸试验区对产业结构升级的影响——基于SDID的验证

在解析合成双重差分法(SDID)的基本思想与相关特性基础上,构造产业结构升级指数,从区域异质性视角研究了自贸试验区对产业结构升级的影响,并利用双重差分法(DID)进行稳健性检验,强化了研究结论的可靠性。基于研究结果,提出要以制度创新为抓手,通过“以改革促开放,以开放倒逼改革”,加快培育国际产业竞争新优势;要立足地区优势与特色,进一步优化区域产业分工,实现差异化发展;要深化区域战略融合,通过内外联动与战略协同强化产业发展韧性。

中央环保督察对城市空气质量改善的政策效用评估——基于DID双重差分法分析

使用2012-2022年中国220个地级市的PM2.5、PM10、NO_(2)、SO_(2),的年均浓度值作为被解释变量,以是否为污染防治重点城市划分试验组与对照组,利用双重差分法检验中央环保督察对城市空气质量的影响,并通过倾向得分匹配检验分析结果的稳定性。研究发现:中央环保督察可以显著降低污染防治重点城市的PM10、SO_(2)和PM2.5的年均排放浓度,减少各项污染物排放量,改善城市空气质量。建议因地制宜开展环境治理工作,同时根据每个城市的实际情况确定督察工作的重点,对不同地区确定不同的空气环境治理目标。

Application of the Double-difference Relocation Method Combined with Waveform Cross-correlation on the Three Gorges Reservoir Seismicity

In this paper,we use the double difference location method based on waveform crosscorrelation algorithm for precise positioning of the Three Gorges Reservoir( TGR)earthquakes and analysis of seismic activity. First,we use the bi-spectrum cross-correlation method to analyze the seismic waveform data of TGR encrypted networks from March,2009 to December,2010,and evaluate the quality of waveform cross-correlation analysis.Combined with the waveform cross-correlation of data obtained, we use the double difference method to relocate the earthquake position. The results show that location precision using bi-spectrum verified waveform cross-correlation data is higher than that by using other types of data,and the mean 2 sig-error in EW,NS and UD are 3.2 m,3.9 m and 6.2 m,respectively. For the relocation of the Three Gorges Reservoir earthquakes,the results show that the micro-earthquakes along the Shenlongxi river in the Badong reservoir area obviously show the characteristics of three linear zones with nearly east-west direction,which is in accordance with the small faults and carbonate strata line of the neotectonic period,revealing the reservoir water main along the underground rivers or caves permeated and induced seismic activity. The stronger earthquakes may have resulted from small earthquakes through the active layers.