Accurate relocation of earthquakes in central-western China using the double-difference earthquake location algorithm

The double-difference earthquake relocation algorithm (DD algorithm) has been applied to the accurate relocation of 10057 earthquakes in the central-western China (21°-36°N, 98°-112E°) during the period of 1992-1999. In total, 79706 readings for P waves and 72169 readings for S waves were used in the relocation, and the source parameters of 6496 events were obtained. The relocation results revealed a more complete picture of the hypocentral distribution in the central-western China. In several seismic belts the relocated epicenters present a more defined lineation feature, reflecting the close correlation between the seismicity and the active tectonic structures. The relocated focal depths confirmed that most earthquakes (91 percent of the 6496 relocated events) in the central-western China were located at shallower depths not deeper than 20 km. The distribution of focal depths indicates that the seismogenic layer in the central-western China is located in the upper-mid crust with its thickness no deeper than 20 km.

Analysis on Double-difference Earthquake Location and the Seismicity Pattern of the Yangjiang Earthquake Sequences

The locations of about 400 earthquakes in Yangjiang,Guangdong Province are determined using the double-difference earthquake location algorithm(DDA).The seismicity pattern becomes concentrated from discrete grids.The rupture characteristics of the Yangjiang earthquake sequence show a conjugated distribution in NW and NE directions.The major distribution trends NE and dips NE with an angle of 30° and a length of 30km,and the minor distribution trends NW and dips SE with an angle of 30° and a length of 20km.The focal depth is 5km～15km.The distribution of the Enping earthquake sequence,which is not far from Yangjiang,is NW-trending.The relationship between hypocenter distribution and geological structure is discussed.

Relocation of the 1998 Zhangbei-Shangyi earthquake sequence using the double difference earthquake location algorithm

On January 10, 1998, at 11h50min Beijing Time (03h50min UTC), an earthquake of ML=6.2 occurred in the border region between the Zhangbei County and Shangyi County of Hebei Province. This earthquake is the most significant event to have occurred in northern China in the recent years. The earthquake-generating structure of this event was not clear due to no active fault capable of generating a moderate earthquake was found in the epicentral area, nor surface ruptures with any predominate orientation were observed, no distinct orientation of its aftershock distribution given by routine earthquake location was shown. To study the seismogenic structure of the Zhangbei- Shangyi earthquake, the main shock and its aftershocks with ML3.0 of the Zhangbei-Shangyi earthquake sequence were relocated by the authors of this paper in 2002 using the master event relative relocation technique. The relocated epicenter of the main shock was located at 41.145癗, 114.462癊, which was located 4 km to the NE of the macro-epicenter of this event. The relocated focal depth of the main shock was 15 km. Hypocenters of the aftershocks distributed in a nearly vertical plane striking 180~200 and its vicinity. The relocated results of the Zhangbei-Shangyi earthquake sequence clearly indicated that the seismogenic structure of this event was a NNE-SSW-striking fault with right-lateral and reverse slip. In this paper, a relocation of the Zhangbei-Shangyi earthquake sequence has been done using the double difference earthquake location algorithm (DD algorithm), and consistent results with that obtained by the master event technique were obtained. The relocated hypocenters of the main shock are located at 41.131癗, 114.456癊, which was located 2.5 km to the NE of the macro-epicenter of the main shock. The relocated focal depth of the main shock was 12.8 km. Hypocenters of the aftershocks also distributed in a nearly vertical N10E-striking plane and its vicinity. The relocated results using DD algorithm clearly indicated that the seismogenic structure of this event was a NNE-striking fault again.

The MW5.5 earthquake on August 6,2023,in Pingyuan,Shandong,China:A rupture on a buried fault

On August 6,2023,a magnitude MW5.5 earthquake struck Pingyuan County,Dezhou City,Shandong Province,China.This event was significant as no large earthquakes had been recorded in the region for over a century,and no active fault had been previously identified.This study collects 1309 P-wave arrival times and 866 S-wave arrival times from 74 seismic stations less than 200 km to the epicenter to constrain the spatial distribution of the mainshock and its 125 early aftershocks by the double difference earthquake relocation method,and selects 864 P-waveforms from 288 stations located within 800 km of the epicenter to constrain the focal mechanism solution of the mainshock through centroid moment tensor inversion.The relocation and the inversion indicate,the Pingyuan MW5.5 earthquake was caused by a rupture on a buried fault,likely an extensive segment of the Gaotang fault.This buried fault exhibited a dip of approximately 75°to the northwest,with a strike of 222°,similar to the Gaotang fault.The rupture initiated at the depth of 18.6 km and propagated upward and northeastward.However,the ground surface was not broken.The total duration of the rupture was~6.0 s,releasing the scalar moment of 2.5895×1017 N·m,equivalent to MW5.54.The moment rate reached the maximum only 1.4 seconds after the rupture initiation,and the 90%scalar moment was released in the first 4.6 s.In the first 1.4 seconds of the rupture process,the rupture velocity was estimated to be 2.6 km/s,slower than the local S-wave velocity.As the rupture neared its end,the rupture velocity decreased significantly.This study provides valuable insights into the seismic characteristics of the Pingyuan MW5.5 earthquake,shedding light on the previously unidentified buried fault responsible for the seismic activity in the region.Understanding the behavior of such faults is crucial for assessing seismic hazards and enhancing earthquake preparedness in the future.

Relocation of aftershocks of the Wenchuan M_S8.0 earthquake and its implication to seismotectonics

From 14：28 （GMT＋8） on May 12th, 2008, the origin time of Ms8.0 Wenchuan earthquake, to December 31th, 2008, more than 10 000 aftershocks （M〉2.0） had been recorded by the seismic networks in Sichuan and surrounding areas. Using double difference algorithm, the main shock and more than 7 000 aftershocks were relocated. The aftershocks distribute about 350 km long. The depths of aftershocks are mainly between 10 km and 20 km. The average depth of aftershocks is about 13 km after relocation. In the southwest, the distribution of aftershocks is along the back-range fault, the central-range fault and the front-range fault of Longmenshan faults. In the middle, the distribution of aftershocks is along the central-range fault. In the north, aftershocks are relocated along the Qingchuan-Pingwu fault. Relocations suggest that the back-range fault mainly induced and controlled the aftershoek occurrence in the northern section of aftershocks sequence. The Ms8.0 main shock is between central-range and front-range of Longmenshan faults and is near the shear plane of the fault bottom. From the depth distribution of aftershock sequence, it suggests that these three faults show imbricate thrust structure.

Relocation of the 10 March 2011 Yingjiang,China,earthquake sequence and its tectonic implications

An earthquake with Ms5.8 occurred on 10 March 2011 in Yingjiang county, western Yunnan, China. This earthquake caused 25 deaths and over 250 injuries. In order to better understand the seismotectonics in the region, we collected the arrival time data from the Yunnan seismic observational bulletins during 1 January to 25 March 2011, and precisely hand-picked the arrival times from high-quality seismograms that were recorded by the temporary seismic stations deployed by our Institute of Crustal Dynamics, China Earthquake Administration. Using these arrival times, we relocated all the earthquakes including the Yingjiang mainshock and its aftershocks using the double-difference relocation algorithm. Our results show that the relocated earthquakes dominantly occurred along the ENE direction and formed an upside-down bow-shaped structure in depth. It is also observed that after the Yingjiang mainshock, some aftershocks extended toward the SSE over about 10 km. These results may indicate that the Yingjiang mainshock ruptured a conjugate fault system consisting of the ENE trending Da Yingjiang fault and a SSE trending blind fault. Such structural features could contribute to severely seismic hazards during the moderate-size Yingjiang earthquake.

Research on the Accurate Location of the 2007 M_S6.4 Ning'er, Yunnan Earthquake

Five mobile digital seismic stations were set up by the Earthquake Administration of Yunnan Province near the epicenter of the main shock after the Ning'er M6.4 earthquake on June 3, 2007. In this paper, the aftershock sequence of the Ning'er M6.4 earthquake is relocated by using the double difference earthquake location method. The data is from the 5 mobile digital seismic stations and the permanent Simao seismic station. The results show that the length of the aftershock sequence is 40km and the width is 30km, concentrated obviously at the lateral displacement area between the Pu'er fault and the NNE-trending faults, with the majority occurring on the Pu'er fault around the main shock. The depths of aftershocks are from 2km to 12km, and the predominant distribution is in the depth of 8～10km. The mean depth is 7.9km. The seismic fault dips to the northwest revealed from the profile parallel to this aftershock sequence, which is identical to the dip of the secondary fault of the NE-trending Menglian-Mojiang fault in the earthquake area. There are more earthquakes concentrated in the northwest segment than in the southeast segment, which is perhaps related to the underground medium and faults. The depth profile of the earthquake sequence shows that the relocated earthquakes are mainly located near the Pu'er fault and the seismic faults dip to the southwest, consistent with the dip of the west branch of the Pu'er fault. In all, the fault strike revealed by earthquake relocations matches well with the strike in the focal mechanism solutions. The main shock is in the top of the aftershock sequence and the aftershocks are symmetrically distributed, showing that faulting was complete in both the NE and SW directions.

Study on Precise Location and Structure of Earthquakes in the Shanxi Reservoir,Zhejiang Province

The Shanxi reservoir earthquakes are significant seismic events in southern Zhejiang Province in recent years, an area with fewer and weaker earthquakes. The seismicity showed an intermittent characteristic and group distribution. The epicenters located by the seismic network did not show a predominant direction and the seismogenic structure is not clear. In the study, the nonlinear imaginary wave travel time equation was linearized and solved, and the source position, initial imaginary velocity and travel time residuals were obtained. Then by doubling the standard deviation as time residuals, the maximum error generated from longitude, latitude, depth and imaginary velocity was calculated. The genetic population was structured using the maximum error and the end result of earthquake location was obtained by genetic algorithm. The result of relocation of the Shanxi reservoir earthquakes with this method shows that earthquakes are largely concentrated on a near-vertical, northwest oriented fault plane, and the included angles between the normal of the plane and the due north, due east and vertical directions are 46°, 44°, and 87°, respectively. The result is in agreement with that of comprehensive fault plane solutions of small earthquakes. The average depth of the earthquakes was 4.7km, the maximum depth 9.5km, and the minimum depth 1.7km. The epicenters showed a northwestward narrow banded distribution, and the focal depth increased along the northwest direction. There was a discontinuous seismic gap of about 3.5km long at the northwest end of the strip. The characteristics of source parameters obtained by using the Borun model were not significantly different from that of tectonic earthquakes. Seismic stress drop was about 0.33MPa, and the average stress drop was 0.88MPa. According to the stress drop' spatial distribution, the seismic discontinuities segment at the northwest end of the strip is in a low stress drop zone.

Discussion on the Precise Relocation and Seismo-Tectonics of the Jiujiang-Ruichang Earthquake

Based on relocating the Jiujiang-Ruichang earthquake sequence which occurred on November 26,2005 in Jiangxi Province with the double-difference(DD)algorithm and master event technique,the paper discusses the focal mechanism of the main shock(M_S5.7)and the probable seismo-tectonics.The precise relocation results indicate that the average horizontal error is 0.31km in a EW direction and 0.40km in a NS direction,and the average depth error is 0.48km.The focal depths vary from 8km to 14km,with the predominant distribution at 10km～12km.The epicenter of the main shock is relocated to be 29.69°N,115.74°E and the focal depth is about 10.8km.Combining the predominant distribution of the earthquake sequence,the focal mechanism of the main shock and the tectonic conditions of NE-and NW-strike faults growth in the seismic region,we infer that the main shock of the earthquake sequence was caused by a NW striking buried fault in the Ruichang basin.The nature of seismic faults needs to be further explored.

Determination of Focal Depths of the MS5.8 Alxa Left Banner,Inner Mongolia Earthquake Sequence

Using the double-difference earthquake location algorithm,the deterministic method (PTD method) and the CAP seismic moment tensor inversion method,the paper selects the primary waveform data of 78 earthquakes recorded by the "China Earthquake Science Array Probe Project in the Northern Part of North South Seismic Belt ",the "China Earthquake Scientific Exploration Array Data Center"of Institute of Geophysics,China Earthquake Administration,and the Inner Mongolia Digital Seismic Network to calculate the focal depths of the mainshock and the seismic sequence of the M_S5.8 Alxa Left Banner earthquake in Inner Mongolia. The results show that the focal depth of the main shock is 20. 6 km,determined by the double-difference earthquake location method,18. 1 km by the PTD method,and 19. 2 km by the CAP method. The focal depth of the earthquake sequence calculated by the double-difference location method is larger. The deterministic method (PTD method) and double-difference location method are the methods that fit the tectonic characteristics of the seismic source area,and the CAP method is suitable for larger earthquakes.

Spatiotemporal evolution of the 2021 M_(S)6.4 Yangbi earthquake sequence

Based on the seismic phase reports of the Yangbi area from January 1 to June 25,2021,and the waveform data of M≥4 earthquakes,we obtained the relocation results and focal mechanism solutions of the M_(S)6.4 Yangbi earthquake sequence using the HypoDD and CAP methods.Based on our results,our main conclusions are as follows:(1)the M_(S)6.4 Yangbi earthquake sequence is a typical foreshock-mainshock-aftershock sequence.The fore-shocks of the first two stages have the obvious fronts of migration and their migration rate increased gradually.There was no apparent front of migration during the third stage,and the occurrence of the mainshock was related to stress triggering from a M5.3 foreshock.We tentatively speculate that the rupture pattern of the Yangbi earthquake sequence conforms to the cascading-rupture model;and(2)the main fault of the M_(S)6.4 Yangbi earthquake sequence is a NW-trending right-lateral strike-slip fault.As time progressed,a minor conjugate aftershock belt formed at the northwest end of this fault,and a dendritic branching structure emerged in the southern fault segment,showing a complex seismogenic fault structure.We suggested that the fault of the Yangbi earthquake sequence may be a young sub-fault of the Weixi-Weishan fault.

Aftershock sequence relocation of the 2021 M_(S)7.4 Maduo Earthquake, Qinghai, China

The 2021 Qinghai Maduo M_(S)7.4 earthquake was one of the strongest earthquakes that occurred in the Bayan Har block of the Tibetan Plateau during the past 30 years,which spatially filled in the gap of strong earthquake in the eastern section of the northern block boundary.In this study,the aftershock sequence within 8 days after the mainshock was relocated by double difference algorithm.The results show that the total length of the aftershock zone is approximately 170 km;the mainshock epicenter is located in the center of the aftershock zone,indicating a bilateral rupture.The aftershocks are mainly distributed along NWW direction with an overall strike of 285°.The focal depth profiles indicate that the seismogenic fault is nearly vertical and dips to southwest or northeast in different sections,indicating a complex geometry.There is an aftershock gap located to the southeast of the mainshock epicenter with a scale of approximately 20 km.At the eastern end of the aftershock zone,horsetaillike branch faults show the terminal effect of a large strike-slip fault.There is a NW-trending aftershock zone on the north side of the western section,which may be a branch fault triggered by the mainshock.The location of the aftershock sequence is close to the eastern section of the Kunlun Mountain Pass-Jiangcuo(KMPJ)fault.The sequence overlaps well with surface trace of the KMPJ fault.We speculate that the KMPJ fault is the main seismogenic fault of the M_(S)7.4 Maduo earthquake.

改进非线性海鸥算法在矿震定位中的应用

为了提高矿震定位精度,保证算法能快速收敛且具有较强鲁棒性,提出了一种基于改进非线性海鸥算法的矿震定位算法(Robust Difference Seagull Optimization Algorithm,RD-SOA)。该算法首先计算差值矩阵,提出采用稳健差值法作为目标函数,其次基于海鸥算法,提出非线性惯性权重,最后通过海鸥间相互作用求解震源点位置。通过模拟试验分析,当波速在-1%~1%、-3%~3%和-5%~5%的范围内浮动时,RD-SOA的定位精度均优于传统的非线性最小二乘法(Nonlinear Least Square,NLS)和Geiger定位法及改进前的SOA,相同情况下,RD-SOA比SOA的收敛速度提高了67%。通过柿竹园金属矿人工爆破数据进行对比分析,RD-SOA定位结果的绝对误差由原始SOA的13.7 m降低至3.8 m。对某煤矿的一次大能量矿震事件进行定位,震源位于采空区顶板上方38 m厚细砂岩层中,受开采影响导致工作面后方顶板断裂,为本次事件提供了能量源。

基于WiFi-蓝牙混合定位技术的震后压埋人员手机定位方法

我国地震灾害频发,快速确定压埋人员的准确位置成为震后救援工作的一大难点。文中提出的基于WiFi-蓝牙混合定位技术的震后压埋人员手机定位方法,通过在模拟的震后压埋环境周边分别部署WiFi探针和蓝牙网关,采集压埋人员携带的智能设备发射的信号接收强度(received signal strength indication, RSSI)数据,利用高斯-卡尔曼混合滤波对RSSI数据进行预处理,建立基于震后压埋环境的无线信号距离损耗模型,采用改进的加权质心定位算法解算压埋智能设备的坐标,通过评估WiFi和蓝牙定位结果可信度确定最终的定位结果。实验结果表明:单一的WiFi定位技术和蓝牙定位技术的平均定位精度分别为0.917、0.867 m,而WiFi-蓝牙混合定位技术的定位精度为0.541 m,相对于单一的WiFi和蓝牙定位技术,定位精度分别提高了41%和37.6%。

P-wave velocity structure beneath reservoirs and surrounding areas in the lower Jinsha River

The lower reaches of the Jinsha River are rich in hydropower resources because of the high mountains,deep valleys,and swift currents in this area.This region also features complex tectonic structures and frequent earthquakes.After the impoundment of the reservoirs,seismic activity increased significantly.Therefore,it is necessary to study the P-wave velocity structure and earthquake locations in the lower reaches of the Jinsha River and surrounds,thus providing seismological support for subsequent earthquake prevention and disaster reduction work in reservoir areas.In this study,we selected the data of 7.670 seismic events recorded by the seismic networks in Sichuan.Yunnan,and Chongqing and the temporary seismic arrays deployed nearby.We then applied the double-difference tomography method to this data,to obtain the P-wave velocity structure and earthquake locations in the lower reaches of the Jinsha River and surrounds.The results showed that the Jinsha River basin has a complex lateral P-wave velocity structure.Seismic events are mainly distributed in the transition zones between high-and low-velocity anomalies,and seismic events are particularly intense in the Xiluodu and Baihetan reservoir areas.Vertical cross-sections through the Xiangjiaba and Xiluodu reservoir areas revealed an apparent high-velocity anomaly at approximately 6 km depth:this high-velocity anomaly plays a role in stress accumulation,with few earthquakes distributed inside the high-velocity body.After the impoundment of the Baihetan reservoir,the number of earthquakes in the reservoir area increased significantly.The seismic events in the reservoir area north of 27°N were related to the enhanced activity of nearby faults after impoundment:the earthquakes in the reservoir area south of 27°N were probably induced by additional loads(or regional stress changes),and the multiple microseismic events may have been caused by rock rupture near the main faults under high pore pressure.

近台资料对近震相对定位算法的影响

从地震定位的基本原理出发,分析认为近台资料可用于双差定位算法,但不能用于其他相对定位方法.在此基础上,通过分析和模拟计算表明,应用近台资料时,双差法有可能给出一定精度的地震绝对位置.但仅采用近台资料时,相对位置的误差会比使用远台资料时有所增加.近台和远台资料的联合使用,有利于得到较为精确的定位结果.当震源深度远小于震中距时,如果没有深度震相的参与,只能得到误差较小的震中相对分布,深度的相对位置仍有较大的误差.对2003年新疆伽师地震余震序列中部分余震的重新定位试验,验证了近台资料对双差定位算法的上述影响.

2013年4月20日四川芦山M7.0级地震与余震精确定位及发震构造初探

使用汇集在四川台网中心的固定台站、震后架设的流动台站、周边水库台站等震中距150km以内的震相数据,选用分层速度模型,对芦山7.0级地震及震后9天内的余震利用双差定位法进行了重新定位.给出了芦山7.0级地震的发震时刻为2013-04-20 08∶02∶46.8,震中位置30.278°N,102.989°E,震源深度16.67km,给出了3324次余震的双差定位结果,并对发震构造进行了分析.结果表明:芦山地震主破裂长度约40km,下倾宽度约20km,破裂视面积约800km2,主破裂沿南西走向,倾角约40°.余震震源优势深度为10～22km.余震沿南西走向,主要集中于大邑—名山断裂上盘.

2003年新疆巴楚—伽师地震序列的双差法重新定位研究

将近台记录和区域台网数据联合用于双差地震定位算法，对2003年新疆巴楚-伽师M56．8强震后404个ML≥3．5余震序列进行双差法重新精确定位，并对其进行了理论上的可行性分析．精定位后定位结果与传统定位方法的原始定位结果进行比较发现：（1）精定位后震中分布图像更加集中，与当地的烈度考察和震源机制解结果更加协调；（2）震源深度优势分布集中在15-25km以内，与当地存在深度为10km以上低速沉积层的地质构造情况相一致；（3）精定位后定位残差由原来的3．94s降为0．24s，水平向估算误差平均可控制在1．1km以内，垂直向估算误差平均可控制在2．4km．

2015年7月3日皮山6.5级地震发震构造初步研究

基于新疆区域数字地震台网记录,采用CAP（Cut and Paste）方法反演了2015年7月3日皮山6.5级主震和部分MS3.6以上余震的震源机制解和震源深度;采用HypoDD方法重新定位了序列中ML2.5以上地震序列的震源位置,并利用小震分布和区域应力场拟合了可能存在的发震断层面参数.基于上述研究,综合分析了皮山6.5级地震序列的震源深度、震源机制和震源破裂面特征,探讨可能的发震构造.结果显示,利用CAP方法得到的最佳双力偶机制解节面I：走向280°/倾角60°/滑动角90°;节面II：走向100°/倾角30°/滑动角90°,矩心深度19km,表明该地震为一次逆冲型地震事件.大部分M_S3.6以上余震震源机制与主震具有一定的相似性.双差定位结果显示,M_L2.5以上的余震序列主要分布在主震的西南方向,深度主要分布在0~15km范围内,余震分布显示出与发震构造泽普隐伏断裂一致的倾向南西的特征.利用小震分布和区域应力场拟合得到发震断层参数为走向104°/倾角34°/滑动角94°,该结果与主震震源机制解中节面II的滑动角较为接近,绝大多数余震发生在断层面附近10km左右的区域.根据本研究得到的震源机制、精定位结果以及利用小震分布和区域应力场拟合得到的断层面的参数,结合震源区地质构造情况,初步给出了此次皮山6.5级地震的发震模式.

华北地区小震精定位及构造意义

收集了华北地区2001年10月—2009年9月发生在该区内的7519次地震事件被166个数字化地震台站记录到的74181条P波和74465条S波到时资料,采用双差定位法对这些小震进行了重新定位,最终得到了5511次小震的定位结果.结果表明,重新定位后的结果较好地改进了原定位的精度.从平面上来看,重新定位后的小震更加集中于断裂带附近,条带状更为明显.从震源深度分布来看,研究区内重新定位后小震的震源深度多集中在5—15km的范围内,表明研究区孕震层基本位于地壳的中上部,但不同地震带上小震分布的优势深度存在明显差异.山西地震带上的小震多集中在上地壳,而张家口—渤海地震带陆区部分包括唐山断裂带及邢台地震段上的小震多集中于中上地壳.本研究结果还获得了前人研究结果未揭示的小震分布规律:①在唐山断裂带北段东侧存在一个近北北东走向的小震活动;②渤海海域地震带上的小震多处于10km深度处,且有些断层上的小震展示出从地表至10km深度处的垂直分布;③太行山前的小震随深度向太行山下方有逐渐变深的趋势,表征太行山山前断裂带东西两侧孕震层有显著差异.这些结果对于认识华北地区地震断层及深部动力学过程均有重要意义.