Fault Detection for Motor Drive Control System of Industrial Robots Using CNN-LSTM-based Observers

The complex working conditions and nonlinear characteristics of the motor drive control system of industrial robots make it difficult to detect faults.In this paper,a deep learning-based observer,which combines the convolutional neural network(CNN)and the long short-term memory network(LSTM),is employed to approximate the nonlinear driving control system.CNN layers are introduced to extract dynamic features of the data,whereas LSTM layers perform time-sequential prediction of the target system.In terms of application,normal samples are fed into the observer to build an offline prediction model for the target system.The trained CNN-LSTM-based observer is then deployed along with the target system to estimate the system outputs.Online fault detection can be realized by analyzing the residuals.Finally,an application of the proposed fault detection method to a brushless DC motor drive system is given to verify the effectiveness of the proposed scheme.Simulation results indicate the impressive fault detection capability of the presented method for driving control systems of industrial robots.

Design and implementation of a high precision and wide range adj ustable LED drive controller

This paper presents a novel high precision and wide range adjustable LED constant-current drive controller design.Compared with the traditional technique,the conventional mirror resistance is substituted by a MOSFET with fixed drain voltage,and a negative feedback amplifier is used to keep all mirror device voltages equal,so that the output current is precise and not affected by the load supply voltage.In addition,the electric property of the mirror MOSFET is optimized by a current subsection mirror（CSM） mechanism,thus ensuring a wide range of output current with high accuracy.A three-channel LED driver chip based on this project is designed and fabricated in the TSMC 0.6μm BCD process with a die area of 1.1×0.7 mm^2.Experimental results show that the proposed LED drive controller works well, and,as expected,the output current can be maintained from 5 to 60 mA.A relative current accuracy error of less than 1%and a maximal relative current matching error of 1.5%are successfully achieved.

Direct Yaw Moment Control for Distributed Drive Electric Vehicle Handling Performance Improvement

For a distributed drive electric vehicle（DDEV） driven by four in-wheel motors, advanced vehicle dynamic control methods can be realized easily because motors can be controlled independently, quickly and precisely. And direct yaw-moment control（DYC） has been widely studied and applied to vehicle stability control. Good vehicle handling performance： quick yaw rate transient response, small overshoot, high steady yaw rate gain, etc, is required by drivers under normal conditions, which is less concerned, however. Based on the hierarchical control methodology, a novel control system using direct yaw moment control for improving handling performance of a distributed drive electric vehicle especially under normal driving conditions has been proposed. The upper-loop control system consists of two parts： a state feedback controller, which aims to realize the ideal transient response of yaw rate, with a vehicle sideslip angle observer; and a steering wheel angle feedforward controller designed to achieve a desired yaw rate steady gain. Under the restriction of the effect of poles and zeros in the closed-loop transfer function on the system response and the capacity of in-wheel motors, the integrated time and absolute error（ITAE） function is utilized as the cost function in the optimal control to calculate the ideal eigen frequency and damper coefficient of the system and obtain optimal feedback matrix and feedforward matrix. Simulations and experiments with a DDEV under multiple maneuvers are carried out and show the effectiveness of the proposed method： yaw rate rising time is reduced, steady yaw rate gain is increased, vehicle steering characteristic is close to neutral steer and drivers burdens are also reduced. The control system improves vehicle handling performance under normal conditions in both transient and steady response. State feedback control instead of model following control is introduced in the control system so that the sense of control intervention to drivers is relieved.

STUDY ON SENSOR-BASED CONTROL METHOD FOR HARMONIC DRIVE SYSTEM

A new type of robust traje ctory tracking control for harmonic using joint torque sensor and joint acceleration sensor information is concerned with.Joint torque sensor information is used to compensate the uncertainty of link and load parameters. Joint acceleration feedback control will enhace the robustness of the driving system, resist the dynamic uncertainties and disturbing torque acted on the joint axis within definite bandwidth, improve the joint tracking performance, and resist the vibration of the load side of the harmonic drive system. Experimental studies are carried out and comparison of several controllers , such as PD and sensor- based control, the experimental results clearly illustrate the effectiveness of the proposed methods.

Force Control Compensation Method with Variable Load Stiffness and Damping of the Hydraulic Drive Unit Force Control System

Each joint of hydraulic drive quadruped robot is driven by the hydraulic drive unit（HDU）, and the contacting between the robot foot end and the ground is complex and variable, which increases the difficulty of force control inevitably. In the recent years, although many scholars researched some control methods such as disturbance rejection control, parameter self-adaptive control, impedance control and so on, to improve the force control performance of HDU, the robustness of the force control still needs improving. Therefore, how to simulate the complex and variable load characteristics of the environment structure and how to ensure HDU having excellent force control performance with the complex and variable load characteristics are key issues to be solved in this paper. The force control system mathematic model of HDU is established by the mechanism modeling method, and the theoretical models of a novel force control compensation method and a load characteristics simulation method under different environment structures are derived, considering the dynamic characteristics of the load stiffness and the load damping under different environment structures. Then, simulation effects of the variable load stiffness and load damping under the step and sinusoidal load force are analyzed experimentally on the HDU force control performance test platform, which provides the foundation for the force control compensation experiment research. In addition, the optimized PID control parameters are designed to make the HDU have better force control performance with suitable load stiffness and load damping, under which the force control compensation method is introduced, and the robustness of the force control system with several constant load characteristics and the variable load characteristics respectively are comparatively analyzed by experiment. The research results indicate that if the load characteristics are known, the force control compensation method presented in this paper has positive compensation effects on the load characteristics variation, i.e., this method decreases the effects of the load characteristics variation on the force control performance and enhances the force control system robustness with the constant PID parameters, thereby, the online PID parameters tuning control method which is complex needs not be adopted. All the above research provides theoretical and experimental foundation for the force control method of the quadruped robot joints with high robustness.

Synthesis of Fractional-order PI Controllers and Fractional-order Filters for Industrial Electrical Drives

This paper introduces an electrical drives control architecture combining a fractional-order controller and a setpoint pre-filter. The former is based on a fractional-order proportional-integral(PI) unit, with a non-integer order integral action, while the latter can be of integer or non-integer type. To satisfy robustness and dynamic performance specifications, the feedback controller is designed by a loop-shaping technique in the frequency domain. In particular, optimality of the feedback system is pursued to achieve input-output tracking. The setpoint pre-filter is designed by a dynamic inversion technique minimizing the difference between the ideal synthesized command signal(i.e., a smooth monotonic response) and the prefilter step response. Experimental tests validate the methodology and compare the performance of the proposed architecture with well-established control schemes that employ the classical PIbased symmetrical optimum method with a smoothing pre-filter.

Drive Control of Spiral Wave and Turbulence by a Target Wave in CGLE

Suppression of spiral wave and turbulence in the complex Ginzburg–Landau equation(CGLE)plays a prominent role in nonlinear science and complex dynamical system.In this paper,the nonlinear behavior of the proposed drive–response system,which consists of two coupled CGLEs,is investigated and controlled by a state error feedback controller with the lattice Boltzmann method.First,spiral wave and turbulence are,respectively,generated by selecting appropriate parameters of the response system under the no-flux boundary and perpendicular gradient initial conditions.Then,based on the random initial condition,the target wave yielded by introducing spatially localized inhomogeneity into the drive system is applied on the above response system.The numerical simulation results show that the spiral wave and turbulence existing in the response system could be successfully eliminated by the target wave in the drive system during a short evolution time.Furthermore,it turns out that the transient time for the drive course is related to the control intensity imposed on the whole media.

Study on Steering Control Strategy for High-Speed Tracked Vehicle with Hydrostatic Drive

Steering control strategy for high-speed tracked vehicle with hydrostatic drive is designed based on analyzing the fundamental steering theories of the hydrostatic drive tracked vehicle. The strategy is completed by the cooperation between integrated steering control unit and pump ＆ motor displacement controller. The steering simulation is conducted by using Simulink of Matlab. It is indicated that this steering control strategy can reduce the average vehicle speed automatically to achieve the driver＇s expected steering radius exactly in the case of en- suring not exceeding the system pressure threshold and no sideslip.

Research on the Control for the Planar Motor by Non-symmetric and Unilateral Driven

与由四组线圈单元驱动方式相比，三组线圈单元驱动的平面电机属于单边非质心驱动模型。为提高平面电机系统的伺服性能，需要准确的力解耦模型以及有效的控制算法。由于实际中存在建模误差，如永磁体线圈加工误差引起的推力误差、气隙厚度不均匀、外部不确定扰动等，使得基于名义模型的系统无法有效解耦。同时建模误差的存在使得闭环系统误差方程的等号右侧不为0，无法确保跟踪误差的收敛。因此，必须利用控制器对建模误差进行补偿。以三组线圈单元且x方向为单边非质心驱动的平面电机作为研究对象。为提高其轨迹跟踪与定位能力，提出一种非线性控制算法。在逆动力学控制算法的基础上增加鲁棒项，对建模误差进行有效补偿。采用李雅普诺夫（Lyapunov）理论证明了该算法的稳定性。实验结果表明，轨迹跟踪误差小于1．5μm，可见通过对建模误差的补偿，减小了多自由度间耦合作用对运动精度的影响，提高了平面电机伺服性能。

Synchronization Control of the Oppositely Driven System with Dual Asymmetric Cylinders

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Optimization of passive control performance for different hard disk drives subjected to shock excitation

Laptop personal computers(LPCs) and their components are vulnerable devices in harsh mechanical environments. One of the most sensitive components of LPCs is hard disk drive(HDD) which needs to be protected against damages attributable to shock and vibration in order to have better magnetic read/write performance. In the present work, a LPC and its HDD are modeled as two degrees of freedom system and the nonlinear optimization method is employed to perform a passive control through minimizing peak of HDD absolute acceleration caused by a base shock excitation. The presented shock excitation is considered as half-sine pulse of acceleration. In addition, eleven inequality constraints are defined based on geometrical limitations and allowable intervals of lumped modal parameters. The target of the optimization is to reach optimum modal parameters of rubber mounts and rubber feet as design variables and subsequently propose new characteristics of rubber mounts and rubber feet to be manufactured for the HDD protection against shock excitation. The genetic algorithm and the modified constrained steepest descent algorithm are employed in order to solve the nonlinear optimization problem for three widely-used commercial cases of HDD. Finally, the results of both optimization methods are compared to make sure about their accuracy.

Vibration Control of High-speed Cannonball Transport Mechanism Driven by Impact

A method is presented to control the vibration of high-speed cannonball transport mechanism due to the reduction of its weight, which adhere a nonlinear Zn-27Al-1Cu damping alloy layer and a constraint layer partly to the part of mechanism driven by impact. Based on the equivalent viscous damping theory and using curve fitting to describe the rule of the dissipation factor of damping alloy changing with stress, the nonlinear constitutive relation of Zn-27Al-1Cu damping alloy is given. The nonlinear spring damping contact model is adopted to describe the contact force of the clearance joint.Based on the nonlinear finite element contact theory, the outer impact contact force between the mechanism and its working environment is analyzed, and a coupled dynamic model of structural impact and mechanism motion with clearance joint is put forward. A dynamic model is established for the cannonball transport mechanism partly adhering Zn-27Al-1Cu damping alloy layer and constraint layer under complex impact conditions. At last, the feasibility of the method presented is proved by numerical simulation.

Control rod drive for high temperature gas cooled reactor

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Connect & Drive:design and evaluation of cooperative adaptive cruise control for congestion reduction

Road throughput can be increased by driving at small inter-vehicle time gaps. The amplification of velocity disturbances in upstream direction, however, poses limitations to the minimum feasible time gap. This effect is covered by the notion of string stability. String-stable behavior is thus considered an essential requirement for the design of automatic distance control systems, which are needed to allow for safe driving at time gaps well below 1 s. Using wireless inter-vehicle communications to provide real-time information of the preceding vehicle, in addition to the information obtained by common Adaptive Cruise Control （ACC） sensors, appears to significantly decrease the feasible time gap, which is shown by practical experiments with a test fleet consisting of six passenger vehicles. The large-scale deployment of this system, known as Cooperative ACC （CACC）, however, poses challenges with respect to the reliability of the wireless communication system. A solution for this scalability problem can be found in decreasing the transmission power and/or beaconing rate, or adapting the communications protocol. Although the main CACC objective is to increase road throughput, the first commercial application of CACC is foreseen to be in truck platooning, since short distance following is expected to yield significant fuel savings in this case.

Synchronizing Hyperchaos by Drive-Feedback Control

Lai and Grebogi demonstrated that by combining the Pecora-Carrool(drive-response)scheme(PISS)with the variable feedback synchronization(VFS),it is possible to synchronize two nearlyidentical hyperchaotic systems.This is called the drive-feedback synchronization(DFS).In thismethod,the feedback control is directly proportional to the difference of dynamical variable fromtwo hyperchaotie systems,and is applied to one of the systems.But in Lai and Grebogi’s work

Impulse Controller Design of a Harmonic Drive System with Friction

A friction model was established for impulse control design in a precision control system. First, the physical characteristics of the impulse in momentum, such as motion and energy, were analyzed and formulated. Then, experimental response to a new pulse with two harmonic expansions was studied. The first harmonic is the main pulse to drive the arm, and the second harmonic has two functions： its first half helps the main pulse eliminate the dead zone, and its second half, a negative pulse, stops the arm motion quickly. Finally, an impulse feedback controller was developed. Comparison between simulation and experiments shows the effectiveness of the proposed controller.

Design and implementation of a high dimming ratio LED drive controller

This paper presents a high dimming ratio light emitting diode （LED） drive controller chip with digital mode dimming （DMD）. The chip is composed of a boost power converter and a dimming control block. A novel constant on time （COT） control strategy is proposed for boost converter to achieve high dimming ratio. In addition, a fast enough load transient response of the converter power stage ensures its high dimming ratio. The COT control circuit operates mainly based on two current-capacitor timers and a finite state machine （FSM）. The LED drive controller chip is designed and fabricated in 1.5μm bipolar CMOS-DMOS （BCD） process with a die area of 1.31 x 1.43 mm^2. Experimental results show that the proposed LED drive system works well. And, as expected, the minimum LED dimming on time of 1.0μs and the corresponding dimming ratio of 1000 ： 1 at 1 kHz dimming frequency are successfully achieved.

OPTIMAL TRACK SEEKING CONTROL OF DUAL-STAGE ACTUATOR FOR HIGH DENSITY HARD DISK DRIVES

Based on generalized the variation method, by introducing Hamilton function and Lagrange multiplier, this paper proposed a linear quadratic optimal control strategy for an incomplete controllable system with fixed terminal state and time. Applying the proposed optimal control to the simple two-input dual-stage actuator magnetic head positioning system with three degrees-of-freedom, the simulation results show that the system has no residual vibration at the terminal position and time, which can reduce the total access time during head positioning process. To verify the validation of the optimal control strategy of three degrees-of-freedom spring-mass models in actual magnetic head positioning of hard disk drives, a finite element model of an actual magnetic head positioning system is presented. Substituting the optimal control force from simple three degrees-of-freedom spring-mass models into the finite element model, the simulation results show that the magnetic head also has no residual vibration at the end of track-to-track travel. That is to say, the linear quadratic optimal control technique based on simple two-input dual- stage actuator system with three degrees-of-freedom proposed in this paper is of high reliability for the industrial application of an actual magnetic head positioning system.