Comparative Effects of Cocoa Pod Husk and Oil Palm Bunch Ash on Nutrient Uptake, Growth and Dry Matter Yield of Cocoa (The-obroma cacao) in Ibadan, Southwest Nigeria

The high premium placed on the organically produced cocoa in the international market coupled with its health and environmental benefits necessitated recent focus on research into the use of agricultural wastes as source of nutrients in cocoa (T. cacao) production. The study was carried out at the Cocoa Research Institute of Nigeria (CRIN), Ibadan (Lat. 7&deg25'N Long. 3&deg25'E), South-western, Nigeria during the 2010/2011 seedling production season to compare the effects of NPK (20:10:10) fertilizer, Cocoa Pod Husk and Oil Palm Bunch Ash (CPHA and OPA) on the seedling growth and dry matter yield of cocoa (T. cacao). Equivalent amount of different rates of two nutrients sources CPHA and OPA were applied one month after planting at 0, 1, 2, 3, 4 and 5 t/ha respectively, recommended rate of 10 kg·N of the conventional NPK (20:10:10). Fertilizer was used as reference fertilizer. Results indicated that all the fertilizer materials positively and significantly (p > 0.05) increased the growth parameters considered. The influence of the ash materials irrespective of sources on the nutrient uptake, dry matter yield of cocoa seedlings and shoot to root ratio were either higher than or had a comparable results with the reference fertilizer (NPK 20:10:10). CPHA and OPA applied at a rate of 4 t/ha significantly (p > 0.05) increased the plant height and root length of cocoa seedlings respectively relative to control and in—organic fertilizer and could therefore be recommended for the prospective and existing Nigerian cocoa farmers for raising their seedlings in the nursery before transplanting to the field.

Effect of Lime and Phosphorus on Yield and Yield Components of Groundnut Varieties [Arachis hypogaea L.] on Acidic Soil in Nedjo District, Western Ethiopia

Groundnut (Arachis hypogaea L.) is an important cash crop for smallholder farmers in western Ethiopia. However, the yield of the crop is very low mainly because of strong soil acidity and poor soil fertility management. A study conducted to evaluate the effect of lime and mineral phosphorus fertilizer on yield components and yield of groundnut. The treatments consisted of three phosphorus rates (0, 46 and 92 kg P2O5·ha-1), three lime rates (0, 6, and 11 ton lime·ha-1), and three groundnut varieties (local cultivar, Werer-961, and Werer-963) was laid-out as a randomized complete design in a factorial arrangement with three replications. The corresponding rates of phosphorus applied per pot of soil (7 kg) amounted to 0, 107 and 215 mg kg·soil-1 and those of lime amounted to 0, 14, and 26 g kg·soil-1. The analysis of variance showed that phenological characters, yield, and yield components significantly affected by interaction of variety, phosphorus, and lime. The highest dry pod yield produced by Werer-963 (2 kg dry pod yield·pot-1) in response to the application 11 t·ha-1 lime and 46 kg P2O5·ha-1. However, Werer-961 produced medium (1.5 kg dry pod yield·pot-1) at 11 t·ha-1 lime and 92 kg P2O5·ha-1 and the local cultivar produced minimum (1 kg dry pod yield·pot-1) at the application of 11 t·ha-1 lime and 92 kg P2O5·ha-1. In terms of phosphorus yield efficiency index, Werer-963 was highly efficient (index of 1.71), and Werer-961 was moderately efficient (index of 0.6). However, the local cultivar was inefficient (index of 0.04). It is at, in acidic soil of the study area Werer-963 is the best to be cultivated with application of lime 11 t·ha-1 and 46 kg P2O5·ha-1 fertilizer, followed by Werer-961. The results of this pot experiment have revealed that farmers in the study area need to switch to cultivating the improved varieties of groundnut rather than local variety with the application of high rates of lime and moderate amounts of phosphorus.

施钙量对花生荚果不同发育时期光合产物分配的影响

【目的】探究施钙对荚果发育过程中光合产物在花生植株各部位分配的影响,以明确钙肥促进花生生长和产量形成的机理。【方法】以‘湘花55号’为供试花生品种进行低钙土壤盆栽试验。CaO施用量设置4个水平:0、75、150和300 kg/hm^(2),分别记为Ca0、Ca75、Ca150、Ca300。在花生荚果幼果期、膨大期、定型期、籽仁充实期,采用^(13)C-Na_(2)CO_(3)和H2SO4溶液(1 mol/L)反应获得^(13)C-CO_(2)(300~350 mg/kg)的方法,对花生光合产物进行^(13)C标记。于花生收获期取样,测定各部位干物质积累量、^(13)C丰度和产量。【结果】施钙量提升花生植株干物质积累的效果显著,与Ca0相比,Ca75处理显著提高根、茎干物质积累量,Ca150处理分别显著提高叶、果针、籽仁、果壳和全株干物质积累量12.43%、33.60%、34.35%、11.91%和14.82%。施钙影响着花生荚果产量、出仁率和饱果率,但不影响双仁果率,荚果产量以Ca150处理最高,较Ca0处理显著提升了10.5%。Ca0、Ca75、Ca300处理下籽仁δ^(13)C丰度在籽仁充实期达到最高,而Ca150处理在荚果膨大期最高。随着荚果期延长,各处理花生整株^(13)C积累量先增后降,在荚果膨大期达到最高,然后降低;Ca150花生整株^(13)C积累量显著高于其他处理。随着生育时期的推进,各施钙处理的^(13)C在花生籽仁中的分配比例均呈增加趋势,在籽仁充实期的分配比例可高达41.0%(Ca0)~48.3%(Ca75)。籽仁^(13)C分配比例随施钙量的增加而增加,中低施钙量(75~150 kg/hm^(2))处理有利于协调根、果针的^(13)C向籽粒转运,而高施钙量(150~300 kg/hm^(2))有利于促进叶、果壳^(13)C向籽粒转运。【结论】适宜施钙量可调控^(13)C在花生植株中的分配和积累,显著提升光合^(13)C向花生籽仁中的分配比例,为产量提升奠定基础。本研究条件下,获得最高生产效益的适宜施钙量为CaO 150 kg/hm^(2)。

夏播菜用大豆生长动态及干物质积累分配的研究

以4个大豆品种(系)为材料,研究了菜用大豆在夏播条件下的生育特性及群体生产结构,并在此基础上研究了干物质积累分配及鲜荚产量的变化规律。结果表明:夏播菜用大豆的株高及叶面积指数表现为前期快速增长,从8月中旬开始增长缓慢;各品种(系)生育进程明显不同,合丰系列大豆生长发育迅速,生育期短,一般64 d左右即可采摘收获,最迟的品系是辽99011,从出苗期到鲜荚采收期需要79 d;辽00128各时期叶面积指数均高于其他品种;各品种(系)群体干物质积累的主要表现是在8月25日后,均以9月22日积累的干物质最高;辽00128干物质积累较多,同时后期分配到鲜荚中比例较多,鲜荚产量最高(8143.9 kg.hm-2),因此,辽00128适合在沈阳地区做夏播菜用大豆种植。

氮磷钾肥施用对多花黑麦草越冬期生理指标和产草量的影响

为研究肥料施用对越冬期多花黑麦草(Lolium multiflorum L.)生理指标及对产草量的影响,于2007年在大田试验条件下,设置氮磷钾全施(NPK)、不施氮肥(PK)、不施磷肥(NK)、不施钾肥(NP)和不施肥(CK)5个处理,测定了越冬期叶片的部分生理指标,并收获了全生育期产量。结果表明:氮、磷肥施用均可显著提高多花黑麦草叶绿素含量(P<0.05),而施钾对叶绿素的影响相对较小;施氮可提高光合速率,其效果明显高于磷、钾肥;肥料对多花黑麦草水分利用率的影响顺序为氮>磷>钾;各处理相比,叶绿素含量、净光合速率以及水分利用率均表现为NPK>NP>NK>CK≈PK;氮、磷肥的施用均显著降低多花黑麦草蒸腾速率(P<0.05),其变化趋势为NPK≈NP<NK≈CK≈PK;氮是过氧化物酶活力的主要影响因子,磷、钾肥需在施氮条件下才会发挥作用;施氮显著降低了丙二醛含量,且降低程度明显高于磷肥和钾肥;过氧化物酶活力表现为NPK≈NP≈NK>CK≈PK,丙二醛含量则呈相反趋势;与不施肥对照处理相比,氮、磷、钾肥分别使干草产量提高268.3%、53.3%、22.7%。结果说明,施肥可以调节多花黑麦草越冬期的相关生理指标,具有提高多花黑麦草抗寒和抗旱能力,从而达到提高产量的目的。

高产春大豆干物质积累与花荚形成的关系研究

为探明高产春大豆花荚期干物质积累与花荚形成的关系,田间随机区组排列法研究10个高产大豆品种(系)的花期、花荚期干物质增量分别与开花数、成荚数、产量的关系。结果表明,产量在4 527.4～5 734.2 kg·hm^(-2)的范围内,花期干物质增量与产量相关不显著,花荚期干物质增量与产量呈极显著正相关,总花数、总荚数均与产量呈显著正相关;花期干物质增量与开花数呈二次曲线关系,Y_1=-0.050 3X■+42.285X_1-5 312.2,R^2=0.673 9~*;花荚期的干物质增量与成荚数呈线性关系,Y_2=0.090 4X_5+419.47,R^2=0.719 4^(**);开花期叶片干物质增量与开花数呈二次曲线关系,花荚期茎秆、叶片、叶柄干物质增量与成荚数均呈二次曲线关系。花期和花荚期过少或过多茎叶干物质积累量均不利于花、荚形成。花期茎叶稳健生长,荚期荚快速生长有利于增加开花数、成荚数。在花期、花荚期地上部干物质增量分别为4 373,7 801 kg·hm^(-2)、荚干重占33.8%,总花数为3 773.3×10~4朵·hm^(-2)、总荚数为1 127.3×10~4个·hm^(-2),产量可达5 734.2 kg·hm^(-2),其干物质成花效率、成荚效率依次为8.63朵·g^(-1)、1.45个·g^(-1)。

种衣剂对粤东地区秋花生成苗与产量的影响

为了探索种衣剂在粤东地区秋花生上的应用效果,2020—2021连续2年,采用随机区组试验,通过不同种衣剂对花生种子进行包衣试验,测定其对秋花生成苗与产量的影响。结果表明,用种衣剂包衣的处理A、B,成苗率明显高于当年的对照CK,以种衣剂高巧+亮盾包衣的处理(A4、B4)成苗率最高,2020年种衣剂包衣的处理A4成苗率84.56%,较对照CK1高出12.06%;2021年B4处理成苗率93.63%,较对照CK2高出14.70%。种衣剂包衣的处理A、B,干荚果产量也均超过当年的对照CK,以种衣剂酷拉斯、精盾、高巧+亮盾包衣的处理(A1、B1,A3、B3,A4、B4)增产效果表现突出,2020年种衣剂包衣的处理A1、A3、A4干荚果产量分别为234.24、238.21、241.39 kg/667m^(2),比CK1分别增产12.59%、14.50%、16.03%,增产均达显著水平;2021年B1、B3、B4干荚果产量分别为283.48、282.68、287.45 kg/667 m^(2),比CK2分别增产19.00%、18.67%、20.67%,增产达显著和极显著水平。本试验中酷拉斯、迈舒平、精盾、高巧+亮盾等4种种衣剂应用在粤东秋花生上,均能有效地提高花生成苗率,增加产量。以种衣剂高巧+亮盾、酷拉斯、精盾包衣应用效果表现突出,可以在粤东地区秋花生生产上优先应用。