Microplastic exposure disturbs sleep structure,reduces lifespan,and decreases ovary size in Drosophila melanogaster

The organ-specific toxicity resulting from microplastic(MP)exposure has been extensively explored,particularly concerning the gut,liver,testis,and lung.However,under natural conditions,these effects are not restricted to specific organs or tissues.Investigating whether MP exposure presents a systemic threat to an entire organism,impacting factors such as lifespan,sleep,and fecundity,is essential.In this study,we investigated the effects of dietary exposure to two different doses of MPs(1–5μm)using the terrestrial model organism Drosophila melanogaster.Results indicated that the particles caused gut damage and remained within the digestive system.Continuous MP exposure significantly shortened the lifespan of adult flies.Even short-term exposure disrupted sleep patterns,increasing the length of daytime sleep episodes.Additionally,one week of MP exposure reduced ovary size,with a trend towards decreased egg-laying in mated females.Although MPs did not penetrate the brain or ovaries,transcriptome analysis revealed altered gene expression in these tissues.In the ovary,Gene Ontology(GO)analysis indicated genotoxic effects impacting inflammation,circadian regulation,and metabolic processes,with significant impacts on extracellular structure-related pathways.In the brain,GO analysis identified changes in pathways associated with proteolysis and carbohydrate metabolism.Overall,this study provides compelling evidence of the systemic negative effects of MP exposure,highlighting the urgent need to address and mitigate environmental MP pollution.

Naringin ameliorates H_(2)O_(2)-induced oxidative damage in cells and prolongs the lifespan of female Drosophila melanogaster via the insulin signaling pathway

Naringin exists in a wide range of Chinese herbal medicine and has proven to possess several pharmacological properties.In this study,PC12,HepG2 cells,and female Drosophila melanogaster were used to investigate the antioxidative and anti-aging effects of naringin and explore the underlying mechanisms.The results showed that naringin inhibited H_(2)O_(2)-induced decline in cell viability and decreased,the content of reactive oxygen species in cells.Meanwhile,naringin prolonged the lifespan of flies,enhanced the abilities of climbing and the resistance to stress,improved the activities of antioxidant enzymes,and decreased malondialdehyde content.Naringin also improved intestinal barrier dysfunction and reduced abnormal proliferation of intestinal stem cells.Moreover,naringin down-regulated the mRNA expressions of inr,chico,pi 3k,and akt-1,and up-regulated the mRNA expressions of dilp2,dilp3,dilp5,and foxo,thereby activating autophagy-related genes and increasing the number of lysosomes.Furthermore,the mutant stocks assays and computer molecular simulation results further indicated that naringin delayed aging by inhibiting the insulin signaling(IIS)pathway and activating the autophagy pathway,which was consistent with the result of network pharmacological predictions.

Effects of Sodium Cyclohexyl Sulfamate on Growth and Development of Drosophila melanogaster

[Objectives]This study was conducted to investigate the effects of different concentrations of sodium cyclohexyl sulfamate on the growth and development of Drosophila melanogaster.[Methods]Different concentrations of sodium cyclohexyl sulfamate were added to the culture medium,and the effects of different concentrations of sodium cyclohexyl sulfamate on the development time and weight of D.melanogaster in various life stages were statistically analyzed.[Results]High concentration of sodium cyclohexyl sulfamate delayed the time of pupation and eclosion of D.melanogaster,which made D.melanogaster lose weight.The number of male D.melanogaster in the first generation was much larger than that of female individuals,which indicated that the effect of sodium cyclohexyl sulfamate on male D.melanogaster was greater than that of female individuals.In a word,high concentration of sodium cyclohexyl sulfamate significantly inhibited the growth and development of D.melanogaster.[Conclusions]This study provides some reference data for the research perspective of food additives and the safe use of sodium cyclohexyl sulfamate.

Research on the Karyotype and Evolution of Drosophila melanogaster Species Group

Mitotic metaphase chromosomes of 34 species of Drosophila melanogaster species group were examined. Certain new karyotypes were described for the first time, and their evolutionary and interspecific genetic relationships among 8 subgroups of D. melanogaster species group were analyzed systematically. The results were as follows. The basic karyotype of elegans subgroup was type A. The karyotypes of eugracilis subgroup, melanogaster subgroup, and ficusphila subgroup were all type C. The karyotypes of takahashii subgroup and suzukii subgroup were both type C and type D. The montium subgroup had six kinds of karyotypes types B, C, C＇, D, D＇, and E. The ananassae subgroup had three kinds of karyotypes： types F, G, and H. Thus, the melanogaster species group was classified into five pedigrees based on the diversity of these karyotypes： 1） elegans; 2） eugracilis-melanogasterficusphila; 3） takkahashii-suzukii; 4） montium; 5） ananassae. The above-mentioned results in karyotypic evolution were consistent with those of DNA sequence analysis reported by Yang except for the elegans subgroup and this subgroup was considered as the ancestral subgroup. Karyotype analysis of the same drosophila from different isofemale lines indicated that the same Drosophila from different places showed karyotypic variation which might be due to different geographical environment and evolutionary degree or interaction between the two factors.

黑腹果蝇(Drosophila melanogaster)视觉系统显微结构的研究

采用CP(Colophony-Paraffin,CP,专利号:ZL98125709.7)切片和定向包埋技术,首次对黑腹果蝇(Drosophilamelanogaster)的头部进行了3μm的连续切片及制片,经常规染色后,在光学显微镜下对其视觉系统的显微结构进行了详细的观察研究.结果表明,黑腹果蝇的视觉系统主要由复眼、视叶和一些纤维通路组成.复眼由许多形态相同的小眼构成,每个小眼由外向内分别由半球形的角膜、倒锥形的晶体和柱形的视觉柱组成,视觉柱中有7个感光细胞,其轴突穿过复眼底部的视神经孔与视叶相连;视叶由外向内又依次分为神经节层、外髓、内髓板和内髓4个髓质区以及视网膜底部与神经节层之间的网膜后交叉、神经节层与外髓之间的外交叉和外髓与内髓之间的内交叉.黑腹果蝇视觉系统中主要包括角膜细胞、晶锥细胞、网膜细胞(光感细胞)、色素细胞、柱状神经元、无长突细胞和切向神经元7种类型的神经细胞,其胞体直径均小于3μm.

裁翅对果蝇(Drosophila melanogaster)生殖行为的影响

选用野生型、残翅和白眼3种不同基因型的果蝇,人为地将野生型和白眼果蝇的翅膀分别剪去0/3,1/3,1/2,2/3,1/1,设计39种不同的杂交组合,培养在相同大小的容器中,置于室温条件下,统计各种组合的子代果蝇发生量。结果显示:果蝇的生殖过程中,不同性状的个体之间存在一定的生殖“歧视”,同时进入繁殖期时,翅是两性吸引的重要的结构部分,雄性主要依靠振翅的频率来吸引异性,因此果蝇的翅是繁殖交尾的一种关键辅助结构。

中国东北地区黑腹果蝇(Drosophila melanogaster)P因子分布和来源

真核生物的转座因子(transposable elements)特别是果蝇P因子在研究生物进化上有重要的意义。以我国东北地区13个地方及毗邻的北京、烟台和呼和浩特三个地方共130个黑腹果蝇(D.melanogaster)单雌系为材料,对P因子序列的ORF2-ORF3区段进行PCR扩增,统计不同地方黑腹果蝇群体的P因子在此区段的缺失频率,再从整个地区来分析P因子缺失的分布规律,以推导东北地区黑腹果蝇中P因子的传递和扩散途径。结果显示P因子缺失频率由边境地区向内地逐渐递减,群体相对隔离的地方也较低,推断我国东北地区黑腹果蝇中P因子由朝鲜和俄罗斯向中国边境入侵后,逐步向中国内地扩散。

三丁基锡对黑腹果蝇(Drosophila melanogaster)的致死效应与生殖阻碍

[目的]研究三丁基锡(Tributyltin,TBT)化合物对黑腹果蝇(Drosophila melanogaster)的致死效应和生殖阻碍作用。[方法]先进行TBT对黑腹果蝇的半致死剂量测定,再利用初次产卵时间、产卵数量和孵化率指标衡量TBT的生殖阻碍作用。[结果]TBT对野生型黑腹果蝇的24h、48h、72h和96hLC50分别是441μM、270μM、220μM和191μM。随着TBT浓度的升高,野生型、残翅型和白眼型果蝇的初次产卵时间均呈现推延现象,并且产卵数量和孵化率也呈现递减趋势。[结论]黑腹果蝇对TBT具有高耐受力。TBT具有显著的生殖阻碍作用,必须禁止TBT的使用以降低生态危害。

黑腹果蝇Drosophila melanogaster因PM体系造成的卵巢败育的实验测定

黑腹果蝇在北美的群体自1950年后受到 P 转座子的侵入,现在该区域的果蝇几皆成为P 型,而我国境内的果蝇在 P 因子的特征上具有很大的差别,从我们22个品系的杂交实验,子代卵巢解剖的实验测定中可以得到明确的证明。杂交组合正反交结果不同,证明与细胞质型有关。

乙酸乙酯对果蝇(Drosophila melanogaster)的麻醉效应研究

麻醉是果蝇实验中最基本的操作,乙醚是最常用的麻醉剂。但因为乙醚是二类易制毒化学品而被国家控制使用。报道一种容易获得的试剂——乙酸乙酯对果蝇的麻醉效果。实验采用的麻醉室大小为125cm3,每处理20~30只果蝇,乙酸乙酯剂量为40、80、120μL,以同等剂量的乙醚为对照,每个实验重复4次,用所有果蝇完全麻醉后20min及120min时的未苏醒率为指标评估麻醉效果及安全性。结果表明：乙酸乙酯对果蝇具有麻醉作用;麻醉时乙酸乙酯开始起效应的时间略晚于同等剂量的乙醚,但使果蝇完全麻醉的时间却比同等剂量的乙醚略短或相接近;麻醉持续的时间则长于同等剂量的乙醚。乙酸乙酯麻醉的果蝇,90%以上的果蝇均在120min内苏醒,表明在这些剂量范围内是安全的。乙酸乙酯完全可以替代乙醚用于果蝇的麻醉。

中国境内黑腹果蝇Drosophilamelanogaster群体由对P族转座子敏感性形成的梯度分布

中国境内从新疆、西藏到沿海，包括中国台湾、海南及崇明３大岛，共取样７０多个地区品系。遗传分析和单个果蝇的ＤＮＡ压印分子杂交分析后确定，在中国境内该果蝇主要是Ｍ型。虽在遗传分析中，除沿海地区外，大多表现很高的对Ｐ敏感性（高达１００％左右），但在分子检测中都带有Ｐ因子的Ｐ１和Ｐ２的片段，故尔确定为Ｍ＇型。而大连半岛、崇明岛和台中３地区的Ｐ活性较高，它们分别是：１１％，１８％和２８％，为Ｑ型（台湾的其他地区均表现Ｍ＇型特徵）。从由纬度来划分的４个区域进行比较，找出了两条分界线，东经１１５°线和北回归线。（１）东经１１５°，将沿海与内陆分开。沿海岸由东向西，可分辨出纵行推进的、逐步过渡的３条线：最东的１线，对Ｐ敏感性非常弱，有７个品系是０，１５个品系在１０％以下，但在Ｐ活性的特征上都很低，不超过１０％，呈中性（平均为７．２３％）。此线以西的２线，其对Ｐ敏感性略增（平均２６．６了％）。再往西的３线更为增加（平均８７％），接近最高值；３线以西为最高，达９０％－１００％。越往西表现出越强的对Ｐ的敏感性。东经１１５°在第２和第３条线之间。（２）北回归线，从对Ｐ敏感性看来，它将东部沿海城市分为两部分。此线以南的广州、海南（海?

草间钻头蛛(Hylyphantes graminicola)对果蝇(Drosophila melanogaster)捕食作用的研究

在实验室条件下,研究了草间钻头蛛Hylyphantes graminicola对果蝇Drosophila melanogaster的捕食功能反应。结果表明,在一定范围内,草间钻头蛛捕食效应随猎物密度增加而增加;随自身密度增加而减小;随着蜘蛛和果蝇密度的增加,相互干扰明显,捕食效率下降;雌蛛比雄蛛捕食量大。

林丹通过MAPK和UPR通路与干扰线粒体功能诱导黑腹果蝇(Drosophila melanogaster)肿瘤细胞迁移

环境污染物增加癌症死亡率的潜在机理研究尚需开展。选择与癌症致死显著相关的林丹作为目标物质,将黑腹果蝇作为受试生物进行暴露,对1 000μg·L^(-1)和对照组的果蝇样本进行实时聚合酶链式反应(RT-PCR),检测发现参与调控癌症细胞迁移的丝裂原活化蛋白激酶(MAPK)信号通路中的MEKK和p38α、未折叠蛋白反应(UPR)中的ATF4、Ire1、PERK和XBP1等基因的表达量呈现显著下调(P<0.05)。通过肿瘤迁移品系果蝇统计林丹暴露下肿瘤细胞迁移率,结果显示肿瘤细胞迁移率随林丹浓度升高而增加,1 000μg·L^(-1)林丹暴露组与对照组的果蝇肿瘤细胞迁移率分别为69.2%和45.9%,具有显著性差异(P<0.05)。进一步的RNA测序结果表明,高浓度暴露组与对照组之间存在380个基因具有显著性差异(P<0.05),其中含169个上调基因和211个下调基因。差异基因主要涉及水解酶催化活性(42个基因)、神经系统(20)、对化学刺激的感知(6)和线粒体(5)。差异基因的富集分析表明林丹的暴露主要改变蛋白水解过程(83个基因)、胞外区域(84)和催化活性(311),其对应的平均富集因子分别为1.59、1.52和1.24(P<0.001)。差异基因的表达解释了林丹的暴露不仅致使线粒体功能障碍,而且影响蛋白水解酶活性,加速胞外基质降解,为肿瘤细胞迁移供能并提供微环境。

Simulation of gene pyramiding in Drosophila melanogaster

Gene pyramiding has been successfully practiced in plant breeding for developing new breeds or lines in which favorable genes from several different lines were integrated. But it has not been used in animal breeding, and some theoretical investigation and simulation analysis with respect to its strategies, feasibility and efficiency are needed before it can be implemented in animals. In this study, we used four different pure lines of Drosophila melanogaster, each of which is homozygous at a specific mutant gene with a visible effect on phenotype, to simulate the gene pyramiding process and analyze the duration and population size required in different pyramiding strategies. We finally got the ideal individuals, which are homozygous at the four target genes simultaneously. This study demonstrates that gene pyramiding is feasible in animal breeding and the interaction between genes may affect the final results.

Berberine Prolongs Life Span and Stimulates Locomotor Activity of <i>Drosophila melanogaster</i>

Drosophila melanogaster mutants with deficient kynurenine (KYN) formation from tryptophan (TRP) have longer life span than wild type flies. Administration of alpha-methyl-TRP and 5-methyl-TRY, the inhibitors of TRP-KYN metabolism, prolonged life span in wild-type flies. Both inhibitors are not available for human use. Berberine, an isoquinoline alkaloid isolated from berberis aristata is known as the herb widely used in traditional Chinese and Indian medicine. Berberin is a strong inhibitor of the enzyme catalyzing TRP conversion into KYN. Considering this particular feature we investigated the effect of berberine on life-and health-span in wild-type Drosophila melanogaster. The results of our study showed that Berberine extended mean, median and maximum life span of female flies. Berberine did not affect the number of pupae of filial generation and decreased their lethality. Berberine increased locomotor activity (vertical climbing). The results of the study suggest that berberine prolongs life- and improves health-span of Drosophila melanogaster. Berberine might be a candidate drug for prevention and treatment of aging and aging-associated medical and psychiatric disorders.

Ganoderma lucidum spore oil(GLSO),a novel antioxidant,extends the average life span in Drosophila melanogaster

In ancient China,Ganoderma lucidum was believed to be a medical fungus that could increase lifespan.Recently,pharmacologic studies have found that polysaccharide peptides and triterpenoids extracted from Ganoderma lucidum have various physiological effects as active compounds.However,the effects of spore oil isolated from Ganoderma lucidum remains unknown.In this study,the biological effects of Ganoderma lucidum spore oil(GLSO)were evaluated using a Drosophila melanogaster model.Compared with untreated groups,groups treated with GLSO had significantly longer average and maximum lifespan in both normal conditions and under oxidative stress.The activities of various antioxidant enzymes were measured to determine the antioxidant effect of GLSO.GLSO treatment markedly enhanced total superoxide dismutase(SOD)and catalase(CAT)activity and decreased levels of malondialdehyde(MDA).Further,we found dose-dependent increases in the mRNA expression of Cu,Zn-SOD,Mn-SOD,and CAT in GLSO-treated groups.These results suggest that GLSO may effectively eliminate free radicals and extend lifespan in Drosophila.Future work should investigate the value of GLSO as a functional food for the prevention of aging in larger animal models.

Factors affecting mito-nuclear codon usage interactions in the OXPHOS system of Drosophila melanogaster

Codon usage bias varies considerably among genomes and even within the genes of the same genome. In eukaryotic organisms, energy production in the form of oxidative phosphorylation （OXPHOS） is the only process under control of both nuclear and mitochondrial genomes. Although factors affecting codon usage in a single genome have been studied, this has not occurred when both interactional genomes are involved. Consequently, we investigated whether or not other factors influence codon usage of coevolved genes. We used Drosophila melanogaster as a model organism. Our χ^2 test on the number of codons of nuclear and mitochondrial genes involved in the OXPHOS system was significantly different （χ^2= 7945.16, P 〈 0.01）. A plot of effective number of codons against GC3s content of nuclear genes showed that few genes lie on the expected curve, indicating that codon usage was random. Correspondence analysis indicated a significant correlation between axis 1 and codon adaptation index （R = 0.947, P 〈 0.01） in every nuclear gene sequence. Thus, codon usage bias of nuclear genes appeared to be affected by translational selection. Correlation between axis 1 coordinates and GC content （R = 0.814, P 〈 0.01） indicated that the codon usage of nuclear genes was also affected by GC composition. Analysis of mitochondrial genes did not reveal a significant correlation between axis 1 and any parameter. Statistical analyses indicated that codon usages of both nDNA and mtDNA were subjected to context-dependent mutations.

黑腹果蝇（Drosophilamelanogaster）黑条体突变型的发现与初步研究

报道黑腹果蝇（Ｄｒｏｓｏｐｈｉｌａｍｅｌａｎｏｇａｓｔｅｒ）新发现的黑条体突变型．用黑条体与残翅杂交，正反交结果不同，Ｆ１体色只表现母方性状，Ｆ２未出现一定比例的分离，是非孟德尔式的遗传。黑腹果蝇黑条体遗传与核外遗传有关．

The genetic architecture of insecticide resistance within a natural population of <i>Drosophila melanogaster</i>

The dynamics of genetic variation in susceptibility to insecticides within a natural population of Drosophila melanogaster (Meigen) at Katsunuma (Yamanashi Prefecture, Japan) was examined. Two resistance factors for three organophosphate insecticides (OPs), a resistant-type acetylcholinesterase (AChE) and a cytochrome P450 monooxygenase (cytochrome P450), have already been suggested to be involved within the Katsunuma population. In this study, genetic variances were estimated for susceptibility to other classes of chemicals than OPs, permethrin (a pyrethroid) and dichloro-diphenyl-trichloroethane (DDT;an organo-chlorine), which existed simultaneously with genetic variances for susceptibility to OPs. Analyses of variance for susceptibility to permethrin and DDT showed highly significant variation among isofemale lines from the Katsunuma population, and the genetic variances for susceptibility to each insecticide fluctuated differently during this period. The impacts of fluctuations of genetic variation in susceptibility to one class of insecticides on genetic variation in susceptibility to other classes of insecticides existing simultaneously within the natural population were discussed.

Stability and Refolding of Prophenol Oxidase Protein with 2-Propanol in Drosophila melanogaster

Phenol oxidase in Drosophila melanogaster occurs as folded phase precursors designated as prophenol oxidase A1 and A3, and prophenol oxidase is activated with alcohol, especially 2-propanol, within a few minutes as unfolded-phase in vitro. To clarify a common effect of alcohols on proteins and peptides, the extract containing prophenol oxidase protein was prepared. Phenol oxidase activity activated with 2-propanol has been maintained stable at least 24 hours remains as it is. Protein of prophenol oxidase was not denatured opposite hypnoses known as the instability of protein with alcohol. Activated prophenol oxidase with 2-propanol remain enzyme activity with no aggregation, stable, renaturation, and the refolding phenomena occurred around the active phase within the catalytic active center of prophenol oxidase protein in Drosophila melanogaster. This study is important to induce the wide range applications of the effect in many fields for rational drag design.