Integrated design optimization of composite frames and materials for maximum fundamental frequency with continuous fiber winding angles

Fiber reinforced composite frame structure is an ideal lightweight and large-span structure in the fields of aerospace,satellite and wind turbine.Natural fundamental frequency is one of key indicators in the design requirement of the composite frame since structural resonance can be effectively avoided with the increase of the fundamental frequency.Inspired by the concept of integrated design optmization of composite frame structures and materials,the design optimization for the maximum structural fundamental frequency of fiber reinforced frame structures is proposed.An optimization model oriented at the maximum structural fundamental frequency under a composite material volume constraint is established.Two kinds of independent design variables are optimized,in which one is variables represented structural topology,the other is variables of continuous fiber winding angles.Sensitivity analysis of the frequency with respect to the two kinds of independent design variables is implemented with the semi-analytical sensitivity method.Some representative examples in the manuscript demonstrate that the integrated design optimization of composite structures can effectively explore coupled effects between structural configurations and material properties to increase the structural fundamental frequency.The proposed integrated optimization model has great potential to improve composite frames structural dynamic performance in aerospace industries.

Adaptive RISE Control of Winding Tension with Active Disturbance Rejection

A winding system is a time-varying system that considers complex nonlinear characteristics,and how to control the stability of the winding tension during the winding process is the primary problem that has hindered development in this field in recent years.Many nonlinear factors affect the tension in the winding process,such as friction,structured uncertainties,unstructured uncertainties,and external interference.These terms severely restrict the tension tracking performance.Existing tension control strategies are mainly based on the composite control of the tension and speed loops,and previous studies involve complex decoupling operations.Owing to the large number of calculations required for this method,it is inconvenient for practical engineering applications.To simplify the tension generation mechanism and the influence of the nonlinear characteristics of the winding system,a simpler nonlinear dynamic model of the winding tension was established.An adaptive method was applied to update the feedback gain of the continuous robust integral of the sign of the error(RISE).Furthermore,an extended state observer was used to estimate modeling errors and external disturbances.The model disturbance term can be compensated for in the designed RISE controller.The asymptotic stability of the system was proven according to the Lyapunov stability theory.Finally,a comparative analysis of the proposed nonlinear controller and several other controllers was performed.The results indicated that the control of the winding tension was significantly enhanced.

Numerical Investigation on Power Outputs of a Wind Turbine Sited over Continuous Hilly Terrain

The location of wind turbines on a continuous hilly terrain has an influence on its power outputs.A CFDbased approach is developed to investigate the complex aerodynamic interference between two wind turbines and the hilly terrain.In this approach,a new three-dimensional model of hilly terrain is established to analyze its viscous effect,and a wind shear is modelled through logarithmic function.They are coupled into the aerodynamics of wind turbine based on“FLUENT”software.Then we apply the proposed method to the NREL Phase VI wind turbines and compare with an experiment in the atmospheric boundary layer(ABL)wind tunnel to validate its accuracy.The simulation also investigates the power outputs of wind turbines on the flat ground and the continuous hilly terrain by changing the location of the wind turbine related to the hilly terrain and the shape of the 1st hill.The results show that the wind turbine located on the top of the 2nd hill has the maximum power;and that when the wind turbine is located on the downstream of the hill,the stall zone should be avoided,and the power of the wind turbine located on the side of the hill is higher than that of the wind turbine located on the front and rear of the hilly terrain.

Development of Optimal Maintenance Policies for Offshore Wind Turbine Gearboxes Based on the Non-homogeneous Continuous-Time Markov Process

Gearbox in offshore wind turbines is a component with the highest failure rates during operation. Analysis of gearbox repair policy that includes economic considerations is important for the effective operation of offshore wind farms. From their initial perfect working states, gearboxes degrade with time, which leads to decreased working efficiency. Thus, offshore wind turbine gearboxes can be considered to be multi-state systems with the various levels of productivity for different working states. To efficiently compute the time-dependent distribution of this multi-state system and analyze its reliability, application of the nonhomogeneous continuous-time Markov process(NHCTMP) is appropriate for this type of object. To determine the relationship between operation time and maintenance cost, many factors must be taken into account, including maintenance processes and vessel requirements. Finally, an optimal repair policy can be formulated based on this relationship.

Wind Power Potential in Interior Alaska from a Micrometeorological Perspective

The wind power potential in Interior Alaska is evaluated from a micrometeorological perspective. Based on the local balance equation of momentum and the equation of continuity we derive the local balance equation of kinetic energy for macroscopic and turbulent systems, and in a further step, Bernoulli’s equation and integral equations that customarily serve as the key equations in momentum theory and blade-element analysis, where the Lanchester-Betz-Joukowsky limit, Glauert’s optimum actuator disk, and the results of the blade-element analysis by Okulov and Sorensen are exemplarily illustrated. The wind power potential at three different sites in Interior Alaska (Delta Junction, Eva Creek, and Poker Flat) is assessed by considering the results of wind field predictions for the winter period from October 1, 2008, to April 1, 2009 provided by the Weather Research and Forecasting (WRF) model to avoid time-consuming and expensive tall-tower observations in Interior Alaska which is characterized by a relatively low degree of infrastructure outside of the city of Fairbanks. To predict the average power output we use the Weibull distributions derived from the predicted wind fields for these three different sites and the power curves of five different propeller-type wind turbines with rated powers ranging from 2 MW to 2.5 MW. These power curves are represented by general logistic functions. The predicted power capacity for the Eva Creek site is compared with that of the Eva Creek wind farm established in 2012. The results of our predictions for the winter period 2008/2009 are nearly 20 percent lower than those of the Eva Creek wind farm for the period from January to September 2013.

On the Maximum of Wind Power Efficiency

In our paper we demonstrate that the filtration equation used by Gorban’ et al. for determining the maximum efficiency of plane propellers of about 30 percent for free fluids plays no role in describing the flows in the atmospheric boundary layer (ABL) because the ABL is mainly governed by turbulent motions. We also demonstrate that the stream tube model customarily applied to derive the Rankine-Froude theorem must be corrected in the sense of Glauert to provide an appropriate value for the axial velocity at the rotor area. Including this correction leads to the Betz-Joukowsky limit, the maximum efficiency of 59.3 percent. Thus, Gorban’ et al.’s 30% value may be valid in water, but it has to be discarded for the atmosphere. We also show that Joukowsky’s constant circulation model leads to values of the maximum efficiency which are higher than the Betz-Jow-kowsky limit if the tip speed ratio is very low. Some of these values, however, have to be rejected for physical reasons. Based on Glauert’s optimum actuator disk, and the results of the blade-element analysis by Okulov and S&oslashrensen we also illustrate that the maximum efficiency of propeller-type wind turbines depends on tip-speed ratio and the number of blades.

基于分数低阶协方差的阵列式超声波测风方法

考虑到当前基于时差法的超声波测风方法是间歇式测量,并且在脉冲噪声背景下测风精度较差,提出一种基于分数低阶协方差的阵列式超声波连续测风方法。该方法采用由一个发射超声波换能器和4个接收换能器组成的超声波测风阵列结构,依托该阵列结构通过对其连续采样并进行分数低阶协方差运算处理以抑制脉冲冲击噪声的影响,然后结合多重信号分类算法即可实现风速风向的高精度连续测量。通过仿真对比实验和实际测量实验验证了所提方法的有效性及优越性,与其他超声波测风方法相比具有更强的噪声抑制能力及测风精度,在实测实验中风速和风向的测量误差分别为1.2%和2°,基本达到了超声波风速风向测量的精度要求。

风屏障透风率对强风作用下重载铁路刚构-连续梁车桥耦合振动响应的影响

为探究风屏障透风率对强风作用下重载铁路刚构-连续梁车桥耦合振动的影响,先通过节段模型风洞试验获取桥上设置0%,20%,40%,60%和无风屏障5种不同透风率风屏障时车桥系统的三分力系数,再根据弹性系统动力学总势能不变原理建立风-车-桥耦合振动仿真计算分析模型,对不同车速下重载货运列车通过设置不同透风率风屏障刚构-连续梁桥开展风-车-桥系统动力学仿真计算与分析研究。结果表明:在列车上桥初期,桥梁横向位移峰值随透风率的增大而明显减小,而当列车运行趋于满布桥梁时,桥梁的横向位移峰值随透风率的增大变化不明显;列车的动力响应峰值随风屏障透风率的增大而增大,相比于满载编组列车,空载和轻重混编编组列车的动力响应对风屏障透风率的变化更加敏感。综合桥梁动力响应和列车走行安全性评价指标(脱轨系数和轮重减载率),该桥梁应设置40%透风率的风屏障。

脉冲相干激光测风FFT和fCWT融合算法的研究

在脉冲相干激光雷达测风中,广泛使用的FFT算法运算简便快速,但测风的距离分辨率难以进一步提高,而连续小波变换(CWT)等时频分析方法具有时频精细分析能力,但计算实时性差,提出了一种结合FFT和快速连续小波变换(fCWT)优势的融合算法,算法继承了CWT精细分析能力,而运算速度显著加快。通过对融合算法以及CWT、FFT算法就雷达测风仿真数据及实测数据进行对比,融合算法及CWT和FFT算法绘制的风速曲线趋势一致,但具有更丰富细节,融合算法计算时间相比CWT算法减少了45%以上。此融合算法为提高脉冲相干激光测风雷达测风性能提供了一种新思路。

基于CWT和CNN-BiLSTM的散绕同步电机定子绕组短路故障检测方法

近年来,基于脉冲频率响应法(impulse frequency response analysis,IFRA)的神经网络模型已被证实能够有效检测定子绕组故障。然而,这些模型普遍具有鲁棒性不强、抗噪能力差等特点,究其原因是大多数的模型采用简单的神经网络架构且常规的IFRA普遍采用快速傅里叶变换(fast Fourier transform,FFT)对暂态信号进行时频变换,而FFT并不适合处理暂态突变的非平稳信号。文中以散绕结构的同步电机定子绕组为检测对象,采用连续小波变换(continual wavelet transform,CWT)代替FFT处理IFRA的暂态信号,并基于一维卷积神经网络(convolutional neural networks,CNN)和双向长短时记忆网络(bi-directional long short-term memory,BiLSTM)构建CNN-BiLSTM模型对采用CWT变换之后的信号进行故障检测。实验结果表明:采用CWT处理后的频域序列作为该模型的输入,相较于其它结构单一的模型,其平均准确率最优且高达99.01%。噪声对比实验表明:采用CWT变换后的数据能使故障诊断模型的鲁棒性及泛化性更强。

鞍钢单绕组螺旋电磁搅拌技术研发进展

介绍了鞍钢单绕组螺旋电磁搅拌技术的自主研发进展,通过对圆锭、扁锭、大方坯、大圆坯等多物理场耦合模拟计算,结合试验研究对该技术的效果进行验证。结果表明,单绕组螺旋电磁搅拌技术有助于促进金属液在三维方向的传质传热,降低液芯的温度梯度,促进金属液同时凝固,减轻铸坯的中心疏松、偏析,铸坯、铸锭C元素的统计偏析度可以降低30%以上。

大型连续式跨声速风洞轴流压缩机故障分析与预测

大型连续式跨声速风洞是开展飞行器外形精确模拟、气动弹性评估和机体/推进一体化设计技术研究的重要地面试验设备,具备运行范围宽、动态指标要求高、系统组成复杂和投资规模巨大等特点。轴流压缩机是连续式跨声速风洞的动力源,被称为风洞的“心脏”,对风洞性能指标实现、安全稳定运行具有决定性作用。风洞轴流压缩机与工业轴流压缩机、航空压气机相比有其相似性,也有其独特性。系统分析工业轴流压缩机中常见的故障类型、诊断预警方法、故障处理方案和健康监测等,对大型连续式跨声速风洞轴流压缩机设计制造和运行维护具有重要的借鉴意义。通过分析国内典型轴流压缩机故障处理案例,结合大型连续式跨声速风洞轴流压缩机关键技术研究,为大型连续式跨声速风洞轴流压缩机研制提供了参考建议。

考虑连续性和对称性约束的复合材料风力机叶片纤维铺角优化

在复合材料结构的设计过程中,应考虑为满足结构性能和生产工艺要求所必需的制造性约束,使之贴合工程实际。论文基于复合材料层合板理论和离散材料优化方法,将铺层参数优化转换为离散多相材料的纤维铺角分布优化问题,构建了以结构柔顺度最小为目标函数,备选材料人工密度为设计变量,连续性约束和设计变量和等于1为约束函数的复合材料层合板分区细观纤维铺角优化数学模型。以考虑连续性与对称性约束的层合板和某风力机叶片进行应用,结果表明,考虑连续性和对称性约束的优化铺层方案可提高结构的性能,有效避免结构的翘曲变形,减小基体开裂的概率,更符合生产制造要求。

双幅连续刚构桥施工阶段风荷载研究

为了研究双幅高墩连续刚构桥的风荷载特性,以陕西洛河大桥为工程背景,通过风洞测压试验,探讨了该连续刚构桥桥墩风压系数随施工阶段结构形式的变化规律,并基于计算流体动力学(CFD)数值模拟,研究了最大双悬臂状态上、下行双幅桥风致干扰效应随其间距的变化规律。结果表明:桥墩最大负压发生在最大悬臂施工阶段,对压力系数的影响明显;双幅桥之间的风致干扰效应随着间距的增大越来越弱。

基于OBE理念的“风沙物理学”课程教学改革与实践

文章基于“学生中心、产出导向、持续改进”的三大认证教育理念,结合风沙物理学课程特点,针对目前教学过程中存在的问题,从教学模式构建、课程内容优化、教学方法改进与教学效果考核评价等方面进行该课程的改革和实践,并对学生课程目标达成情况进行评价。结果表明,达成度评价可以明确显示具体课程目标的达成情况,为制订课程教学过程的持续改进措施提供依据。

频率连续跌落故障下风电系统调频控制策略

针对电网频率连续跌落故障场景下风电系统在一次调控制结束后可能存在的频率二次跌落问题,分析了直驱式风电系统的一次调频控制原理,提出了以前、后采样时刻频率变化率乘积和差值组合作为判据的直驱式风电系统一次调频控制策略。根据所建立的判据,通过综合考虑风机转速、频率偏差和频率收敛速度,对直驱式风电系统在不同频率响应阶段的下垂系数进行调整,以实现风电系统的主动频率支撑和柔性调频退出。基于Matlab/Simulink对直驱式风电系统进行了仿真研究,验证了所提控制策略的有效性。

基于VSG的永磁风力发电机高/低电压穿越研究

为解决永磁风力发电机在高/低电压穿越期间并网点电压和频率波动问题,提出采用虚拟同步发电机(VSG)控制网侧变流器,提高永磁风力发电系统惯性和阻尼,使其在电压穿越期间支撑并网点电压和频率的恢复。通过VSG的有功-频率调节作用,根据系统频率变化量,调节网侧变流器有功功率输出能力,在转动惯量和阻尼系数的作用下实现对频率波动的抑制;调节VSG的无功功率指令实现对虚拟电动势的调节,使其在电压穿越期间为电网提供动态无功支撑,对并网点电压进行调节。并有效抑制连续高/低电压穿越期间系统功率、频率持续性波动,提高系统在连续高/低电压穿越期间的并网稳定性。最后,通过系统仿真验证所提控制策略的有效性。

分离式路线段高墩桥梁施工用大跨度桁架通道设计与施工

对某分离式路线段高墩桥梁间的桁架通道进行受力分析,通过有限元软件进行模拟研究,计算在不同荷载组合作用下结构的极限受力状态是否满足强度、刚度要求,并通过荷载试验进行校核,为桁架通道结构安全评定建立指导依据。介绍施工工艺流程与注意要点,提出桁架通道一般性施工方法。

温度梯度对天平轴向力测量精度影响分析

应变天平作为风洞试验的测量元件,保证天平的测量精度是相关领域的研究重点。但在连续式风洞中,由于风洞运行时间长及马赫数连续变换,天平体的温度会出现分布不均匀的情况,产生温度梯度。这种温度梯度对天平轴向力测量精度的影响尤为明显。为探究在连续式风洞中温度梯度对天平轴向力应变输出的影响,根据实际工况,总结出3种温度加载情况,利用ANSYS Workbench对80A天平进行热-固耦合分析。研究结果表明:在不考虑后支杆热传导的情况下,温度梯度基点的温度越高,温度输入越快,天平体的温度分布越不均匀,温度梯度越大,轴向力应变输出越大;在考虑后支杆热传导的情况下,天平体的温度分布相对均匀,温度梯度较小,轴向力热应变输出较小。

一种高速SRG功率变换器及其CCM风电控制

提出一种无主开关管的新型开关磁阻发电机(SRG)功率变换器拓扑,在高速运行和连续导通模式(CCM)下分析其励磁和发电两阶段工作过程,并与通过开关角控制的经典不对称半桥功率变换器进行对比,发现两者的励磁和发电工作过程基本相同。进一步通过仿真和实验,获得新型功率变换器在高速CCM时的相电压、相电流等结果与理论分析相吻合,并获得转速、励磁电压、发电电压、功率四者的约束关系,从而优化输出功率时可采用调节励磁电压和发电电压的方式,相比于不对称半桥功率变换器,两者的发电输出能力相当。最后,以变速风电应用为例,给出控制策略,无需转子位置检测和风速检测,基速以上无桨距角调节,证实了所提新型功率变换器及其控制策略在高速CCM运行时的有效性。