Double-negative T cells:a promising avenue of adoptive cell therapy in transplant oncology

Tumor recurrence is one of the major life-threatening complications after liver transplantation for liver cancer.In addition to the common mechanisms underlying tumor recurrence,another unavoidable problem is that the immunosuppressive therapeutic regimen after transplantation could promote tumor recurrence and metastasis.Transplant oncology is an emerging field that addresses oncological challenges in transplantation.In this context,a comprehensive therapeutic management approach is required to balance the anti-tumor treatment and immunosuppressive status of recipients.Double-negative T cells(DNTs)are a cluster of heterogeneous cells mainly consisting of two subsets stratified by T cell receptor(TCR)type.Among them,TCRαβ^(+)DNTs are considered to induce immune suppression in immune-mediated diseases,while TCRγδ^(+)DNTs are widely recognized as tumor killers.As a composite cell therapy,healthy donor-derived DNTs can be propagated to therapeutic numbers in vitro and applied for the treatment of several malignancies without impairing normal tissues or being rejected by the host.In this work,we summarized the biological characteristics and functions of DNTs in oncology,immunology,and transplantation.Based on the multiple roles of DNTs,we propose that a new balance could be achieved in liver transplant oncology using them as an off-the-shelf adoptive cell therapy(ACT).

Using Helmholtz resonator arrays to improve dipole transmission efficiency in waveguide

It is well known that the radiation efficiency of an acoustic dipole is very low, increasing the radiation efficiency of an acoustic dipole is a difficult task, especially in an ordinary waveguide.In addition, current acoustic superlenses all utilize in-phase sources to do the super-resolution imaging, it is almost impossible to realize super-resolution imaging of an acoustic dipole.In this paper, after using the Helmholtz resonator arrays(HRAs) which are placed at the upper and lower surfaces of the waveguide, we observe a large dipole radiation efficiency at the certain frequency, which gives a method to observe an acoustic dipole in the far field and offers a novel model which is promising to realize the superlens with a source of an acoustic dipole.We discuss how the arrangement of HRAs affects the transmission of the acoustic dipole.

Double negative regulatory T cells in transplantation and autoimmunity:recent progress and future directions

T lymphocytes bearing the ab T cell receptor(TCR)but lacking CD4,CD8,and markers of natural killer(NK)cell differentiation are known as‘double-negative’(DN)T cells and have been described in both humans and rodent models.We and others have shown that DN T cells can act as regulatory T cells(Tregs)that are able to prevent allograft rejection,graft-versus-host disease,and autoimmune diabetes.In the last few years,new data have revealed evidence of DN Treg function in vivo in rodents and humans.Moreover,significant advances have been made in the mechanisms by which DN Tregs target antigen-specific T cells.One major limitation of the field is the lack of a specific marker that can be used to distinguish truly regulatory DN T cells(DN Tregs)from non-regulatory ones,and this is the central challenge in the coming years.Here,we review recent progress on the role of DN Tregs in transplantation and autoimmunity,and their mechanisms of action.We also provide some perspectives on how DN Tregs compare with Foxp31 Tregs.