Corrosion characteristics of single-phase Mg-3Zn alloy thin film for biodegradable electronics

Biodegradable metals as electrodes, interconnectors, and device conductors are essential components in the emergence of transient electronics, either for passive implants or active electronic devices, especially in the fields of biomedical electronics. Magnesium and its alloys are strong candidates for biodegradable and implantable conducting materials because of their high conductivity and biocompatibility, in addition to their well-understood dissolution behavior. One critical drawback of Mg and its alloys is their considerably high dissolution rates originating from their low anodic potential, which disturbs the compatibility to biomedical applications. Herein, we introduce a single-phase thin film of a Mg-Zn binary alloy formed by sputtering, which enhances the corrosion resistance of the device electrode, and verify its applicability in biodegradable electronics. The formation of a homogeneous solid solution of single-phase Mg-3Zn was confirmed through X-ray diffraction and transmission electron microscopy. In addition, the dissolution behavior and chemistry was also investigated in various biological fluids by considering the effect of different ion species. Micro-tensile tests showed that the Mg-3Zn alloy electrode exhibited an enhanced yield strain and elongation in relation to a pure Mg electrode. Cell viability test revealed the high biocompatibility rate of the Mg-3Zn binary alloy thin film. Finally, the fabrication of a wireless heater demonstrated the integrability of biodegradable electrodes and highlighted the ability to prolong the lifecycle of thermotherapy-relevant electronics by enhancing the dissolution resistance of the Mg alloy.

Influence of Phase Behavior and Miscibility on Mechanical, Thermal and Micro-Structure of Soluble Starch-Gelatin Thermoplastic Biodegradable Blend Films

Polymer blends of cold water soluble starches (amylose or amylopectin soluble starch) with gelatin were prepared using solvent casting method. The solid state miscibility and polymer-polymer interactions between the constituent polymers were studied by fourier transforms infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), X-ray diffraction (XRD), differential scanning calorirmetry (DSC), light optical microscopy (OP) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM), whereas the thermal stability of the blends was studied by thermogravimetric analysis (TGA). Furthermore, tensile and water vapor barrier properties of the blends were assessed. The obtained results exhibited that gelatin was more miscible with amylose soluble starch than with amylopectin soluble starch. Moreover, enhancing mechanical and water barrier properties of amylose soluble starch/gelatin blends were more pronounced than those of amylopectin soluble starch/gelatin blends. Generally, tensile strength (TS) and Elongation percentage (E) of the blend films were found to be gradually increased with increasing the proportion of gelatin. Nevertheless, increasing starch proportion was in favor of decreasing water vapor permeability (WVP). At equal proportions of starch and gelatin (1:1), TS was raised up to 8.69 MPa for amylose soluble starch/gelatin blend films while it raised up to 4.96 MPa for amylopectin soluble starch/gelatin blend films, and so on E was increased to its maximum by ~179.6% for soluble amylose starch/gelatin blends while it was increased to ~114.5% for amylopectin soluble starch/gelatin blends. On the other hand, WVP was significantly decreased to be 6.46 and 12.09 g·mm/m2·day·kPa for blends of amylose and amylopectin soluble?starches, respectively.

Biodegradable starch/poly(vinyl alcohol) film reinforced with titanium dioxide nanoparticles

Biodegradable starch/poly （vinyl alcohol）/nano-titanium dioxide （ST/PVA/nano-Ti02） nanocomposite films were prepared via a solution casting method. Their biodegradability, mechanical properties, and thermal properties were also studied in this paper. A general full factorial experimental approach was used to determine effective parameters on the mechanical properties of the prepared films. ST/PVA/TiO2 nanocomposites were characterized by scanning electron microscopy （SEM） and X-ray diffraction （XRD）. The results of mechanical analysis show that ST/PVA films with higher contents of PVA have much better mechanical properties. In thermal analysis, it is found that the addition of Ti02 nanoparticles improves the thermal stability of the films. SEM micrographs, taken from the fracture surface of samples, illustrate that the addition of PVA makes the film softer and more flexible. The results of soil burial biodegradation indicate that the biodegradability of ST/PVA/TiO2 films strongly depends on the starch proportion in the film matrix. The degradation rate is increased by the addition of starch in the films.

Development Situation and Prospect Analysis of Biodegradable Film Industry

Application and promotion of biodegradable plastic film in modern agricultural production construction have become trend and direction of agricultural development.As important production material,biodegradable plastic film not only effectively changes agricultural production mode but also effectively decreases environmental pollution.Accompanied by degradation of new material,upgrading of optimizing process,and infiltration and blending of science and technology in new plastics industry,new biodegradable plastic films have been developed and popularized effectively and rapidly.In this paper,starting from development situation and prospect of degradable plastic film in China,natural-based biodegradable plastics,petroleum-based biodegradable plastics and biological-based biodegradable plastics are introduced in detail from basic material of plastics.The advantages and disadvantages of additive biodegradable film and fully biodegradable film are scientifically analyzed,and seasonal and periodic characteristics of biodegradable plastic film industry are elaborated.Moreover,disadvantages of biodegradable plastic film industry development are explored from technical barrier,brand and channel barriers,and talent barrier.Finally,development trend of biodegradable plastic film industry in China is predicted and analyzed scientifically.The research could provide guidance for the development of biodegradable plastic film industry in China ,research of biodegradable plastic film technology,and demonstration and extension of biodegradable plastic film application.

BIODEGRADATION OF REGENERATED CELLULOSE FILMS BY FUNGI

The biodegradability of Aspergillus niger (A. niger), Mucor (M-305) and Trichoderma (T-311) strains on regenerated cellulose films in media was investigated. The results showed that T-311 strain isolated from soil adhered on the cellulose film fragments has stronger degradation effect on the cellulose film than A. niger strain. The weights, molecular weights and tensile strengths of the cellulose films in both shake culture and solid media decreased with incubation time, accompanied by producing CO2 and saccharides. HPLC, IR and released CO2 analysis indicated that the biodegradation products of the regenerated cellulose films mainly contain oligosaccharides, cellobiose, glucose, arabinose, erythrose, glycerose, glycerol, ethanal, formaldehyde and organic acid, the end products were CO2 and water. After a month, the films were completely decomposed by fungi in the media at 30 degrees C.

Double-layer indium doped zinc oxide for silicon thin-film solar cell prepared by ultrasonic spray pyrolysis

Indium doped zinc oxide （ZnO：In） thin films were prepared by ultrasonic spray pyrolysis on corning eagle 2000 glass substrate. 1 and 2 at.% indium doped single-layer ZnO：In thin films with different amounts of acetic acid added in the initial solution were fabricated. The 1 at.% indium doped single-layers have triangle grains. The 2 at.% indium doped single-layer with 0.18 acetic acid adding has the resistivity of 6.82 × 10^-3 Ω. cm and particle grains. The doublelayers structure is designed to fabricate the ZnO：In thin film with low resistivity （2.58 × 10^-3 Ω. cm） and good surface morphology. It is found that the surface morphology of the double-layer ZnO：In film strongly depends on the substratelayer, and the second-layer plays a large part in the resistivity of the doublewlayer ZnO：In thin film. Both total and direct transmittances of the double-layer ZnO：In film are above 80% in the visible light region. Single junction a-Si：H solar cell based on the double-layer ZnO：In as front electrode is also investigated.

Biodegradable Poly(butylene adipate-co-terephthalate)/Poly(glycolic acid) Films: Effect of Poly(glycolic acid) Crystal on Mechanical and Barrier Properties

Binary biodegradable polymers films, poly(butylene adipate-co-terephthalate)(PBAT) and poly(glycolic acid)(PGA), were prepared through batch melt mixing to obtain Film Ⅰ and Film Ⅱ under two different processing conditions. PGA crystals played a major role in enhancing the mechanical and barrier properties of the films. For Film Ⅰ, there were initial PGA crystals before the film blowing process, the PGA molecular chain further crystallized, forming the oriented crystallization of PGA. Moreover, the Xcand crystalline size in Film Ⅰ were higher than those in Film Ⅱ. Compared with the different processing methods, Film Ⅰ has excellent mechanical and oxygen barrier properties due to the crystallization and orientation. The tensile strength reached 45.0 MPa, and tear strength exceeded 138.2 kN/m, while the elongation at break was as high as 750% for PBAT/PGA 85/15 in Film Ⅰ. The WVTR, WVP coefficients, and OP coefficients of PBAT/PGA films were decreased obviously with increasing the PGA content both in Film Ⅰ and Film Ⅱ. Moreover, the barrier properties of oxygen in Film Ⅰ were better than that in Film Ⅱ. This work reveals a feasible processing technique by introducing of initial crystallization of PGA to blow PBAT/PGA films with excellent mechanical and barrier properties.

STUDIES ON TUNG OIL COATED REGENERATED CELLULOSE FILMS WITH WATERRESISTANCE

Regenerated cellulose films with water-resistance were obtained by an improved method ofpreparing cellulose cuoxam solution from pulps of agricultural wastes (linters, wheat straw, reedand Bamao). Experimental results showed that the mechanical properties of both the dry. and wetfilms were excellent. Data from IR, SEM and tensile strength measurements implied that thesignificant improvement of water-resistance of the films was due to the cohesion between the thinTung oil covers with hydrophobicity and the regenerated cellulose films. The films werecompletely biodegraded after being buried in soil for 100 days. The transmittance of the filmsderived from linter and reed in visible band range were 80-90%.

垄沟集雨覆盖种植对红豆草根系特征和产量的影响

【目的】为选择集雨垄的环境友好型覆盖材料,提高中国西北半干旱地区的降雨利用效率。【方法】通过随机区组大田试验,以传统平作为对照,研究3种材料(土壤结皮、生物可降解地膜和普通地膜)覆盖垄的垄沟集雨种植对土壤水热条件、红豆草根系特征、根瘤特征、干草产量和水分利用效率的影响。【结果】垄沟集雨种植显著改善土壤水热状况,增加红豆草根系和根瘤特征值。土壤结皮覆盖垄沟集雨种植显著提高红豆草水分利用效率,但降低红豆草干草产量;生物降解地膜和普通地膜覆盖垄沟集雨种植显著提高红豆草的干草产量和水分利用效率。与传统平作相比,土壤结皮、生物降解地膜和普通地膜覆盖垄沟集雨种植的土壤贮水量分别提高10.64、9.36和2.09 mm,垄上表层土壤温度分别增加2.0、3.4和4.2℃,红豆草根干重分别提高27%、72%和87%,有效根瘤数分别增加2.1、9.1和12.4个,水分利用效率分别提高11.9、23.3和30.0 kg/(hm^(2)·mm)。土壤结皮覆盖垄沟集雨种植的红豆草干草产量比传统平作降低13%,生物降解地膜和普通地膜覆盖垄沟集雨种植的红豆草干草产量比传统平作分别提高11%和23%。由于普通地膜残留极易导致土壤结构恶化和环境污染,不利于农业生产可持续性。【结论】在我国半干旱地区,生物可降解地膜覆盖垄沟集雨种植可作为一种高效、可持续的农业节水生产技术。

全生物降解地膜对湖南不同地区果蔬生长的影响

针对塑料地膜使用造成土壤环境污染的问题,研究以白色/黑色全生物降解地膜和普通塑料地膜为参试材料,在湖南省长沙市、沅江市、汉寿县等地区开展了西瓜、莴苣、秋葵等作物的覆膜试验,探究全生物降解地膜对不同作物的生长、品质、产量及土壤性质等指标的影响,观察全生物降解地膜的降解情况。结果发现,两种全生物降解地膜对湖南各地区果蔬生产均起到提质增效的作用。沅江地区黑色降解地膜覆盖栽培西瓜,西瓜单瓜重增加25.8%,叶片数增加45.5%,显著高于未覆膜处理;覆盖白色降解地膜的秋葵叶片长度比对照高42.1%,叶片宽度比对照高55.9%,叶片数增加43.2%,产量增加55.5%。普通塑料地膜在作物收获后未能降解,白色和黑色全生物降解地膜的降解率分别为80.3%~90.7%和63.0%~80.3%。综合不同地区的试验结果,认为两种降解地膜均可作为普通塑料地膜的潜在替代品,具有较大的推广前景。

含紫薯花青素的槟榔芋淀粉薄膜性能及其应用

开发含紫薯花青素(PSPA)并可生物降解的槟榔芋淀粉薄膜(TSF),并研究其光学性能、厚度、含水率、水溶性、颜色、总酚含量、抗氧化活性、红外光谱和微观结构等性能,初步探讨TSF对鲜切莴笋、鱼肉和猪肉储存过程中新鲜度的指示作用。研究表明TSF的紫外-可见光谱和PSPA溶液的光谱变化规律是一致的,表明PSPA与槟榔芋淀粉具有良好的成膜机制。TSF厚度适中,含水率为39.17%,水溶性为36.93%;TSF的DPPH清除率达到94%,表明TSF的抗氧化活性高。将TSF应用于鲜切莴笋、鱼肉和猪肉的新鲜度监测,TSF先呈现淡紫色,随着时间推移,鲜切莴笋、鱼肉和猪肉逐渐腐败变质,48 h后,TSF在莴笋中呈现蓝紫色、猪肉中呈现浅绿色、鱼肉中呈现淡黄色。

壳聚糖生物降解薄膜在食品保鲜包装中的应用进展

壳聚糖是天然高分子材料,其来源广,可再生,生物降解性和生物相容性良好,同时也具有优良的成膜性能、抗菌性能和抗氧化性能,在食品保鲜包装领域展现出巨大的应用前景。本文综述了壳聚糖生物降解薄膜的制备方法、改性方法和其在食品保鲜包装中的应用进展,并对壳聚糖生物降解薄膜的未来发展方向进行了展望。今后对壳聚糖食品包装材料的研究,应侧重于降低材料成本,提升材料的安全性;还应加强对新型壳聚糖复合材料的研究,以拓展其应用范围;此外,还应深入研究壳聚糖的保鲜机理和作用方式,从而提升其保鲜效果和适用性。

可降解地膜分类与研发应用现状

地膜可有效保温保墒、抑草防病防虫,地膜覆盖栽培能实现作物增产增收及耕地的高值利用,但普通聚乙烯(PE)地膜难降解、难回收,容易造成“白色污染”,危害土壤生态环境。生物降解地膜已成为可持续发展高效农业中普通PE地膜的替代品,其生产与应用的增长趋势显著。本文简述了降解塑料的定义、分类及发展历史,介绍了降解地膜研发应用现状,综述了我国生物降解地膜的研究与应用情况,并结合生物降解地膜的应用优势,分析了推广应用的理论依据,提出了相关建议。

全生物降解地膜覆盖对烟草生长及土壤理化性质的影响

以烟草品种CS80为材料,选用4种全生物降解地膜(T1、T2、T3、T4),以聚乙烯(PE)地膜作对照(CK),2022年3月8日覆膜,25日移栽烟苗,用相机定点拍照,记录地膜的降解特性,GPS温度记录仪连续测定10 cm土层温度;于烟苗移栽后45 d测定烟草的株高、茎围、最大叶叶长、最大叶叶宽、节距和叶片数,分别于移栽后45 d和105 d测定土壤的pH,有机质、总氮、总磷、总钾和有效磷含量,脲酶、蔗糖酶和β-葡萄糖苷酶活性,分析全生物降解地膜的降解特点及地膜覆盖对烟草生长和土壤理化性质的影响。结果表明:T1于覆膜后第70天开始降解,降解最快,T3于覆膜后第85天才开始降解,降解最慢;覆膜结束后,4种全生物降解地膜降解等级均达到5级以上,增温、保墒效果均与PE地膜相近;与CK相比,移栽后第45天,T2、T3和T4覆盖能够提高烟株的株高、最大叶叶长和最大叶叶面积;T2的产量较CK增加0.8%,T1、T3和T4处理的产量分别较CK减少41.6%、25.5%和5.9%;T1和T4覆盖的产值较CK增加8.7%和6.6%,T1和T3覆盖较CK减少37.6%和17.6%;覆盖T2和T3降低了土壤的有机质、总氮、有效磷含量以及土壤脲酶和β-葡萄糖苷酶活性,提高了总钾含量及蔗糖酶活性。综上,T2覆盖的烟株的农艺性状、产量和产值均优于其他处理,具有替代PE膜的潜力。

生物降解渗水地膜覆盖对旱作燕麦土壤酶活性及产量的影响

为探讨生物降解渗水地膜覆盖对黄土高原旱作区穴播燕麦土壤酶活性及产量的影响,于2021年开展了普通地膜、渗水地膜、生物降解渗水地膜3种类型地膜覆盖穴播燕麦研究,以不覆膜为对照(CK),分析不同类型地膜覆盖对旱作燕麦田间水热效应、土壤酶活性及产量的影响。结果表明,与CK相比,覆膜处理苗期地表土壤温度提高了0.04~4.98℃,显著(P<0.05)提高了0~40 cm土层土壤含水量;生物降解渗水地膜显著提高苗期土壤过氧化氢酶、脲酶活性以及成熟期蔗糖酶、脲酶活性,增幅11.03%~39.37%;在抽穗期,上述三种酶活性均达最大,生物降解渗水地膜覆盖处理0~20 cm土层土壤过氧化氢酶和蔗糖酶活性显著提高(增幅分别为0.82%和55.88%)。与CK相比,覆膜处理显著增加了燕麦籽粒产量和生物产量,总体表现为渗水地膜>普通地膜>生物降解渗水地膜>不覆膜,生物降解渗水地膜与普通地膜间无显著差异;生物降解渗水地膜较普通地膜覆盖节约成本1800元·hm^(-2)。综合考虑生态效益和经济效益,推荐在黄土高原旱作区应用生物降解渗水地膜穴播燕麦技术。

降解膜对高粱根际土壤微生物群落结构的影响

[目的]本研究旨在明确降解膜对农田土壤微生物群落结构特征的影响。[方法]设置4个月降解(4J)、6个月降解(6J)、普通黑膜(PT)3种不同降解膜,以不覆膜为对照(CK),利用高通量测序技术分析土壤细菌群落结构变化,探讨降解膜覆盖农田土壤中微生物群落的变化及其对微生物生态环境效应的影响。[结果]与不覆膜处理相比,覆膜后土壤中的全氮(PT处理除外)、速效磷、速效钾以及有机质含量均得到了提升。α-蛋白细菌(Alphaproteobacteria)、放线菌(Actinobacteria)、酸杆菌Gp1(Acidobacteria_Gp1)和伽马杆菌(Gammmaproteobacteria)为双季高粱根际土壤中共同优势细菌类群。主季覆膜处理下土壤中放线菌和酸杆菌Gp1和酸杆菌Gp2(Acidobacteria_Gp2)的相对丰度均高于不覆膜的土壤;再生季覆膜处理下土壤Deltaproteobacteria相对丰度均显著高于不覆膜的土壤,且土壤细菌群落OTU(OperationalTaxonomicUnit)数大于2000,具有更高的微生物多样性。通过KEGG代谢途径分析,再生季覆膜处理下土壤中碳水化合物代谢(Carbohydrate metabolism)、氨基酸代谢(Amino acid metabolism)、辅因子和维生素代谢(Me-tabolism of cofactors and vitamins)和萜类化合物和聚酮类化合物代谢(Metabolism of terpenoids and polyketides)高于主季覆膜处理,其中以6J处理较佳。[结论]综上,6个月的降解膜(6J处理)可以有效提升土壤理化性质,改善土壤根际细菌群落生物降解,增加微生物多样性和丰富度。

可降解液态膜在葡萄越冬应用中的安全性调查

在葡萄埋土防寒区,采用可降解液态膜喷施葡萄园土壤及葡萄枝条的方式代替传统埋土防寒。在保障葡萄植株安全越冬以及预防倒春寒的同时,通过检测葡萄果实、枝条及土壤中的污染物残留,探究可降解液态膜对葡萄植株及土壤的污染情况。结果表明,可降解液态膜在越冬前喷施在土壤和植株上,可在180 d内自然降解;对重金属含量的检测显示,连续5年冬季使用及春季短期使用可降解液态膜的土壤中,砷、铬、镉、铅和镍的含量均低于国家标准,且短期内可降解液态膜的使用显著降低了土壤中的铬、铅和镍的含量;连续5年冬季使用可降解液态膜地块种植的葡萄果实中未检出镉、铅,春季使用可降解液态膜的葡萄枝条中镉、铅的含量与对照无明显差别;可降解液态膜的使用同样无苯并[α]芘污染风险。以上结果表明,田间正常使用可降解液态膜不具有砷、铬、镉、铅、镍和苯并[α]芘污染的风险。

聚乙烯醇/蓝藻复合膜的制备及其结构与力学性能

针对太湖水华蓝藻(CB)资源化利用的问题,以生物可降解的聚乙烯醇(PVAL)为基体材料,CB粉末为填料,采用溶液混合、干燥成膜的方式,简便地制备了生物可降解的PVAL/CB复合膜。采用流变、扫描电子显微镜、力学性能测试等表征手段,研究了CB添加量对PVAL/CB水分散液的流变行为和失水动力学、PVAL/CB复合膜的形貌和力学性能的影响规律;以甘油(GL)为增塑剂,研究了GL对不同CB含量的PVAL/CB复合膜微观形貌和力学性能的影响规律。研究表明,CB添加量增加,会使PVAL/CB水分散液黏度略有升高,但对分散液成膜过程中的失水速率影响不大。对于PVAL/CB复合膜而言,CB添加质量分数为10%时,复合膜具有较为优异的综合力学性能,其拉伸强度和断裂伸长率可达(46.4±1.3) MPa和(112.1±8.8)%,但由于CB和PVAL基体界面结合牢度不足,添加过多的CB会引起复合膜脆性断裂,力学性能下降。对于PVAL/CB/GL复合膜而言,GL不仅能起到增塑作用,还能改善CB与PVAL基体间的相容性,提升界面结合牢度,从而提升PVAL/CB/GL复合膜的综合力学性能。高CB含量的PVAL/CB/GL复合膜未出现脆性断裂,30%CB含量的复合膜的拉伸强度和断裂伸长率仍可达(21.5±0.6) MPa和(261.2±13.6)%。PVAL/CB复合膜具有一定的生物可降解性,随CB含量增加,降解速率变快。