Dual-negative-objective Coordinated Control of Brushless Doubly Fed Induction Generator under Unbalanced Grid Voltage

This article proposes a dual-negative-objective coordinated control strategy for brushless doubly fed induction generator(BDFIG)based wind power generation system under unbalanced grid voltage.To alleviate the mechanical stress and impaction on rotating shaft,the negative control objective(NCO)of machine side converter(MSC)is set to suppress the ripple of electromagnetic torque.While the NCO of grid side converter(GSC)is selected to suppress the oscillation of total output active power or the unbalanced degree of total output current for BDFIG generation system.In comparison with traditional single converter control scheme of the MSC or GSC,dual NCOs can be satisfied at the same time due to the enlarged freedom degree in the proposed improved coordinated control system for back-toback converters.The effectiveness of proposed control strategy is validated by simulation and experimental results on a dual-cagerotor BDFIG(DCR-BDFIG)prototype.

An analytic electromagnetic calculation method for performance evolution of doubly fed induction generators for wind turbines

An analytic electromagnetic calculation method for doubly fed induction generator(DFIG) in wind turbine system was presented. Based on the operation principles, steady state equivalent circuit and basic equations of DFIG, the modeling for electromagnetic calculation of DFIG was proposed. The electromagnetic calculation of DFIG was divided into three steps: the magnetic flux calculation, parameters derivation and performance checks. For each step, the detailed numeric calculation formulas were all derived. Combining the calculation formulas, the whole electromagnetic calculation procedure was established, which consisted of three iterative calculation loops, including magnetic saturation coefficient, electromotive force and total output power. All of the electromagnetic and performance data of DIFG can be calculated conveniently by the established calculation procedure, which can be used to evaluate the new designed machine. A 1.5 MW DFIG designed by the proposed procedure was built, for which the whole type tests including no-load test, load test and temperature rising test were carried out. The test results have shown that the DFIG satisfies technical requirements and the test data fit well with the calculation results which prove the correctness of the presented calculation method.

Effects of Wind Turbines Equipped with Doubly-fed Induction Generators on Distance Protection

Nowadays wind energy is the fastest growing renewable energy resource in the world.The problems of integrating wind farms are caused by changes of wind speed during a day.Moreover,the behaviors of wind turbines equipped with doubly-fed induction generators differ fundamentally from synchronous generators.Therefore,more considerations are needed to analyze the performances of the distance protection relays.The protection of a wind farm with distance relay is inspected.By changing the conditions of the wind farm,the characteristics of the distance relay are studied.

A Gain Scheduled Method for Speed Control of Wind Driven Doubly Fed Induction Generator

This paper proposes a gain scheduled control method for a doubly fed induction generator driven by a wind turbine. The purpose is to design a variable speed control system so as to extract the maximum power in the region below the rated wind speed. Gain scheduled control approach is applied in order to achieve high performance over a wide range of wind speed. A double loop configuration is adopted. In the inner loop, the rotor speed is used as the scheduling parameter, while a function of wind and rotor speed is used as the scheduling parameter in the outer loop. It is verified in simulations that a high tracking performance has been achieved.

A Novel Grid Synchronization Control of Doubly-fed Induction Generator

The dynamic performance of doubly-fed induction generator(DFIG) before and after connection is analyzed based on corresponding mathematical models and transfer functions in decoupled vector control.The parameter tuning methods of rotor current regulator before and after connection are given.To reach same dynamic performance the parameters should take different values and be switched before and after connection.However on one hand the closing moment of stator contactor is difficult to get as the feedback signal is usually twenty millisecond delay or so.The delay in parameter switching will affect rotor current and torque dynamics during the delayed period after connection. On the other hand parameter switching is troublesome.Hence a synchronization control strategy without parameter switching is proposed and analyzed in detail,which has linear rising exciting current to avoid current overshooting. The dynamic performance of the proposed strategy is analyzed in frequency domain and implemented on a DFIG experimental platform subsequently.The proposed synchronization strategy is validated by experimental results.

A novel transient rotor current control scheme of a doubly-fed induction generator equipped with superconducting magnetic energy storage for voltage and frequency support

A novel transient rotor current control scheme is proposed in this paper for a doubly-fed induction generator（DFIG）equipped with a superconducting magnetic energy storage（SMES） device to enhance its transient voltage and frequency support capacity during grid faults. The SMES connected to the DC-link capacitor of the DFIG is controlled to regulate the transient dc-link voltage so that the whole capacity of the grid side converter（GSC） is dedicated to injecting reactive power to the grid for the transient voltage support. However, the rotor-side converter（RSC） has different control tasks for different periods of the grid fault. Firstly, for Period I, the RSC injects the demagnetizing current to ensure the controllability of the rotor voltage. Then, since the dc stator flux degenerates rapidly in Period II, the required demagnetizing current is low in Period II and the RSC uses the spare capacity to additionally generate the reactive（priority） and active current so that the transient voltage capability is corroborated and the DFIG also positively responds to the system frequency dynamic at the earliest time. Finally, a small amount of demagnetizing current is provided after the fault clearance. Most of the RSC capacity is used to inject the active current to further support the frequency recovery of the system. Simulations are carried out on a simple power system with a wind farm. Comparisons with other commonly used control methods are performed to validate the proposed control method.

Control of Doubly Fed Induction Generator under Unbalanced Voltages for Reduction of Torque Pulsation

The unbalanced voltages cause negative effects on the doubly fed induction generator （DFIG） sucn as torque pulsation,and increased stator current. Based on the symmetrical component theory, the torque pulsation is the consequence of the interaction of stator and rotor currents of different sequences. This paper presents a control technique to reduce the effect of unbalanced voltages on the DFIG in wind energy conversion systems. The negative sequence stator voltage is derived from the unbalanced three phase stator voltages. The compensated rotor voltage in terms of the derived negative sequence stator voltage and slip which minimizes the negative stator and rotor currents is proposed. The results from the simulation of control system with steady state model and dynamic model of the DFIG show that additional control loop with compensated voltage can significantly reduce torque and reactive power pulsations.

Reactive Current Allocation and Control Strategies Improvement of Low Voltage Ride Though for Doubly Fed Induction Wind Turbine Generation System

为满足风电机组低电压穿越（low voltage ride through,LVRT）的测试要求及其电气模型一致性评估需要,提出考虑向电网注入无功电流的双馈风电机组LVRT的控制策略。在阐述风电机组LVRT测试要求及控制原理的基础上,推导双馈发电机（doubly fed induction generator,DFIG）定子侧及网侧变流器输出无功电流极限表达式,研究电网电压跌落深度和发电机总输出有功功率对其无功电流极限值的影响规律,进而提出DFIG在LVRT期间的无功电流分配算法和改进的有功、无功功率控制策略。最后,以某实际2 MW双馈风电机组为例,分别对风速为5和12 m/s、电网电压对称跌落至20%和50%工况下的LVRT运行性能进行仿真比较和样机测试。与传统LVRT控制方法的对比表明,所提改进控制策略能更好地满足风电机组LVRT的测试要求。样机测试结果进一步证明了改进控制策略和仿真模型的有效性。

Dynamic Couplingand Cooperative Control for Multi-paralleled Doubly Fed Induction Generator Wind Farms during Symmetrical Low Voltage Ride-through in a Weak Grid

In multi-fed grid-connected systems,there are complex dynamic interactions between different pieces of equipment.Particularly in situations of weak-grid faults,the dynamic coupling between equipment becomes more pronounced.This may cause the system to experience small-signal instability during the fault steady-state.In this paper,multi-paralleled doubly fed induction generator(DFIG)-based wind farms(WFs)are taken as an example to study the dynamic coupling within a multi-fed system during fault steady-state of symmetrical low voltage ride-through(LVRT)in a weak grid.The analysis reveals that the dynamic coupling between WFs will introduce a damping shift to each WF.This inevitably affects the system’s dynamic stability and brings the risk of small-signal instability during fault steady-state in LVRT scenarios.Increasing the distance to fault location and fault severity will exacerbate the dynamic coupling between WFs.Because of the dynamic coupling,adjusting the control state of one WF will affect the stability of the remaining WFs in the system.Hence,a cooperative control strategy for multi-paralleled DFIG WFs is proposed to improve dynamic stability during LVRT.The analysis and the effectiveness of the proposed control strategy are verified by modal analysis and simu-lation.

Research on multi-time scale doubly-fed wind turbine test system based on FPGA+CPU heterogeneous calculation

As the proportion of renewable energy increases, the interaction between renewable energy devices and the grid continues to enhance. Therefore, the renewable energy dynamic test in a power system has become more and more important. Traditional dynamic simulation systems and digital-analog hybrid simulation systems are difficult to compromise on the economy, flexibility and accuracy. A multi-time scale test system of doubly fed induction generator based on FPGA+ CPU heterogeneous calculation is proposed in this paper. The proposed test system is based on the ADPSS simulation platform. The power circuit part of the test system is setup up using the EMT(electromagnetic transient simulation) simulation, and the control part uses the actual physical devices. In order to realize the close-loop testing for the physical devices, the power circuit must be simulated in real-time. This paper proposes a multi-time scale simulation algorithm, in which the decoupling component divides the power circuit into a large time scale system and a small time scale system in order to reduce computing effort. This paper also proposes the FPGA+CPU heterogeneous computing architecture for implementing this multitime scale simulation. In FPGA, there is a complete small time-scale EMT engine, which support the flexibly circuit modeling with any topology. Finally, the test system is connected to an DFIG controller based on Labview to verify the feasibility of the test system.

Analysis on Effect of Parameters of Different Wind Generator on Power Grid Transient Stability

To analyze the factors which affecting transient stability of power system, the dynamic model of doubly-fed induction generator and direct-drive PM synchronous generator has been built using PSCAD. Impact of different wind farm integration on grid typically in China has been presented. The influence of the variations of transient reactance, negative sequence reactance and rotary inertia on critical clearing time of power system transient stability is analyzed by time-domain simulation. Mixture operation of DFIG and PMSG to optimize the stability of system has been analyzed firstly. The digital simulation results show that doubly-fed induction wind turbines is a better choice to meet the requirement of system instability due to large wind farm integration in comparison with direct-drive PM synchronous wind turbines. With a rather large rotary inertia, the proper ratio of direct-drive PM synchronous wind turbines used in wind farm could be comprehensive planning by optimized the stability of system. Analysis of this paper should be provided as academic reference for improving design of wind farm system.

基于改进自适应陷波的双馈风电场时变次同步振荡抑制策略

双馈风电场经串补电容并网时,可能引发次同步控制相互作用(subsynchronous control interaction,SSCI),严重威胁系统安全稳定运行。通过在风机控制器中引入陷波器可有效阻断SSCI,然而固定参数陷波器难以适应实际系统中次同步振荡表现出的频率大范围时变特征。为解决这一问题,该文提出一种基于改进自适应陷波(adaptive notch filter,ANF)的双馈风电场时变次同步振荡抑制策略。首先,分析ANF安装于风机转子侧变流器(rotor-side converter,RSC)不同位置时对次同步振荡分量的阻断效果,确定ANF的最佳安装位置;其次,基于紧缩技术近似投影子空间跟踪算法(projection approximation subspace tracking based on the deflation technique,PASTd)在线获取次同步振荡信息,提出总体控制架构,设计基于量测数据辨识的ANF中心频率更新策略;最终,在考虑风速、风机台数、无功出力、电网拓扑变化等多种影响因素的情况下,验证控制策略对频率时变次同步振荡的抑制效果。与现有方法相比,所提控制策略不依赖于系统的准确数学模型,且具备较强的鲁棒性和适应性。

基于智能卸荷电路的双馈风电机组故障穿越控制

双馈风电机组并网比例不断提高,加剧了电网遭遇外部故障导致规模化脱网问题。文章介绍了现有风机故障穿越控制方案的原理,考虑到频繁投切直流卸荷电路电阻易引起电压波形畸变、超级电容器控制方案成本过高等问题,提出了基于智能卸荷电路的双馈风电机组故障穿越控制方案。该方案将卸荷电阻通过DC/DC变换器与直流母线相连,在控制电路中引入有功功率-直流母线电压的下垂控制环节,实现故障期间电路电阻吸收功率的动态调节,同时设置高、低电压穿越两种模式,根据并网点电压变化情况自主启动。最后,在Matlab/Simulink中对智能卸荷电路控制策略进行验证。仿真结果表明,基于智能卸荷电路的风电机组故障穿越控制策略在直流母线电压抑制、电压恢复所需时间、转子电流畸变程度和方案经济成本等方面具有优势。

计及低电压穿越及故障全过程动态的双馈风电场等值方法

在分析双馈感应发电机(DFIG)故障各阶段动态的基础上,提出了一种计及低电压穿越控制的双馈风电场等值方法。首先,讨论了低电压穿越控制策略,给出了含双馈风电场的电力系统故障稳态潮流计算方法。在考虑电压暂态过程的条件下,分析了外部系统短路故障后DFIG转子电流的变化机理,指出电压跌落深度及风电功率是影响短路电流的主要因素,可根据动作分界线判断撬棒是否动作。然后,根据初始风速及撬棒状态将风电场中的DFIG分为3群,并对等值DFIG及集电网络进行聚合。为提高等值模型在恢复阶段的精度,根据故障稳态电压对双馈风电场功率恢复曲线进行预估,并在此基础上对等值DFIG恢复速率进行分段修正。最后,对含双馈风电场的算例系统进行了等值计算。仿真结果表明,等值模型较好地保持了原系统在故障各阶段的动态,在保持较高精度的前提下有效简化了系统,提高了计算速度。

不平衡电网下无刷双馈风电系统的虚拟同步发电机控制

无刷双馈发电机(brushless doubly-fed reluctance generator,BDFG)在风力发电领域有着广阔的应用前景。基于虚拟同步发电机(virtual synchronous generator,VSG)的无刷双馈风电系统具有一定的电网频率支撑能力,但在电网电压不平衡工况下运行性能较差。提出了一种不平衡电网工况下无刷双馈风电系统的虚拟同步发电机策略,来降低不平衡的电网电压对BDFG系统的影响;其核心思想为使用原有BDFG-VSG来控制正序分量,在功率绕组正向同步旋转坐标系下使用基于降阶广义积分器(reduced order generalized integrator,ROGI)的直接谐振控制调节负序分量。详细分析了电网电压不平衡对BDFG各电量的影响,据此提出了5种可供选择的优化目标,最后通过仿真验证了该策略的有效性。所提出的策略可抑制不平衡电网工况下BDFG的各电量中的负序分量或二倍频分量,无需计算负序电流的参考值,对电网具有友好性。

非理想运行条件下双馈感应发电机转矩脉动抑制方法综述

在非正弦和不平衡运行条件下,双馈感应发电机会面临显著的转矩脉动问题,严重威胁系统的安全稳定运行,因此有必要采取转矩脉动抑制措施。近些年,诸多学者针对该问题进行了广泛研究,并取得了一系列的科研成果,但鲜有对其进行总结归纳的文献。为此,该文首先介绍了双馈感应发电机系统结构,分析了非正弦和不平衡运行条件下转矩脉动成因,并明确了转矩脉动抑制的主要目标。其次,从硬件结构改进法和控制策略改进法两方面对现有技术方案进行归类总结,并从七个维度进行综合对比分析。最后,从软硬件协同抑制、参数鲁棒性提升、谐波损耗抑制和故障穿越四个方面对双馈感应发电机转矩脉动抑制方法的未来发展趋势进行了展望。

基于定子电流法的绕线转子无刷双馈发电机偏心故障研究

绕线转子无刷双馈电机在船舶轴带发电以及风力发电等领域中具有良好的应用前景。转子偏心是一种常见的机械故障,威胁着现代化工业体系的稳定运转,因此实现其状态检测和故障诊断非常关键。由于无刷双馈电机具有特殊的定、转子绕组结构以及复杂的气隙磁场,因此传统的故障检测方法无法直接用于该类电机。该文通过定子电流法提取了功率绕组电流的特征频率分量作为故障指标,实现对静偏心、动偏心以及混合偏心的无创诊断。建立故障电机的时步有限元模型,并通过详细的故障机理分析,得出不同类型的偏心故障可能导致的特征频率信号。最后,以一台2/4对极无刷双馈电机为例,并通过有限元仿真、样机试验验证解析法的结论,为绕线转子无刷双馈电机偏心故障的精准检测提供了理论依据。

基于传递函数分析的双馈风力发电系统动态建模方法研究

以双馈风力发电系统(doubly-fed induction generator based wind energy conversion system,DFIG-based WECS)为例,利用小信号分析法推导出由风机、双质量块传动链构成的动力与传动系统通用传递函数方程。动力与传动系统传递函数的零极点位置、稳定性与系统参数及系统运行工作点相关。该传递函数可进一步分解为扭转分量和非扭转分量。传动链参数仅对扭转分量造成影响。在此基础上,建立了考虑动力传动、电机、变流器、控制等环节的风力发电系统传递函数模型。模型综合了各环节参数,可直观反映系统参数对系统响应的影响,有助于深入了解系统动态行为。算例及时域仿真结果证明了所提出传递函数模型的准确性和高效性,可为系统参数设计研究提供理论依据。

考虑低电压穿越全过程控制策略切换的双馈风机电气量研究

双馈感应发电机(doubly fed induction generator,DFIG)的电气特性在低电压穿越(low voltage ride through,LVRT)全过程均易受电网电压变化影响,而现有研究多关注故障期间DFIG的电气特性,未考虑故障清除后不同情形下DFIG电气特性的差异,且较少研究LVRT全过程DFIG的功率特性,LVRT全过程电气特性分析尚不全面。为此研究了LVRT全过程DFIG的运行状态,在故障清除前,将LVRT全过程分为故障发生、无功功率优先控制启动两个阶段,故障清除后分为撬棒二次投入、有功功率爬坡恢复两种情形进行分析。在此基础上,推导了LVRT全过程定子侧输出电流、功率的表达式,并在PSCAD中建立了DFIG仿真模型,时域仿真结果与解析表达式波形可较好吻合,证明了所提方法的有效性。