Color coding is often used to enhance decision quality in complex man-machine interfaces of integrated display systems. However, people are easily distracted by irrelevant colors and by the numerous data points and co...Color coding is often used to enhance decision quality in complex man-machine interfaces of integrated display systems. However, people are easily distracted by irrelevant colors and by the numerous data points and complex structures in the interface. Although an increasing number of studies are seriously focusing on the problem of achieving efficient color coding, few are able to determine the effects of target and distractor saturations on cognitive performance. To study the performances of target colors among distractors, a systematic experiment is conducted to assess the influence of high and low saturated targets on cognitive performance, and the affecting extent of different saturated distractors of homogeneous colors on targets. According to the analysis of the reaction time through the non-parametric statistical method, a calculation method of the cognitive performance of each color is proposed. Based on the calculation of the color differences and the accumulation of the reaction times, it is shown that with the different saturated distractors of homogeneous colors, the high saturated yellow targets perform better than the low saturated ones, and the green and blue targets have moderate performances. When searching for a singleton target placed oll a black background, the color difference between the target and the distractor should be more than 20AE＊ab units in the yellow saturation coding, whereas the color difference should be more than 40△E＊ab units in the blue and green saturation coding. In addition, as regards saturation coding, the influence of the color difference between the target and the background on cognitive performance is greater than that of the color difference between the target and the distractor. Seemingly, the hue attribute determines whether the saturation difference between the target and the distractor affects thc cognitive performance. Based on the experimental results, the simulation design of the instrument dials in a flight situation awareness interface is completed and tested. Simulation results show the feasibility of the method of choosing the target and distractor colors, and the proposed research provides the instruction for the color saturation design of the interface.展开更多
Background: Fracture of distal radius with involvement of the ulnar styloid process is a common clinical problem. It can be treated conservatively, usually involving wrist immobilization in plaster cast or surgically....Background: Fracture of distal radius with involvement of the ulnar styloid process is a common clinical problem. It can be treated conservatively, usually involving wrist immobilization in plaster cast or surgically. A key method of surgical fixation is external fixation by distractor. Distractor can be applied either only on the radial side or on both ulnar and radial sides. Materials and Methods: A prospective randomized and comparative study of 1 year duration was conducted on 32 patients admitted in the Department of Orthopaedics of BSMC & H in the age group of 20 to 75 years old with AO types B and C distal radius fracture along with involvement of the ulnar styloid process. The parameters studied were restoration of radial length, restoration of radial angle, intracarpal step-off and palmar tilt which were statistically evaluated and Fisher’s exact test was performed. The two tailed P-value was calculated and both the groups were statistically compared. Results: In our study, 37.5% patients in Group A and 81.25% in Group B had a radial difference Table 1, Chart 1). 43.75% patients in Group A and 87.5% in Group B had radial angle Table 2, Chart 2). 31.25% in Group A and 75% had intra carpal step off Table 3, Chart 3). 62.5% had an abnormal palmar tilt in Group A while only 6.25% had an abnormal palmar tilt in Group B which is extremely statistically significant. On an average, 2 mm of distraction was required in 75% patients of Group A while only 30% patients in Group B required distraction (Table 4, Chart 4). Conclusion: In our study, the radial difference, radial angle, intra carpal step off and palmar tilt returned significantly to normal in the patients treated with distractor on radial side only when compared with distractor application on both radial and ulnar sides for distal radius fracture with ulnar styloid process involvement. Also post-operative distraction required under image intensifier was higher in the group treated with distractor on either side than those with distractor only on radial side.展开更多
基金Supported by National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant Nos.71071032,71271053)
文摘Color coding is often used to enhance decision quality in complex man-machine interfaces of integrated display systems. However, people are easily distracted by irrelevant colors and by the numerous data points and complex structures in the interface. Although an increasing number of studies are seriously focusing on the problem of achieving efficient color coding, few are able to determine the effects of target and distractor saturations on cognitive performance. To study the performances of target colors among distractors, a systematic experiment is conducted to assess the influence of high and low saturated targets on cognitive performance, and the affecting extent of different saturated distractors of homogeneous colors on targets. According to the analysis of the reaction time through the non-parametric statistical method, a calculation method of the cognitive performance of each color is proposed. Based on the calculation of the color differences and the accumulation of the reaction times, it is shown that with the different saturated distractors of homogeneous colors, the high saturated yellow targets perform better than the low saturated ones, and the green and blue targets have moderate performances. When searching for a singleton target placed oll a black background, the color difference between the target and the distractor should be more than 20AE＊ab units in the yellow saturation coding, whereas the color difference should be more than 40△E＊ab units in the blue and green saturation coding. In addition, as regards saturation coding, the influence of the color difference between the target and the background on cognitive performance is greater than that of the color difference between the target and the distractor. Seemingly, the hue attribute determines whether the saturation difference between the target and the distractor affects thc cognitive performance. Based on the experimental results, the simulation design of the instrument dials in a flight situation awareness interface is completed and tested. Simulation results show the feasibility of the method of choosing the target and distractor colors, and the proposed research provides the instruction for the color saturation design of the interface.
文摘Background: Fracture of distal radius with involvement of the ulnar styloid process is a common clinical problem. It can be treated conservatively, usually involving wrist immobilization in plaster cast or surgically. A key method of surgical fixation is external fixation by distractor. Distractor can be applied either only on the radial side or on both ulnar and radial sides. Materials and Methods: A prospective randomized and comparative study of 1 year duration was conducted on 32 patients admitted in the Department of Orthopaedics of BSMC & H in the age group of 20 to 75 years old with AO types B and C distal radius fracture along with involvement of the ulnar styloid process. The parameters studied were restoration of radial length, restoration of radial angle, intracarpal step-off and palmar tilt which were statistically evaluated and Fisher’s exact test was performed. The two tailed P-value was calculated and both the groups were statistically compared. Results: In our study, 37.5% patients in Group A and 81.25% in Group B had a radial difference Table 1, Chart 1). 43.75% patients in Group A and 87.5% in Group B had radial angle Table 2, Chart 2). 31.25% in Group A and 75% had intra carpal step off Table 3, Chart 3). 62.5% had an abnormal palmar tilt in Group A while only 6.25% had an abnormal palmar tilt in Group B which is extremely statistically significant. On an average, 2 mm of distraction was required in 75% patients of Group A while only 30% patients in Group B required distraction (Table 4, Chart 4). Conclusion: In our study, the radial difference, radial angle, intra carpal step off and palmar tilt returned significantly to normal in the patients treated with distractor on radial side only when compared with distractor application on both radial and ulnar sides for distal radius fracture with ulnar styloid process involvement. Also post-operative distraction required under image intensifier was higher in the group treated with distractor on either side than those with distractor only on radial side.
