Impacts of automated passenger cars on the capacity of a freeway basic section: applicability in the determination of vehicle adjustment factors in mixed traffic

The highway capacity manual(HCM)provides a formula to calculate the heavy vehicle adjustment factor(fHV)as a function of passenger car equivalent factors for the heavy vehicle(ET).However,a significant drawback is that the methodology was established solely based on human-driven passenger cars(HDPC)and human-driven heavy vehicles(HDHV).Due to automated passenger cars(APCs),a new adjustment factor(fAV)might be expected.This study simulated traffic flows at different percentages of HDHVs and APCs to investigate the impacts of HDHVs and APCs on freeway capacity by analyzing their influence on fHV and fAV values.The simulation determined observed adjustment factors at different percentages of HDHVs and APCs(fobserved).The HCM formula was used to calculate(fHCM).Modifications to the HCM formula are proposed,and vehicle adjustment factors due to HDHVs and APCs were calculated(fproposed).Results showed that,in the presence of APCs,while fobserved and fHCM were statistically significantly different,fobserved and fproposed were statistically equal.Hence,this study recommends using the proposed formula when determining vehicle adjustment factors(fproposed)due to HDHVs and APCs in the traffic stream.

NUMERICAL ANALYSIS OF NONLINEAR STABILITY FOR RAILWAY PASSENGER CARS

The Newton Raphson iteration and QR algorithm are combined to search the Hpf bifurcation point of the vehicle running on straight track and on large radius curved tracks. Limit cycles that are bifurcated from the equilibrium points and the saddle node bifurcation point are computed through employing a variable step Runge Kutta method and the Poincaré map. Finally, numerical simulations are carried out for the stability of a high speed passenger car operating on straight and large radius curved tracks. The influences of the radius of curvature and the superelevation of the track on the stability of the vehicle system are investigated.

Explicit–Implicit Co-Simulation Techniques for Dynamic Responses of a Passenger Car on Arbitrary Road Surfaces

To study the durability of a passenger car, this work investigates numerical simulation techniques. The investigations are based on an explicit implicit approach in which substructure techniques are used to reduce the simulation time, allowing full vehicle dynamic analyses to be performed on a timescale that is dif cult or impossible with the conventional nite element model (FEM). The model used here includes all necessary nonlinearities in order to maintain accuracy. All key components of the car structure are modeled with deformable materials. Tire road interactions are modeled in the explicit package with contact-impact interfaces with arbitrary frictional and geometric properties. Key parameters of the responses of the car driven on six different kinds of test road surfaces are examined and compared with experimental values. It can be concluded that the explicit implicit co-simulation techniques used here are ef cient and accurate enough for engineering purposes. This paper also discusses the limitations of the proposed method and outlines possible improvements for future work.

FAW Technology Strategies of Low-Carbon Passenger Car

Author analyzed the global background of low-carbon technology around the world,a technology & economy analysis model called TOS was developed in the paper,author analyzed technology paths for low-carbon Car in China based on the current technologies available and technologies to be developed in China,3 possible paths are presented based on the analysis,author also explained the FAW BlueWay technology strategies for low carbon cars both for short mid and long term objectives.Author concludes the paper with illustration of powertrain lineup for FAW BlueWay Technologies.

STUDY ON DYNAMIC CURVING BEHAVIOR OF TILTING PASSENGER CARS

By using tilting carbodies, train can negotiate at a higher speed withoutreducing the passenger's ride quality. This is a good method to allow a significant increase inspeed at existing track to improve the railway transportation capability, and to enhance thecompetition ability of railways with other transportation systems. With the increase of the curvenegotiation speed, the wheel-rail lateral forces and wheel-rail wear of the tilting train willincrease. The self-steering radial bogie is an effective way to solve the problem. The dynamic modelof the tilting passenger car with self-steering bogies is established in detail, and the curvingperformance of the car is investigated.

Performance Development Target Setting of Passenger Car Diesel Engine

Setting engine emission targets to meet diesel car requirements is particularly important in engine performance development phase. Many researches are focused on associating vehicle performance with engine targets, but most work is done by testing, which is time and cost consuming, furthermore, the relationship of vehicle and engine will change when either engine or vehicle changes. A GT-Drive model to simulate New European Driving Cycle (NEDC) for passenger car is developed and calibrated by testing data, model precision is controlled within 5%. Time distribution of engine operating conditions when car running NEDC cycle has been analyzed, 10 critical major engine operating points are summarized according to running time proportion. Emission of NOx and smoke control regions containing these 10 points for target engine are set. Vehicle emissions are simulated and evaluated during engine development after engine performance test data are got, and engine combustion system layout and calibration are adjusted until vehicle targets are met. Vehicle is tested in chassis dynamometer finally, the testing results show a good agreement with the simulated results with an error of less than 5%, which proves that the emission value exchange of vehicle and engine is reliable. Performance target decomposition method for passenger car diesel presented can greatly shorten the development cycle and save costs.

Estimation of Passenger Car Equivalents for Basic Freeway Sections at Different Traffic Conditions

Passenger car equivalent (PCE) is an important factor which is used to convert traffic volumes containing proportions of heavy good vehicles (HGVs) to a unify measure containing only passenger cars units (PCU). This paper uses large data base of real traffic raw data extracted from loop detector before being aggregated to estimate PCEs. These detectors are located on the M25 and the M42 motorway sites in the United Kingdom. The selected sites represent basic freeway segments as they are far away from the influence of entrance (on ramp) and exit (off ramp) sections. The data are filtered properly so as to estimate passenger car equivalents (PCEs) using lagging headway method for close following situations at different speed ranges. The results suggest that for the same location, the equivalency factors are varies significantly based traffic speed. However, it is proved that such variation with traffic speed is influenced by the differences in lengths between HGVs and cars. Regression models have also been developed linking the PCEs with traffic speed.

Kinematic and Kinetic Analysis for the Tilting Mechanism of Railway Passenger Cars

The kinematics and kinetics of the tilting mechanism of railway passenger cars are studied. The parameters of the mechanism are given. The motions of the actuator, the center of gravity of the carbody and the center of coupler are calculated. Finally, the maximum driving force, output power and velocity of the actuator are discussed in detail.

Benefits of Reducing Air Emissions: Replacing Conventional with Electric Passenger Vehicles

The study estimated the cost of local and global air emissions, and to compare the differences between electric passenger vehicles (EV) and conventional, internal combustion engine (ICE) vehicles. The air emissions were estimated for the year 2020, for Denmark, France and Israel, because of their significantly different fuel mixes to produce electricity—a high percentage of renewable energy, mainly nuclear energy and high fossil fuels, respectively. Air emissions from electricity production and conventional traffic were calculated for each country and then multiplied by the specific country’s cost of emissions. Subtracting the total cost of electricity production from the total cost of conventional transportation yields the total benefit for each of the economies studied. The environmental benefit, depending on EV penetration rates, was found to be in the range of 7.8 to 133 MEUR/year for Denmark, 94 to1948 MEUR/year for France and only 4 to 82 MEUR/year for Israel, whose energy mix is the most polluting. Our analysis also shows higher potential benefits when replacing passenger car fleets comprising a high percentage of diesel cars with EVs, as well as in highly populated areas. In addition, we quantified the differences between EVs with fixed batteries and the new switch able battery concept (EASYBAT), as part of the EU 7th Framework Program me. The additional electricity demands for the EASYBAT concept are negligible, and therefore, do not change the overall conclusion that the cleaner the electricity energy mix and the higher the penetration of EVs, the higher the environmental benefits achieved.

苯酚-甲醛树脂MK-95在轿车子午线轮胎胎体胶中的应用

研究苯酚-甲醛树脂MK-95(简称MK-95)在轿车子午线轮胎胎体胶中的应用。结果表明:MK-95不含游离间苯二酚和其他添加剂,其软化点和挥发分含量低于间苯二酚-甲醛树脂;在胎体胶中以MK-95等量替代间苯二酚-甲醛树脂,胶料的硫化特性、物理性能、动态力学性能和粘合性能相当,成品轮胎的高速、耐久和路试性能均达到要求。

基于在线评论的乘用车需求趋势分析方法

提出一种基于在线产品评论的竞争情报挖掘方法,将网络评论文本中的关键信息应用于乘用车设计开发中。结合LDA和TF-IDF算法,从主题特征和情感态度特征获取不同车型评论主题情感倾向性估值,并对应2009—2019年的乘用车销量,构建用户偏好分析的面板数据模型。结果显示:该方法能够有效地提取网络评论情报信息;通过与年份的交互作用分析产品需求趋势,过去11年间消费者只对油耗的关注度降低了8.64%,对动力、空间、外观、内饰和舒适性的关注度分别上升了3.16%,6.80%,89.69%,13.38%和18.47%。其中,与生活品质更加密切的外观、内饰和舒适性等指标的增量远高于传统关注的动力和空间指标。这表明燃油经济性越来越不受关注,已不再成为消费者购买乘用车的决定性因素。

既有铁路客车服役性能研究

我国既有铁路客车保有量大、运用时空环境复杂,其服役性能的演变对运行安全和运维保障带来极大挑战。为系统掌握铁路客车服役状态,调研我国普速客车运营现状,并以车体钢结构为例,开展影响客车服役性能的因素分析。调研发现,大部分普速客车已逐步进入服役中后期,5T等信息化手段实现了对客车的全面监控。不同运用环境下,钢结构腐蚀情况不同,随着运行时间/运行里程的增加,钢结构腐蚀有明显加剧趋势。针对服役期间RW25G车体和209P型转向架疲劳强度开展研究,各关键部位均满足服役寿命30年设计要求;针对服役期间YZ25T车体和CW-200K型转向架开展跟踪测试,发现转向架个别关键承载位置产生损伤值较大。针对服役期间25T型客车动力学性能开展研究,采用TPDS、TCDS和添乘等手段开展跟踪测试,并结合实测车轮磨耗数据和减振器劣化数据开展仿真分析,结果表明,在1个旋修周期内,车辆运行安全性存在一定冗余;随服役时间增加,转向架关键部件的性能劣化或失效会对车辆蛇行稳定性和运行平稳性产生不利影响;开展随机参数的动力学仿真,发现极端工况下轮重减载率上升明显,应予以充分关注。

中国市场乘用车质量和动力性能参数特征

为掌握我国乘用车质量和动力性能参数的分布特征,对3 791辆乘用车的5种细分车型和能源形式进行了质量和动力性能差异性分析,确定了小客车专用公路设计车辆的质量和性能参数建议值。结果表明:我国乘用车的整备质量、满载质量、功率、扭矩的第85%分位值分别为2 040 kg、2 600 kg、180 kW、370 N·m。纯电动车整备质量和满载质量的平均值均大于燃油汽车的平均值。纯电动车中SUV比功率最大、面包车比功率最小,燃油汽车中SUV比功率最大、轻客比功率最小。小客车专用公路中,用于公路结构设计的设计车辆可确定为整备质量为2 700 kg、满载质量为4 200 kg的纯电动轻客和整备质量为2 200 kg、满载质量为3 300 kg的燃油轻客;用于公路几何设计的设计车辆为比功率为20 W/kg的纯电动面包车和比功率为30 W/kg的燃油轻客。

基于HyperMesh的乘用车驾驶室NVH性能分析

为测定某乘用车驾驶室噪声、振动、声振粗糙度(noise vibration harshness,NVH)性能,采用有限元软件ANSA建立车辆内饰车身模型,HyperMesh建立驾驶室声腔模型,并采用HyperMesh将车身模型与声腔模型耦合连接,进行声腔模态分析和噪声传递函数分析。声腔模态分析结果表明:驾驶室声腔模型各阶次声压分布基本处于对称状态,符合车内声压分布规律,声腔模态结构合理。噪声传递函数分析结果表明:在不同方向、不同位置的激励作用下,驾驶员右耳处最大声压级为55.60 dB,未超出57 dB的限值规定;后排乘客右耳处最大声压级为56.25 dB,未超出58 dB的限值规定,车辆驾驶室满足NVH性能要求。

基于事故数据挖掘的乘用车追尾卡车AEB测试规程研究

基于未来出行交通事故场景研究数据库中的乘用车追尾卡车事故,分析并提出了以卡车为目标物的乘用车自动紧急制动系统的典型测试工况。采用K-means聚类算法得出可代表实际卡车的目标物颜色,基于事故数据分析提取卡车目标物尾部特征参数,设计并制作了一种新型的具有与真实车辆反射特性和机器视觉识别特性接近的重型厢式卡车目标物。卡车目标物静止,测试车辆分别以45、50、55、60 km/h的速度进行100%重叠自动紧急制动系统测试,验证了该目标物的可行性和有效性。可为车辆主动安全相关标准法规研究提供数据支撑,推动车辆主动安全测试技术的发展。

铁路客车技术整备所线路配置规模研究

合理确定铁路客车技术整备所的整备线和车底停留线配置规模,对于节约用地和降低工程投资非常重要。TB 10029—2009《铁路客车车辆设备设计规范》第4.3.2条规定,按入所列车数量确定线路数量,并给出相应的计算表。结合规范修订工作,采用线性回归法和概率分析法对线路配置规模进行研究,并对该条规定在当前的适用性进行验证。研究结论如下:(1)按照列车运行图确定客车车底出入客车技术整备所的时间,分析其最大车底停留数量,从而确定整备线和车底停留线数量之和的方法,是确定客车技术整备所线路数量的准确方法。(2)按照入所车底数量和配置系数确定线路数量方法可行,全路客车技术整备所计算平均数量与运行图分析法计算结果的误差为0.3%~7.5%,符合性较好。(3)将3种计算方法应用到具体铁路客车整备所时,全路各所的均方根误差为25%~27%,该误差受运行图编制主客观因素影响,由各客运站列车终到/始发时间分布规律差异造成,可通过运行图调整来适应。

中国乘用车用发动机技术特征的现状及趋势研究

基于2022年申报工信部汽车公告的乘用车产品信息,分别从申报结构特点、主要技术特征等指标进行了分析研究。结果标明,现阶段的乘用车领域,发动机仍发挥着不可替代的作用;对汽油发动机,为了提高发动机动力输出、改善燃油经济性、降低制造成本,采用直列四缸、废气涡轮增压、缸内直喷、无EGR系统的技术路线得到广泛应用;混合动力车型在实现双碳目标的进程中,是纯电动乘用车的有力补充;未来乘用车用发动机的技术发展方向仍是通过各种手段实现更高的热效率,且低碳、零碳和碳中和燃料也是未来发展重点。

基于三维线形的轻型高速公路纵断面指标研究

为了探究轻型高速公路路线纵断面设计关键参数,基于Carsim/Trucksim软件搭建了人-车-路耦合系统,根据普遍性和不利性原则,选取轿车、面包车和轻型货车作为轻型车辆的代表性车型,开展了代表性车型在直坡路段和弯坡组合路段的行驶仿真。根据轻型车辆在纵断面和弯坡组合路段运行特征,确定了轻型高速公路的控制车型以及路线纵断面的坡度、坡长参数。结果表明:轻型高速公路纵断面设计参数应以轻型货车和面包车作为控制车型;高速行驶下,车辆在弯坡组合路段的速度衰减比在单纵坡路段更为剧烈;根据速度衰减特性和允许速度降幅,轻型高速公路设计速度为100km/h时,若允许轻型货车通行,应以比功率为25W/kg的轻型货车作为控制车辆,路线纵断面最大纵坡为5%,最大坡长为750m,若不允许轻型货车通行,路线纵断面最大纵坡为6%,可不限制最大坡长;设计速度为120km/h和140km/h时,应以比功率为35W/kg的面包车作为控制车辆,路线纵断面最大纵坡分别为6%和5%,对应的最大坡长均为1200m。