Efficacy and safety of carrimycin in ten patients with severe pneumonia following solid organ transplantation

BACKGROUND The number of patients undergoing solid organ transplantation has increased annually.However,infections in solid organ transplant recipients can have a severe effect on patient survival owing to the continued use of immunosuppressants.Carrimycin is a novel macrolide antibiotic produced by genetically engineered streptomyces spiramyceticus harboring a 4’’-O-isovaleryltransferase gene(ist)from streptomyces thermotoleran.Carrimycin has good antibacterial and antiviral effects.However,no relevant studies have been conducted on the efficacy and safety of carrimycin in patients with severe pneumonia(SP)after solid organ transplantation.AIM To explore the efficacy and safety of carrimycin in patients with SP after solid organ transplantation to provide a medication reference for clinical treatment.METHODS In March 2022,ten patients with SP following solid-organ transplantation were treated at our hospital between January 2021 and March 2022.When the condition was critical and difficult to control with other drugs,carrimycin was administered.These ten patients'clinical features and treatment protocols were retrospectively analyzed,and the efficacy and safety of carrimycin for treating SP following solid organ transplantation were evaluated.RESULTS All ten patients were included in the analysis.Regarding etiological agent detection,there were three cases of fungal pneumonia,two cases of bacterial pneumonia,two cases of Pneumocystis pneumonia,and three cases of mixed infections.After treatment with carrimycin,the disease in seven patients significantly improved,the course of the disease was significantly shortened,fever was quickly controlled,chest computed tomography was significantly improved,and oxygenation was significantly improved.Finally,the patients were discharged after curing.One patient died of acute respiratory distress syndrome,and two patients discontinued treatment.CONCLUSION Carrimycin is a safe and effective treatment modality for SP following solid organ transplantation.Carrimycin may have antibacterial and antiviral effects in patients with SP following solid organ transplantation.

Severe Drug Eruption in Guinea Conakry

Severe drug reactions are defined as mucocutaneous complications secondary to systemic administration of drugs likely to be life threatening. Our work was designed to determine the evolutionary epidemiological and etiological characteristics of severe drug reactions to the Department of Dermatology Venereology, at Donka Teaching Hospital. A prospective descriptive study of all cases of severe drug reactions received at the Department of Dermatology Venereology of the Donka Teaching Hospital was conducted over a period of two years, from June 2009 to May 31, 2011. We identified 22 Stevens-Johnson syndrome, 13 Toxic Epidermal Necrolysis, 1 Stevens-Johnson syndrome Border Toxic Epidermal Necrolysis, 1 Drug Rash with Eosinophilia and Systemic Symptoms and 2 Acute generalized exanthematous pustulosis among 481 hospitalized patients, of whom 50 had consulted for drug reactions, that is to say, a frequence of 10.40%. The Stevens-Johnson syndrome accounted for 44%, the Stevens-Johnson syndrome Border Toxic Epidermal Necrolysis 2%, Toxic Epidermal Necrolysis 26%, Drug Rash with Eosinophilia and Systemic Symptoms 2% and Acute generalized exanthematous pustulosis 4% of drug reaction. The female sex was predominant (28 women vs. 11 men), that is to say 71.59% vs. 26.21 with a sex ratio of 2.55. The average age of our patients was 29.72 years;the range of ages 21 - 40 years was the most affected (51.28%) followed by 0 - 20 years (33.33%). The lethality rate was 9.09% (2/22) in the Stevens-Johnson syndrome and 53.85% (7/13) in the Toxic Epidermal Necrolysis. HIV infection was found in 17.95% (7/26) of our patients and 71.42% (5/7) of the deceased. The drug accountability was established in 79.48%;the most commonly implicated drugs in the Toxic Epidermal Necrolysis were sulfonamides followed by ARVs (nevirapine) and anti TB (isoniazid);in the SJS sulfonamides followed by salts of quinine and anti TB, the only case of DRESS was due to quinine. No drug was found in 20.52% (8 cases). HIV infection remains a poor prognostic factor. Our study shows the scarcity of Drug Rash with Eosinophilia and Systemic Symptoms and Acute generalized exanthematous pustulosis in our service.

Compound-honeysuckle-induced drug eruption with special manifestations:A case report

BACKGROUND The clinical manifestations of drug eruption are complex and diverse,which can lead to missed diagnosis or misdiagnosis.The clinical manifestations of drug eruption caused by compound honeysuckle have not been reported.CASE SUMMARY A 20-year-old man was admitted to our department of dermatology due to erythema and papules on the chest and abdomen with pruritus for 3 d.The next day after taking compound honeysuckle granules,the patient suddenly developed a rash and intense itching on his chest and abdomen.Physical examination revealed diffuse red needle-cap size macules and papules with welldefined borders on the chest and abdomen,and discoloration after finger pressure.No abnormality was observed in other areas of the skin.Back skin scratch was positive.White blood cells,eosinophil count and eosinophil ratio were higher than normal.Histopathological examination of the skin lesions on the left abdomen revealed intercellular edema,blurred focal basal cell layers,and focal lymphocyte infiltration in the superficial dermis and perivascular areas.Immunohistochemistry showed CD3+,CD4+and CD8+T lymphocytes.The diagnosis was drug eruption with special manifestations induced by compound honeysuckle.The skin lesions completely subsided without pruritus after 2 wk of antihistamine and hormone therapy.Follow-up for>1 mo showed no recurrence.CONCLUSION Chinese patent medicine compound honeysuckle granules can induce allergic reaction and rare skin damage.

Care strategies for patients with severe drug-induced hepatitis

Objective: The aim of this study is to analyse the clinical characteristics of 32 patients with severe drug-induced hepatitis, reinforce the practice of unique nursing and holistic nursing, improve the therapeutic effect, reduce the patients’ mortality, and increase their quality of life. Methods: We give patients individualized dietary guidance, medication nursing, and psychological care according to the characteristics of severe hepatitis and its complications, using com- prehensive medical treatment and combined signs of Traditional Chinese Medicine. Results: Overall, 22 (68.8%) out of 32 cases were improved, 8 (25.0%) cases died, and 2 (6.2%) cases were discharged of free will. In addition, the average hospital stay was 28.75 days. Conclusion: This study indicates that dietary guidance for the patients with severe drug-induced hepatitis varies with the individual. The result embodies the concept of Traditional Chinese Medicine that different treatment for the same disease and different diet for the same disease. Special nursing enriches the connotation of holistic nursing. Both of them are vital for improving the survival rate and promoting rehabilitation of patients with severe drug-induced hepatitis.

Four FDA-approved drugs exhibited inhibition effect on severe fever with thrombocytopenia syndrome virus in vitro

Objective:To screen the anti-SFTSV drugs from 1430 FDA-approved drugs via mini-genome system,and to investigate which stage of the infection process could be suppressed by the identified drugs.Methods:The SFTSV mini-genome system was used to screen drugs with inhibitory effect on SFTSV replication and transcription,and the 50%inhibitory concentration(IC_(50))of each drug was calculated by drug concentration gradient inhibition experiment.Drugs were used to pre-incubate with virus and then incubate with cells,to incubate with virus and cells simultaneously,to incubate with cells after virus invading into cells,or to incubate during the whole infection process,and then qRT-PCR was used to measure the viral RNA copies in the culture supernatant.These experiments were performed to quantitatively determine the inhibition effects of drugs on SFTSV indifferent stages of the whole process including virion stability,entry and post-entry stages,so as to clarify the inhibition mechanism of these drugs.Results:Four drugs including Mycophenolate mofetil,Mycophenolic acid,Nitazoxanide,and Vidofludimus were identified having efficient inhibitory effects on SFTSV RNA replication via minigenome system,with the IC_(50) of 0.014μmol/L,0.627μmol/L,1.283μmol/L,and 0.059μmol/L,respectively.All four drugs showed effective inhibition when adding during the whole SFTSV infection process as well as the post-entry stage.Conclusion:Mycophenolate mofetil,Mycophenolic acid,Nitazoxanide and Vidofludimus show efficient anti-viral effects on SFTSV infection.

Epilepsy Properties and Seizure Suppression in a Severe Motor and Intellectual Disabilities

Purpose: In hospitalized patients with severe motor and intellectual disabilities (SMID), we analyzed the association of the SMID class to factors such as the prevalence of epilepsy, frequency of seizures and number of concomitantly used anti-epileptic drugs (AEDs), and evaluated the usefulness of addition of the new AEDs (gabapentin, topiramate, lamotrigine and levetiracetam) to the treatment regimen. Results: The prevalence of epilepsy in the study population was about 60%. There were 39.5% who were free of epileptic seizures during the 6-year survey period and remained well-controlled with medication. As the SMID increased in severity, the frequency of seizures increased, the number of concomitantly used AEDs increased, and the tendency towards addition of new AEDs became more marked. About the use situation of new AED and old AED, this comparison revealed a tendency towards addition of a new AED when the seizures were poorly controlled in response to concomitant use of multiple old AEDs. The frequency of seizures and the number of concomitantly used AEDs were higher in patients with SMID of high severity than in those with SMID of low severity. Analysis of the time-course of the frequency of seizures before and after the addition of new AEDs revealed a significant reduction in the frequency of seizures following the addition of the new AEDs (P > 0.001). Conclusions: These results suggest that the new AEDs are useful in the management of SMID-associated epilepsy, because of their effect of reducing the frequency of SMID-associated seizures and their high tolerability.

Analysis of the Prognostic Factors of Very Severe Aplastic Anemia Treated with Chinese Kidney-Invigorating Drugs in Combination with Anti-lymphocyte Globulin or Anti-thymocyte Globulin

Objective： To explore the prognostic factors for very severe aplastic anemia （VSAA） patients treated mainly with Chinese Kidney （Shen）-invigorating drugs （CKID） combined with anti-lymphocyte globulin （ALG） or anti-thymocyte globulin （ATG）. Methods： Twenty-seven VSAh. patients were treated with CSID＋ALG/ ATG therapy in conjunction with cyclosporine A, androgen, hemopoietic growth factor, etc. The relationship of the effectiveness and some factors （age of patients, course of illness, blood and bone marrow figures, etc.） were analyzed. Results： In the 25 evaluated VSAA patients who had been followed up for over 1 year, 9 patients （36.0%） were basically cured, 5 （20.0%） remitted, 6 （24.0%） were markedly improved, and 5 （20.0%） were treated in vain, with the total effective rate of treatment being 80.0% （20/25）. Better clinical therapeutic effects were shown in patients newly diagnosed with VSAA, of male sex （P=0.037）, 〉20 years old （P=0.045）, with an illness course ≤ 1 month （,P=0.048）, with peripheral neutrophil count 〉0.1 × 10^9/L （P=0.023）, and with reticulocyte count 〉10 × 10^9/L （P=0.002）. Platelet count （P=0.620） and bone marrow lymphocyte percentage （P=0.736） showed no correlation with the therapeutic effectiveness. Multi-factor analysis by the Kaplan-Meier procedure on the factors influencing survival showed that rather longer survival times occurred in patients 〉 20 years old, with peripheral neutrophil count ≤〈0.1 × 10^9/L, reticulocyte count ≤10 × 10^9/L, and platelet count 〉 10 × 10^9/L （allP=0.0001）. Bone marrow lymphocyte percentage and the initiation time of ALG/ATG application （from onset of the illness） showed no significant influence on patients＇ survival time （P=0.085 and P=0.935, respectively）. Conclusions： CSKD＋ALG/ATG therapy for treatment of VSAA could enhance the current clinical therapeutic effects and elevate patients＇ survival rate. Conditions including male sex, age 〉20 years, illness course ≤1 month, neutrophil count 〉0.1× 10^9/L, and reticulocyte count 〉10 × 10^9/L are the likely effective indices for predicting favorable therapeutic effectiveness in newly diagnosed VSAA patients.

Clinical study of distribution and drug resistance of pathogens in patients with severe acute pancreatitis

Background Previous researches about necrotic pancreatic tissue infections are numerous, but the study on systemic infection related to the severe acute pancreatitis （SAP） treatment period is limited. This study aimed to investigate the distribution and drug resistance of pathogenic bacteria in patients who had hepatobiliary surgery for SAP during the past three years. Methods A retrospective study was conducted on the distribution, category and drug resistance of pathogenic bacteria in patients who had hepatobiliary surgery for SAP from 2008 to 2011. Results A total of 594 pathogenic bacteria samples were isolated. Among them 418 isolates （70.4%） were Gram bacteria negative, 142 isolates （23.9%） were Gram bacteria positive, and 34 isolates （5.7%） were found fungi. The most common Gram negative bacteria were Escherichia coli （19.8%）, and the dominant Gram positive pathogenic bacteria were Enterococcus faecium. The distribution of SAP-related infectious pathogens was mainly in peritoneal drainage fluid, sputum, bile, and wound secretions. Almost all the Gram negative pathogenic bacteria were sensitive to carbapenum. Extended-spectrum I]-Iactamases （ESBLs） producing strains were more resistant to penicillins and cephalosprins than the ESBLs non-producing strains. Staphylococcus was sensitive to vancomycin and linezolid. The drug resistance of meticillin-resistant staphylococcus （MRS） to commonly used antibiotics was higher than meticillin-sensitive streptococcus （MSS）. Enterococcus sp. exhibited lower drug-resistance rates to vancomycin and linezolid. Conclusions Gram negative bacteria were the dominant SAP-related infection after hepatobiliary surgery. A high number of fungal infections were reported. Drug resistant rates were high. Rational use of antibiotics according to the site of infection, bacterial species and drug sensitivity, correctly executing the course of treatment and enhancing hand washing will contribute to therapy and prevention of SAP-related infection and decrease its mortality.

Two cases of childhood absence epilepsy who showed seizure disappearance after ethosuximide drug eruption

Background Recent studies suggest potential roles of immune response in the pathophysiology of epilepsy.Anti-seizure medications(ASMs)are known to have side effects of drug eruption caused by immune responses.A few reports in adults have demonstrated disappearance of seizures after an ASM drug eruption episode.In this paper,we described 2 cases of childhood absence epilepsy(CAE)who showed seizure disappearance after ethosuximide(ESM)drug eruption,suggesting the possibility that the epilepsy disappears due to immune responses to ASM.Case presentation Case 1 was an 8-year-old girl diagnosed with CAE.She was treated with valproate acid(VPA)initially,and then ESM was administered as an additional treatment.Her epileptic seizure disappeared 4 days after initiation of ESM.However,drug eruption appeared 1 week after the administration of ESM.Even after discontinuation of ESM administration,she maintains no seizure after the drug eruption.Case 2 was a 5-year-old boy diagnosed as CAE.He was treated with VPA initially,and ESM was administered additionally.Drug eruption appeared 1 month after the administration of ESM.Even after ESM was terminated,he maintained seizure freedom after the appearance of eruption.Conclusions Epileptic seizures may have been suppressed due to the immune responses caused by ASM eruption.Further studies are needed to elucidate the pathophysiologic effects of drug eruption on epilepsy through immune responses.

抗癫痫药物致住院患者药疹的临床表现及防治策略

目的 初步评价抗癫痫药物的安全性,并探讨抗癫痫药物引发药疹的防治策略。方法 回顾性分析医院神经内科或儿科2016年1月至2022年12月收治的经皮肤科会诊确诊为由抗癫痫药物致药疹的15例住院患者的临床资料,总结常见引发药疹的抗癫痫药物种类、药疹的分型、系统受累情况、药疹治疗方法的选择和预后。结果 15例患者中,最常引发药疹的药物为奥卡西平(6/15);药疹分型中以麻疹型最常见(13/15),2例Stevens-Johnson综合征(SJS)型分别由奥卡西平和苯巴比妥引起;除药疹外,患者常合并肝功能异常(8/15)、发热(7/15)和外周血嗜酸性粒细胞水平升高(6/15)。经停用/更换致敏抗癫痫药物、抗过敏等对症治疗后,药疹完全消退、系统损害恢复正常。结论 多种抗癫痫药物均可引发药疹,抗癫痫药物引发的药疹以麻疹型多见,但应警惕SJS型的出现及肝功能损害。及时停用致敏药物并更换抗癫痫药物的种类,使用糖皮质激素和(或)抗组胺药物对症治疗,对抗癫痫药物引发的药疹疗效较好。

某精神专科医院药品不良反应严重程度的影响因素分析

目的:收集某精神专科医院160例药品不良反应(ADR)报告并分析ADR的发生规律、特点和影响因素,探讨影响ADR严重程度的因素,为临床合理用药提供依据。方法:回顾性分析该院2020年上报的160例ADR报告。收集患者一般资料,根据患者ADR严重程度分为一般ADR组和严重ADR组。通过单因素及多因素Logistic回归分析,筛选影响精神科患者ADR严重程度的高危因素。结果:单因素分析结果表明,性别、年龄、药品类别、给药途径、报告者、关联性评价以及累及系统/器官等指标与ADR严重程度相关。多因素Logistic回归分析结果显示,女性、≥50岁、可能有关、3种及以上、口服、医生、心血管系统疾病、皮肤疾病与ADR严重程度之间存在相关性(P<0.05)。结论:临床诊治中应实时监测ADR,控制用药风险,以降低严重ADR发生率,减少药害事件,保障患者用药安全。

改良型左甲状腺素钠相关药疹2例

优甲乐是一种人工合成外源性左甲状腺素,成分类似于甲状腺自然分泌的四碘甲状腺原氨酸,且可在外周器官中转化为游离三碘甲状腺原氨酸,并进一步结合受体,调节甲状腺功能。我院2例患者均为年轻女性,既往无药物及食物过敏史,也无家族遗传史。入院后行甲状腺切除术,术后常规给予优甲乐预防甲状腺肿复发,且服用同一批次、同一厂家优甲乐。2例患者前后出现不同程度的药物性皮疹,经抗过敏治疗后好转。2例患者的不良反应均与优甲乐的服用具有时间相关性,考虑为优甲乐的新辅料甘露醇引起。甘露醇静滴时,常见的不良反应包括过敏性皮疹和荨麻疹。本研究基于我院2例优甲乐疑似引起药物性皮疹病例,综合分析患者相关指标变化,并结合国内外相近案例回顾分析,探讨药物性皮疹特点及可能机制,以期提高临床医师对这一现象的关注,并为该疾病的深入研究、促进优甲乐安全合理用药提供一定参考。

万古霉素药物浓度监测在治疗严重脓毒症中的临床应用

目的评估万古霉素药物浓度监测(TDM)治疗严重脓毒症的临床应用效果。方法收集2018-06至2021-12内蒙古自治区人民医院ICU收治的脓毒症患者为研究对象。按是否应用TDM分为TDM组和非TDM组。计录两组患者治疗后白细胞计数、降钙素原、C反应蛋白、中性粒细胞率、血清肌酐、住院时间和万古霉素持续使用时间,评估两组的临床疗效。结果两组患者治疗后,白细胞计数、降钙素原、C反应蛋白、中性粒细胞率、住院时间、万古霉素使用时间对比,差异均无统计学意义。但TDM组血清肌酐(139.99±84.80)μmol/L、中性粒细胞率(79.94±7.89)%和降钙素原(3.72±5.73)ng/ml的平均值明显低于非TDM组,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。结论万古霉素TDM在对严重脓毒症患者的治疗中具有较好的指导作用,维持了有效的药物浓度,又可降低肾毒性发生风险,建议临床推广。

儿童重症肺炎支气管肺泡灌洗液的病原菌及药敏试验分析

目的了解儿童重症肺炎支气管肺泡灌洗液(BALF)的病原菌及药敏试验情况。方法选取该院2021年1月至2023年4月收治的100例重症肺炎患儿作为研究对象,对所有患儿进行支气管镜肺泡灌洗,并分析其BALF病原菌及药敏试验情况。结果100例患儿BALF中共培养出病原菌131株,革兰阴性菌98株(74.81%),革兰阳性球菌33株(25.19%),其中流感嗜血杆菌(25.19%)、肺炎链球菌(21.37%)占比较高,卡他布兰汉菌(15.27%)、肺炎克雷伯菌(11.45%)其次。重症肺炎患儿BALF中前4位病原菌主要以<1岁(97.37%)、1~3岁(96.88%)占比较高,>3~7岁(94.12%)、>7~14岁(92.31%)相对较少。各年龄BALF中流感嗜血杆菌、卡他布兰汉菌、肺炎克雷伯菌分布情况比较,差异均无统计学意义(P>0.05);各年龄BALF中肺炎链球菌分布情况比较,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。20株流感嗜血杆菌对四环素、阿莫西林-克拉维酸、头孢噻肟、复方磺胺甲噁唑均较敏感,对氯霉素敏感性其次,对氨苄西林、头孢克洛、头孢呋辛耐药性均较高;15株卡他布兰汉菌对头孢噻肟较敏感,对氨苄西林耐药性最高;8株肺炎克雷伯菌对头孢噻肟较敏感,对氨苄西林、头孢呋辛、氯霉素耐药性均较高,对阿莫西林-克拉维酸、四环素耐药性其次;20株肺炎链球菌对万古霉素、氯霉素均较敏感,对青霉素G、泰利霉素敏感性其次,对复方磺胺甲噁唑耐药性较高,对四环素、头孢噻肟、克林霉素耐药性其次。结论儿童重症肺炎BALF中病原菌以流感嗜血杆菌、肺炎链球菌多见,且0~3岁患儿病原菌占比高于>3~14岁,临床应合理用药以预防耐药菌株产生。

老年重症肺炎患者支气管肺泡灌洗液细菌培养及药敏分析

目的 分析老年重症肺炎患者支气管肺泡灌洗液细菌构成及药敏情况。方法 纳入2022年3月至2023年8月收治的老年重症肺炎患者180例,对患者支气管肺泡灌洗液进行细菌培养和鉴定,采用最低抑菌浓度(MIC)法进行药物敏感试验分析。结果 180例老年重症肺炎患者支气管肺泡灌洗液共分离出217株病原菌,其中革兰阴性菌141株(64.98%),革兰阳性菌57株(26.27%),真菌19株(8.76%)。革兰阴性菌中肺炎克雷伯菌、鲍曼不动杆菌、铜绿假单胞菌分布最广,肺炎克雷伯菌对阿米卡星、复方新诺明的敏感率较高,对哌拉西林、环丙沙星、氨苄西林/舒巴坦的耐药率较高;鲍曼不动杆菌对复方新诺明、妥布霉素的敏感率较高,对头孢他啶、头孢吡肟、头孢曲松的耐药率较高;铜绿假单胞菌对阿米卡星、哌拉西林/他唑巴坦、头孢吡肟的敏感率较高,对亚胺培南、哌拉西林、头孢他啶的耐药率较高。革兰阳性菌中肺炎链球菌、金黄色葡萄球菌分布最广,肺炎链球菌对万古霉素、利福平、青霉素的敏感率较高,对四环素、红霉素、克林霉素的耐药率较高;金黄色葡萄球菌对万古霉素、利福平、克林霉素的敏感率较高,对青霉素、庆大霉素、红霉素的耐药率较高。结论 老年重症肺炎患者支气管肺泡灌洗液的主要病原菌为革兰阴性菌,不同病原菌药敏分析结果差异较大,临床应根据药敏结果合理应用抗生素。

新型冠状病毒感染并广泛耐药鲍曼不动杆菌重症肺炎31例临床疗效与结局分析

目的为临床合理使用抗菌药物,进一步优化广泛耐药鲍曼不动杆菌(XDRAB)肺部感染诊疗策略提供参考。方法回顾性分析医院2022年12月至2023年2月收治的新型冠状病毒感染并XDRAB重症肺炎患者的病例资料、抗菌治疗方案、临床疗效、30 d死亡情况等信息。结果共纳入患者31例,按治疗方案的不同分为多黏菌素组(15例)、非多黏菌素组(12例)和未治疗组(4例),多黏菌素组治疗方案以注射用硫酸多黏菌素B或注射用硫酸黏菌素为主,同时联合其他药物治疗;非多黏菌素组治疗方案包括注射用替加环素、注射用头孢哌酮钠舒巴坦钠、注射用舒巴坦钠、注射用美罗培南、注射用亚胺培南西司他丁钠及注射用甲苯磺酸奥马环素任一药物或联合用药;疗程均不短于2 d。未治疗组治疗方案为不包括以上两组任一药物的其他药物。多黏菌素组有效率为26.67%,30 d死亡率为73.33%;非多黏菌素组分别为16.67%,83.33%;未治疗组分别为0,100.00%。临床药师参与多黏菌素组中6例患者的救治,其中2例(33.33%)有效。结论新型冠状病毒感染并XDRAB重症肺炎临床治愈率低,死亡率高,需要更准确地把握抗菌治疗时机和更规范地开展药物治疗,且临床药师参与治疗可能带来更多的临床获益。

万古霉素在重症感染中的治疗药物监测现状及前景

万古霉素被誉为治疗革兰阳性菌感染的最后一道防线,也是推荐的一线用药。因其治疗窗窄,重症患者需监测药物浓度以指导临床安全用药。传统上基于万古霉素谷浓度的治疗药物监测已被临床广泛接受。2009年美国传染病学会(IDSA)指南建议,对于重症患者目标谷浓度为15~20 mg/L。近十余年国内外学者对于该治疗浓度的安全性及有效性评价不一。2020年更新指南提出,肾损伤风险最小、最准确且最佳的给药方法是通过曲线下面积(AUC)指导给药剂量和监测,提倡个体化目标AUC/最低抑菌浓度(MIC)比值为400~600 mg/(h·L)。由此可见目前就万古霉素临床监测指标存在争议。因此,本文就万古霉素治疗重症感染过程中进行治疗浓度监测的手段及策略进行综述,对指导临床合理用药具有重要意义,有助于临床医师制定个体化给药方案,最大程度减少或避免药物毒性。

儿童抗癫痫药物所致重症药疹与HLA基因的关系

目的:明确西北地区汉族儿童抗癫痫药物所致重症药疹与人类白细胞抗原(HLA)基因多态性的关联性。方法:收集2018年1月1日至2023年6月30日应用抗癫痫药物所致重症药疹的住院患儿20例为病例组,应用抗癫痫药物3个月以上未出现皮肤不良反应的患儿55例为耐受组,正常体检的40例儿童为正常对照组,采用序列特异性引物-聚合酶链反应法(PCR-SSP)检测外周血HLA-B^(*)1502、HLA-A^(*)2402、HLA-A^(*)3101 3个等位基因,分析等位基因分布频率在三组之间的差异。结果:重症药疹平均发病年龄(6.78±3.28)岁,平均潜伏期15天。三组总体基因分布频率有统计学差异(P<0.05)。病例组HLA-B^(*)1502等位基因分布频率与耐受组及正常对照组有统学差异(P<0.05),HLA-A^(*)2402及HLA-A^(*)3101基因分布频率在三组之间无统计学差异(P>0.05)。病例组HLA-B^(*)1502等位基因分布频率在卡马西平组与非卡马西平组有统计学差异(P<0.05)。结论:抗癫痫药物引发的重症药疹学龄前及学龄期儿童高发,潜伏期长。卡马西平所致重症药疹与HLA-B^(*)1502等位基因密切相关,建议患者服用抗癫痫药物前筛查HLA基因型,避免重症药疹的发生。

口腔苔藓样药物反应的研究进展

口腔苔藓样药物反应(oral lichenoid drug reactions,OLDR)是特殊体质者使用特定药物后引起的口腔黏膜炎性反应,属于口腔苔藓样损害(oral lichenoid lesions,OLL)这一病种,其临床表现和病理表现与其他种类的OLL相比不存在明显的特异性,可能诱发OLDR的药物种类繁多,包括了降压药、非甾体抗炎药、降糖药、抗焦虑/精神类药物、生物制剂等,治疗方案除局部或全身使用糖皮质激素以外,停用可疑药物是最有效的治疗措施,大多数患者的黏膜溃疡、糜烂能得到较大缓解,但可能仍有白纹残留。虽然OLDR已在文献报道和临床工作中得到广泛关注,但由于缺乏系统的认识,对于OLDR的诊断并没有公认的标准,也缺乏规范化的诊疗流程,且相关药物与口腔苔藓样病变之间的因果关系仍然存在疑问。针对以上问题,笔者检索了近20年国内外药物相关口腔扁平苔藓和苔藓样损害的文献,其中绝大多数为病例报告,仅有少量病例对照研究。本文从相关概念、可疑药物、临床及病理表现、治疗预后4个方面介绍了其研究现状,希望能为相关苔藓样损害的预防、诊断和临床治疗提供理论参考。文献综述显示了该疾病在病因、发病机制、临床诊疗、治疗预后等方面仍有大量问题尚不明确,仍需进一步开展临床及基础研究予以深入探索。