DETERMINATION OF DROPLET SIZE DISTRIBUTION AND WETNESS OF FLOWING STEAM FROM LIGHT EXTINCTION MEASUREMENTS

提出一种新方法，用光全散射测量数据确定流动蒸汽的湿度及水滴分布，并应用于一试验汽轮机的测量结果，计算得到的汽轮机排汽湿度与测功器的结果吻合良好。该法采用线性优化及合理的物理限制条件，可推广应用于光部分散射测量分析。

Effect of Velocity Ratio,Viscosity Ratio,Contact Angle,and Channel Size Ratio on Droplet Formation

This study uses a T-junction to examine the effects of different parameters(velocity ratio,viscosity,contact angle,and channel size ratio)on the generation of microdroplets,related rate,and size.More specifically,numerical simulations are exploited to investigate situations with a velocity varying from 0.004 to 1.6 m/s for the continuous phase and from 0.004 to 0.8 m/s for the dispersed phase,viscosity ratios(0.668,1,6.689,10,66.899),contact angle 80°<θ<270°and four different canal size ratios(1,1.5,2 and 4).The results show that canal size influences droplet size and the generation rate.The contact angle has an impact on the form and the quality of generated droplets.Moreover,the relationship between velocity and viscosity ratios,droplet size,and generation rate is non-monotonic.

Production of Artificial Fog in the PAVIN Fog and Rain Platform: In Search of Big Droplets Fog

In fog, visibility is reduced. This reduction in visibility is measured by the meteorological optical range (MOR), which is important for studying human perception and various sensors in foggy conditions. The Cerema PAVIN Fog & Rain platform is capable of producing calibrated fog in order to better analyses it and understand its consequences. The problem is that the droplets produced by the platform are not large enough to resemble real fog. This can have a major impact on measurements since the interaction between electromagnetic waves and fog depends on the wavelength and diameter of the droplets. To remedy this, Cerema is building a new platform with new equipment capable of generating fog. This study analyses different nozzles and associated usage parameters such as the type of water used and the pressure used. The aim is to select the best nozzle with the associated parameters for producing large-diameter droplets and therefore more realistic fog.

Effects of piperacillin synthesis on the infterfacial tensions and droplet sizes

Piperacillin is a polar organic substance,and can reduce the interfacial tension of oil and water when dissolved in water.In this study,changes in dichloromethane–water interfacial tensions and microdroplet sizes during piperacillin synthesis from an aqueous solution of ampicillin and dichloromethane solution of 4-ethyl-2,3-dioxo-1-piperazine carbonyl chloride(EDPC)were observed using a pendent drop technique and a coaxial ring tube system with embedded high-speed camera,respectively.It was found that the rapid N-acylation reaction caused the piperacillin at the interface to synthesize rapidly and diffuse out slowly,resulting in the interfacial tension decreased from 19.5 m N·m-1 to 7.2 m N·m-1 rapidly and then increased slowly as the concentrations of ampicillin and EDPC were 0.05 mol·L-1 and 0.1 mol·L-1.Meanwhile,the increase in the concentration of EDPC increased the peak concentration of piperacillin at the interface,and the addition of ethyl acetate to the ampicillin solution promoted mass transfer and reduced the aggregation of piperacillin effectively.During synthesis,the interfacial tension decreased,leading to a change in droplet sizes in the micro-reaction system.The two-phase reaction was carried out in a coaxial ring tube,with ampicillin and EDPC solutions as continuous and dispersed phases,respectively.The reaction reduced the dripping flow area,and the addition of ethyl acetate to the ampicillin solution slightly affected the division of the flow pattern.Under the same flow conditions,the droplet sizes of the reaction group were smaller than those of the no reaction group.The experimental results demonstrated that the increase of the continuous phase,decrease in the dispersed phase flow rate,or increase in EDPC concentration making droplet sizes smaller,and the addition of ethyl acetate slightly affected droplet sizes.These findings are important for the design and optimization of piperacillin synthesis reactors.

An experimental study on oil droplet size distribution in subsurface oil releases

Oil droplet size distribution （ODSD） plays a critical role in the rising velocity and transport of oil droplets in subsurface oil releases. In this paper, subsurface oil release experiments were conducted to study ODSD under different experimental conditions in a laboratory water tank observed by two high-speed cameras in March and April 2017. The correlation formulas Oh=lO.2Re-~ and Oh=39.2Re-1 （Re represents Reynolds number and Oh represents Ohnesorge number） were established to distinguish the boundaries of the three instability regimes in dimensionless space based on the experimental results. The oil droplet sizes from the experimental data showed an excellent match to the Rosin-Rammler distribution function with determination coefficients ranging from 0.86 to 1.00 for Lvda 10-1 oil. This paper also explored the influence factors on and change rules ofoil droplet size. The volume median diameter d50 decreased steadily with increasing jet velocity, and a sharp decrease occurred in the laminar-breakup regime. At Weber numbers （We） 〈100, the orifice diameter and oil viscosity appeared to have a large influence on the mean droplet diameter. At 100〈We〈1 000, the oil viscosity appeared to have a larger influence on the relative mean droplet diameter.

SIZE DISTRIBUTION OF DROPLETS ABOVE A ROTATING STREAM TRAY AND MODEL OF DROPLET MOTION THEREIN

Droplet size distributions have been investigated with a two-probe system above a rotatingstream tray of 300 mm diameter.The measured distributions are found to follow the upper limitedlognormal distribution with three parameters dependent primarily on gas hole F-factor.A probabilitymethod is used to describe the initial state of the droplet population above the tray,and a model fordroplet motion is presented.The results computed with model agree well with experimental data.

A Correction Algorithm for Atmospheric Visibility Based on Fog Droplet Size Data Obtained on a Moving Ship During 2016 Arctic Cruise

In this study, we measured the droplet size distribution(DSD) and visibility of sea fog using a fog droplet spectrometer and visibility meter, respectively, during the July 23-August 3 and August 22-September 13 periods of the 2016 Chinese National Arctic Research Expedition. We calculated the visibility using the Mie theory and the DSD data and then compared the calculated with the observed visibility. The comparison shows that the deviations in the calculated visibility caused by DSD data sampling errors cannot be ignored. During navigation, wind and ship speeds tended to push or pull the sampled air and cause turbulence pulsation, which influenced the sampling of the fog droplet spectrometer. This influence is weak when the liquid water content(LWC) is high but becomes stronger as the LWC decreases. Taking the sailing speed and heading into consideration, the wind speed component parallel and perpendicular to the air inlet of the fog droplet spectrometer exhibit different laws in the deviation. By performing a fitting analysis of the calculated and observed visibilities under different wind speeds and wind directions, here, we present two sets of correction coefficients for the two wind-speed components and a method for correcting the calculated visibility. This correction method shows excellent results.

In-Situ Measurement of Droplet Size Distribution by Light Scattering Method

Inversion of droplet size distribution in two-phase flow from light scattering has been considered involved because it is in general reduced to the solution of Fredholm integral equation of the first kind that was always ill-posed. By using the Rosin-Rammler distributiona priori as the particulate size distribution model in the liquid-gas two-phase flow, a method via the solution of a two-parameter nonlinear programming problem to determine the droplet size distribution has been developed. A measurement system based on the technique is designed and applied in the shock test of blades of steam turbine. 100-hours continuous monitoring of the droplets in the liquid-gas two-phase flow of 8.0 Pa and 120 °C was performed and the details of the experiments are given out. It is shown that the technique is simple and efficient for in-situ real time measuring droplets in the liquid-gas two-phase flow.

Droplet Size Distribution on the Large-holed Compound Sieve Tray in the Spray Regime

The droplet size distribution with large-holed compound sieve tray operating in the spray regime is measured by using a double electrical probes technique in a cold model column of 400 mm diameter. The results indicate that the hole F-factor F0 and surface tension are the main factors which influence the liquid dispersion expressed by the Sauter mean diameter D32. A correlation of D32 on surface tension, viscosity, .F-factor, weir height and liquid flow rate is proposed.

Effect of Nozzle Orientation on Droplet Size and Droplet Velocity from Vineyard Sprays

Spray drift has become an important issue in pesticide application. Vineyard spraying is particularly interesting to consider, as pesticide droplets are not directed towards the ground but rather towards the targeted crop. The aim of this study was to investigate the influence of nozzle orientation on droplet size and droplet velocity using three different nozzles （IDK, TVI and TXA） used in vineyards. Two series of measurement were performed in order to assess the effect of the gravity on sprays. Droplet size and one-dimensional droplet velocity characteristics were measured using a phase Doppler particle analyser （PDPA）. Two planes, i.e., one horizontal and one vertical, were considered. Results suggest that the nozzle orientation slightly affects the size distribution, which is shifted towards larger droplets when nozzles spray horizontally compared to vertically spray, However, droplet axial velocity distribution is shifted towards lower values. Supposing that the only droplets which can reach the crop are those with an axial velocity greater than 1 m/s and a diameter larger than 100 lain, results showed significant differences according to the nozzle and orientation. More than 98.6% of the spray volume would reach the target whatever the orientation of the IDK nozzle, 78.8% of the spray volume would reach the crop when the TVI nozzle sprays horizontally, while only 16.0% of the spray volume would reach the crop when TXA nozzle sprays horizontally. This paper offers new perspectives in the comprehension and the optimization of the deposition process into the vegetation based from droplet size and velocity profiles from horizontally oriented sprays from flat fan or hollow cone nozzles.

叶片风振响应空间运动姿态及雾滴沉积效果分析

风送喷雾技术可有效提升雾滴向冠层内部的输送能力,增强雾滴在树冠各处的覆盖均匀性,但气流对单一叶片的动态响应及雾滴沉积的细观作用效果还不清楚。该研究通过风洞内的稳定气流对单一梨树叶片进行风振响应试验,追踪叶片表面代表叶片形态的4个特征点,构建模拟叶片的三维空间运动模型,分析研究特征点的空间运动轨迹及叶面雾滴沉积效果。研究结果表明:低于临界风振响应速度,叶片基本稳定于一定抬升角位置,大于等于临界风振响应速度,叶片的稳定状态才会破坏,出现大幅度的摆动与翻转的复合运动响应,且运动响应具有周期性特征。对应5、7和9 m/s风速下,在一个周期内叶尖的空间运动总行程分别为180.61、1140.77、766.33 mm,叶片总扭转角分别为290.7°、896.8°、716.2°。雾滴沉积试验中,风速低于5m/s,雾滴主要沉积于面向气流方向的叶面,随着气流速度增大,正面雾滴沉积覆盖率由43.2%逐渐减小为10.3%;大于等于风速5m/s时,叶片正反两表面均有雾滴沉积,但雾滴主要沉积亲水性较好的叶片反面上。提出了应用叶片的空间运动瞬时位置的实际坐标构建模拟叶片位姿,可清晰体现叶片的空间位姿及运动过程。研究结果可进一步揭示风送喷雾过程中载雾气流与动态叶片的沉积作用机理。

喷雾降温系统中纯水液滴群蒸发域的模拟研究

为了避免喷雾降温系统中液滴沉降到设备及人体表面对工艺及人体热舒适造成影响,需要针对纯水液滴群蒸发域问题进行研究。本文采用计算流体动力学(CFD)方法,研究了喷雾降温系统作用下,不同热源温度、液滴初始粒径对液滴群蒸发域的影响,分析了室内温度分布及液滴粒径分布,探讨了室内热源温度及液滴初始粒径对蒸发域高度的影响规律。结果表明:随着热源温度的增加,热羽流对喷雾射流的抑制作用增强,液滴群的蒸发域随之增大;当液滴初始粒径增大时,液滴群的蒸发域随之减小,喷雾射流范围内的温度随之增加;液滴群蒸发域高度随着热源温度的增加而呈线性增大,随液滴初始粒径的增加而呈线性减小,当热源温度大于400℃,液滴初始粒径大于60μm时,其对液滴群蒸发域高度的影响较小。

喷头雾化雾滴尺寸和速度的空间分布实验研究

雾滴尺寸及其运动速度直接影响药液的着靶效果和农药利用效率。为研究喷头雾化区域雾滴尺寸和雾滴速度空间分布,选取空气诱导扇形喷头IDK120-03、万能型平面扇形喷头LU120-03和防飘移扇形喷头AD120-03等3种典型喷头,利用相位多普勒粒子干涉仪测量了所选喷头在不同压力下的雾滴尺寸和雾滴速度,建模分析了喷头雾化后雾滴尺寸和雾滴速度空间分布规律。结果表明:在雾滴尺寸分布中,IDK120-03、LU120-03和AD120-03各喷头中心垂直方向上雾滴尺寸与垂直距离无明显关系,雾滴尺寸随喷雾压力增加而减小,呈线性关系,线性系数在-0.85~-0.54之间,相关程度均在0.96以上;水平方向上雾滴尺寸随水平距离增加而增大,对雾滴尺寸与水平距离二次多项式拟合,相关程度平均在0.90以上;垂直和水平方向上,IDK120-03喷头雾滴尺寸最大、LU120-03喷头最小。在雾滴速度分布中,各喷头中心垂直方向上雾滴速度随垂直距离增加而减小,呈线性关系,线性系数在-0.14~-0.01之间,相关程度均在0.99以上;水平方向上各喷头雾滴速度随水平距离增加而减小,对雾滴速度与水平距离二次多项式拟合,相关程度平均在0.96以上,AD120-03喷头雾滴速度最大,IDK120-03喷头最小,LU120-03喷头雾滴速度降低最快,IDK120-03喷头雾滴速度降低最慢。喷头雾化雾滴尺寸和速度的空间分布的研究可为提高施药质量提供依据。

模型参数对直喷汽油发动机喷雾特性的影响

基于单向耦合模拟方法,研究了湍流模型参数、单向耦合模型参数和破碎模型参数对喷雾贯穿距和粒径的影响。结果表明,湍流模型参数C_(ε1)和RT(Rayleigh⁃Taylor)破碎模型尺寸参数CRT对喷雾贯穿距的影响最大,KH(Kelvin⁃Helhmoltz)破碎模型尺寸参数C_(KH)和C_(RT)对粒径的影响最大。在此基础上建立了适用于不同工况的高精度喷雾模型,标准Spray G工况下,模拟结果与实验结果误差在3%以内;不同环境气体密度下,多种工况的模拟结果与实验结果误差在10%左右。

不同结构参数对喷头雾化特性的影响规律

针对目前雾化喷嘴存在的雾化压力高、雾化范围小等问题,设计了一种雾化喷头,并分析了该喷头的雾化特性.利用激光粒度测试仪探究压力为0.15~0.30 MPa、出口直径为0.3~0.9 mm等条件下对喷头雾化锥角、速度场和液滴粒径的影响,获取了不同试验条件下流场流动特性的变化规律:在低压力下,雾化锥角受喷头出口直径的影响较大,出口收缩角越大则雾化特性越优良;出口直径为0.9 mm的喷头,喷腔长孔比为1、出口收缩角为75°时更能实现大范围的作业;随着喷雾压力增大,水滴速度最大值也显著增大,但压力对雾化流场整体速度分布趋势的影响不大.水滴直径也随着喷头出口直径增大而增大,且喷头出口直径对水滴直径影响显著,但水滴直径相同时,出口直径越大,水滴速度越小.该结果为雾化喷头在中低压范围内的应用提供了理论参考.

油相组成对W/O型Pickering乳液稳定性和流变性能的影响

以二甲基甲硅烷基化硅石为乳化剂,采用均质乳化法制备W/O型Pickering乳液,通过偏光显微镜、表面张力仪、接触角测量仪和流变仪研究了油脂的极性、流变改性剂对W/O型Pickering乳液稳定性及流变性能的影响。结果表明,相比于非极性油脂,极性油脂制备出来的W/O型Pickering乳液液滴更小,稳定性能更优,其中霍霍巴油制备的Pickering乳液粒径分布较窄,形状均一,稳定性好;添加流变改性剂后,Pickering乳液的粒径有一定的下降,常温稳定性和低温稳定性均有小幅度提升,对于不同的油脂,与之结构上存在相似性的流变改性剂对粒径的降低及稳定性的提高效果较好。不同油脂制备的W/O型Pickering乳液均为非牛顿流体,随着剪切速率的增大,Pickering乳液的黏度降低,并且所有Pickering乳液的弹性模量(G')高于黏性模量(G''),均为凝胶乳液,线性黏弹区为0.001%~0.100%,添加流变改性剂后,Pickering乳液的黏度上升,剪切稀化现象基本不变,但线性黏弹区增大,可能与Pickering乳液的粒径和油水界面能的变化有关。

风送喷雾辅助气流对雾滴粒径影响规律研究

风送喷雾技术被广泛运用在果园喷雾机研究中,辅助气流能够对雾滴进行二次雾化以进一步降低雾滴粒径。为进一步研究扇形喷头与辅助气流的角度和距离对雾滴粒径的影响,设计了一种喷头角度和喷头距离可调的喷雾装置,研究了喷头角度、喷头距离和喷雾压力对雾滴粒径的影响规律。结果表明:在辅助气流作用下,喷雾压力增大,雾滴粒径呈现降低趋势,但雾滴粒径均匀度先减小后增大;当喷雾压力0.3MPa、喷头角度10°~20°、喷头距离约为95mm时,雾滴粒径明显降低但雾滴粒径均匀度变大,雾滴粒径相对无辅助气流作用降低了10.35%。

航空发动机积垢和在线清洗技术研究进展

随着中国民航事业的发展,航空发动机的经济性与安全性至关重要。压气机积垢是造成航空发动机性能降低的主要因素之一,发动机在线清洗是目前经济有效的除垢手段,积垢的清除效果与清洗系统参数密切相关。系统总结了发动机积垢机理和清除技术研究现状,分析评述了用于评估积垢效应的模型,考虑垢质颗粒运动过程中的聚合、破碎和表面侵蚀,进一步量化沉积效应和时间尺度,改进数值模拟过程、提高模型精度等方面尚需优化。同时对在线清洗参数和清洗时机进行了深入讨论,指出了不同在线清洗参数和清洗时机的清洗效果目前还处于初步研究阶段,还应加强对射流系统的喷雾覆盖范围、液滴尺寸和清洗频率的研究,建议在积垢程度、不同压气机尺寸和在线清洗经济性等方面进一步优化清洗工艺参数和清洗时机。

驱油剂对无碱三元复合驱采出液乳化稳定性影响

为探究无碱三元驱油剂对于采出液乳化稳定的机理,为采出液处理提供依据。对游离水中含油量、油水动态界面张力、液滴界面寿命与油滴粒径分布状态及粒径随驱油剂含量的变化进行了研究。加入低浓度表面活性剂(100 mg/L)时,动态界面张力、界面寿命、油滴粒径均显著降低,水中含油量显著增加,随着表面活性剂浓度增加,动态界面张力、界面寿命、粒径、含油量变化均不明显;随着NaCl浓度上升,动态界面张力与界面寿命变化不明显,油滴粒径变大,水中含油量增加;随着聚合物浓度增加,动态界面张力与界面寿命变化不明显,对于油滴粒径与含油量出现双重作用。这表明表面活性剂与NaCl有利于乳化稳定,但表面活性剂作用远大于NaCl;低浓度聚合物不利于乳化稳定,随着浓度增加,有利于乳化稳定。

不同环境背压和环境温度下的液氨喷雾微观特性

为以液氨为内燃机燃料来实现低碳化和零碳化,实验研究了液氨喷雾的微观雾化特性。采用激光粒径微观成像(PDIA)方法,使用单孔喷油器,在低喷射压力(1 MPa)、环境背压100、200、400、600 kPa、环境温度293、313、333 K下,进行喷雾实验。获得了液滴概率密度分布函数(PDF)、累计体积分布函数(CDF)、Sault平均直径(SMD)和液滴数量密度等微观参数。结果表明:液氨喷雾在低环境背压下雾化效果好,喷雾中小液滴数量多,SMD较小,增大环境背压,喷雾概率密度分布和累计体积分布曲线向大粒径方向移动,大液滴数量增加,液滴数量密度减小;液氨液滴概率密度分布、累计体积分布和SMD几乎不会随环境温度的变化而变化,但增加环境温度可以增强液氨喷雾的蒸发,环境温度高的时候液氨喷雾蒸发增强。