Water discharge changes of the Changjiang River downstream Datong during dry season

Based on hydrometric data and extensive investigations on water-extracting projects, this paper presents a preliminary study on water discharge changes between Datong and Xuliujing during dry season. The natural hydrological processes and human factors that influence the water discharge are analyzed with the help of GIS method. The investigations indicate that the water-extracting projects downstream from Datong to Xuliujing had amounted to 64 in number by the end of 2000, with a water-extracting capacity up to 4,626 m 3 /s averaged in a tidal cycle. The water extraction from the Changjiang River has become the most important factor influencing the water discharge downstream Datong during dry season. The potential magnitude in water discharge changes are estimated based on historical records of water extraction and a water balance model. The computational results were calibrated with the actual data. The future trend in changes of water discharge into the sea during dry season was discussed by taking into consideration of newly built hydro-engineering projects. The water extraction downstream Datong in dry season before 2000 had a great influence on discharges into the sea in the extremely dry year like 1978-1979. It produced a net decrease of more than 490 m 3 /s in monthly mean discharges from the Changjiang into the sea. It is expected that the water extraction will continually increase in the coming decades, especially in dry years, when the net decrease in monthly mean water discharge will increase to more than 1000 m 3 /s and will give a far-reaching effect on the changes of water discharge from the Changjiang into the sea.

IMPACT OF WATER ENVIRONMENTAL CHARACTERISTICS IN DRY-HOT VALLEY OF JINSHA RIVER ON SOIL DESERTIFICATION

Based on the field investigation and the analysis of soil moisture curve, it is clearly shown that there is a positive relationship between vegetation coverage rate and soil moisture capacity and soil depth in dry hot valley of the Jinsha River, and also there is a desertification process with seasonality. It is suggested that the basic factor of desertification in the area is water deficiency (seasonal drought and low soil water capacity) and the direct dynamic of desertification is soil erosion. Some effective countermeasures are presented, of which water saving planting and irrigation techniques should be firstly applied in the studied area.

Aerosol Optical Properties and Radiative Impacts in the Pearl River Delta Region of China during the Dry Season

Aerosol optical properties and direct radiative effects on surface irradiance were examined using seven years （2006-2012） of Cimel sunphotometer data collected at Panyu--the main atmospheric composition monitoring station in the Pearl River Delta （PRD） region of China. During the dry season （October to February）, mean values of the aerosol optical depth （AOD） at 550 nm, the Angstrom exponent, and the single scattering albedo at 440 nm （SSA） were 0.54, 1.33 and 0.87, respectively. About 90% of aerosols were dominated by fine-mode strongly absorbing particles. The size distribution was bimodal, with fine-mode particles dominating. The fine mode showed a peak at a radius of 0.12 μm in February and October （- 0.10 μm3 μm-2）. The mean diurnal shortwave direct radiative forcing at the surface, inside the atmosphere （FATM）, and at the top of the atmosphere, was -33.4± 7.0, 26.1 ± 5.6 and -7.3 ±2.7 W m-2, respectively. The corresponding mean values of aerosol direct shortwave radiative forcing per AOD were -60.0 ±7.8, 47.3 ± 8.3 and -12.8 ±3.1 W m-2, respectively. Moreover, during the study period, FATM showed a significant decreasing trend （p 〈 0.01） and SSA increased from 0.87 in 2006 to 0.91 in 2012, suggesting a decreasing trend of absorbing particles being released into the atmosphere. Optical properties and radiative impacts of the absorbing particles can be used to improve the accuracy of inversion algorithms for satellite-based aerosol retrievals in the PRD region and to better constrain the climate effect of aerosols in climate models.

Industrial Poverty Alleviation Model in Deep Poverty-stricken Villages in the Dry-hot Valley of Jinsha River: A Case Study of Poverty Alleviation in the Green Prickleyash Planting Industry in Laopingzi Village,Luquan County

Industrial poverty alleviation is the core of poverty alleviation in rural areas of China,and it is the fundamental way for the rural poor to achieve stable income and poverty alleviation. Laopingzi Village,Jiaopingdu Town,Luquan County,Kunming County,Yunnan Province,located in the dry-hot valley area of Jinsha River,has become a typical deep poverty-stricken village due to its special natural conditions.In recent years,in the battle to win the fight against poverty,the people of Laopingzi Village have achieved a virtuous cycle of the ecological environment and an access to get rid of poverty and get rich through vigorously developing green prickleyash planting industry. By the end of 2018,the incidence of poverty in Laopingzi Village Committee dropped from 45. 62% in 2014 to 1. 11%,and the green prickleyash planting industry had achieved remarkable results in poverty alleviation. This article summarizes the specific practices of developing the green prickleyash planting industry in the village,analyzes the main results and successful experiences of the mode and discusses the inspiration of the implementation of green prickleyash cultivation on industrial poverty alleviation,so as to provide an effective practical example for the development and poverty alleviation of poverty-stricken areas.

Dryland Pastoralism Climate Landscape and Food Security in the Suam River Basin of Kenya

River basins in the drylands of Sub-Saharan Africa have traditionally been utilized for pastoral livelihoods under communal land tenure. Communities in West Pokot in Kenya have continued to experience increased precipitation and temperature as a result of climate variability and change. This study aimed at assessing the impact of climate variability and change at micro-basin level in order to address research and policy gaps on climate change and food security as policy arena shifts from centralized to decentralized governance in Kenya. Primary quantitative data was collected from 387 households’ perceptions of climate variability and change and its implications on food security were measured. Food security index score was calculated. The annual rainfall trend over Suam river basin for the period (1981-2020), was characterized by a linearly increasing annual rainfall trend. Mann Kendall test Z-statistics and Tau were at 2.3578 and 0.0720 respectively. The basin experienced the highest rainfall variability during the first decade (1981-1990) with the highest coefficient of rainfall variation noted at 11.5%. The highest temperature was recorded in the third decade (2001-2010) and fourth decade (2011-2020) at 27.0 and 28.2 degrees Celsius respectively. However, the overall index score for food security was 55.78 with food availability scoring the highest index, mean (SD) of 63.41 (36.52). This was attributed to households’ practice of both nomadic pastoralism and agro-pastoralism activities. Climate variability and change, have resulted in increased amount of rainfall received providing for opportunity investment in rain water harvesting to support both pastoralism and agro-pastoralism production to enhance food security.

气候变化背景下赣江流域复合高温干旱事件时空演变特征

【目的】在气候变化背景下,全球多区域复合高温干旱事件频率与强度呈现增加趋势。系统揭示赣江流域复合高温干旱事件的时空演变特征,为灾害风险防范提供参考。【方法】采用1961—2021年的日最高温度和表层土壤含水量数据,评估赣江流域热浪、农业干旱和复合高温干旱事件的时空变化趋势,对比分析复合高温干旱事件与单独极端事件的特征差异。【结果】结果表明:赣江流域农业干旱事件频次呈下降趋势(-0.027场/10 a),热浪事件及复合高温干旱事件的频次呈上升趋势(0.084场/10 a、0.013场/10 a)。与1961—2000年相比,2001—2021年赣江流域农业干旱的发生频率在北部大部分区域有所下降,南部地区大部分区域有所增加;热浪事件的发生频率在全流域均呈增加趋势;复合高温干旱的发生频率在东北部有所下降,南部显著上升。与单独热浪事件和单独农业干旱事件相比,复合高温干旱下的热浪事件历时和烈度分别增加16.87%和26.25%,农业干旱事件历时和烈度分别增加10.65%和26.86%。【结论】赣江流域南部地区复合高温干旱事件发生频率显著增加;相比于单独的极端事件,复合高温干旱事件的危险性有所增强,未来应加强该区域的复合高温干旱风险防范能力。

Land Suitability Evaluation of Zanthoxylum schinifolium in Dry and Hot Valley of Jinsha River: A Case Study of Jiaopingdu Town of Luquan Yi and Miao Autonomous County,Yunnan Province

According to the recent practice in Laopingzi Village,Jiaopingdu Town,Luquan Yi and Miao Autonomous County(Luquan County hereinafter)in dry and hot valley of Jinsha River,the development of Zanthoxylum schinifolium Sieb.et Zucc planting industry can help farmers gradually get rid of poverty and achieve a virtuous cycle of ecological environment.It is a sustainable poverty alleviation way.Based on the three aspects of soil properties,climatic conditions,and topographical conditions influencing the growth of Z.schinifolium,this paper selected eight evaluation factors to establish a suitability evaluation system for Z.schinifolium,used the analytic hierarchy process to determine the indicator,and determined the weight of the evaluation indicators.Besides,it calculated the comprehensive suitability index of land suitability of Z.schinifolium and evaluated the suitability of Z.schinifolium land in Jiaopingdu Town of Luquan County.The results showed that the suitable area for the cultivation of Z.schinifolium in Jiaopingdu Town reached 7270.78 ha,accounting for 88.69%of the study area;the area of unsuitable land was 922.07 ha,accounting for 11.31%of the study area.Among the suitable land areas,the high suitability area reached562.99 ha,accounting for 7.79%;the moderate suitability area was 2206.76 ha,accounting for 28.61%;the low suitability area was4599.03 ha,accounting for 63.6%.Based on the results of suitability evaluation,it came up with pertinent recommendations for the development of Z.schinifolium industry in Jiaopingdu Town.

湄公河典型区域旱雨季土地利用及土壤侵蚀差异研究

以湄公河干流老挝沙湾拿吉至柬埔寨桔井段重要支流南蒙河、色丹河、色贡河、色桑河、斯雷博河及其左右岸缓冲区50 km范围为研究区域,基于Landsat8遥感和河网数据,对比植被覆盖度以及空间分布特征,分析区域内旱季(1-2月)、雨季(6-9月)土地利用及土壤侵蚀变化。结果表明,季节性降雨导致土地利用变化明显,旱、雨季土地利用变化主要表现为河道沿岸水体动态变化;旱季水体面积较雨季净减少43 259 hm^(2),占总变化面积的93.8%;雨季至旱季耕地转化占总变化面积38.00%(17 514.44 hm^(2)),其次为灌木地(22.98%,10 590.54 hm^(2))和裸地(21.77%,10 033.32 hm^(2))。土地利用类型转化导致土壤侵蚀变化,旱、雨季土壤极强烈侵蚀和剧烈侵蚀区域变化不大;旱季以轻度侵蚀、中度侵蚀增加为主,净增加面积分别为4 107 hm^(2)和5 864 hm^(2),分别占总变化面积的36.9%和52.7%;增加面积主要由无侵蚀类型发展而来,体现在旱季沿岸水体面积的大幅降低。建议在水土保持过程中,改传统稻田种植为耕作、轮作和培肥一体化的水保措施,增强基础设施建设,加强河岸带生态护坡建设与管理,降低自然洪水或人为工程对自然林地和植被的破坏。

Annual Fluxes of Heavy Metal Elements in Atmospheric Dry and Wet Depositions in the Pearl River Delta Economic Region, Guangdong Province

There are 158 sampling points to be set up in the Pearl River delta economic region. The collecting period is mostly one year, namely, from July 2007 to July 2008. The eight heavy metal elements of Cr, Ni, Cu, Pb, Zn, As, Hg, and Cd in 474 dry and wet deposition samples were tested in terms of the standard procedures. Their average annual fluxes have no obvious difference between dry deposition and wet deposition. So these elements might be at an equilibrium or quasi-equilibrium state between dry deposition and wet deposition.

近136年(1885~2020年)长江中下游伏旱期划分及其演变分析

少雨高温的伏旱期对长江中下游地区农业、水利和人体健康等具有重要影响,但目前缺乏对该地区伏旱期的历史划分,对其长期变化规律也缺乏充分认识。本文利用1885年以来已划定的长江中下游沿江五站(上海、南京、芜湖、九江和汉口)梅雨期和夏季日气温、降水资料,对出梅后的少雨高温时段分别确定了少雨和高温的定量标准,划定出1885~2020年长江中下游伏旱期,并用统一气温标准结合伏旱期长度,综合确定了近136 a(1885~2020年)伏旱期强度指数。这136 a(包含有16个无伏旱年及10个入秋伏旱年)里伏旱期的年平均长度为21.6 d,呈现出3~6 a、36 a和84 a周期。1951年以来,1959~1978年是伏旱期长度的主要峰期,1980~1987年是伏旱期长度的下降谷期,之后缓慢增加;1980年代之后虽然大于30 d的长伏旱期有减少趋势,但是15~30 d且高强度的伏旱期频现;1995年之后秋伏旱明显增多,夏季延迟。136 a里最长且强的伏旱期依次出现于1934、1967、1978和2013年;最早的伏旱期出现在6月中旬,最晚在9月中下旬。近40 a来,伏旱期高温(≥35.0°C)日数大幅提高,伏旱期高温发生率从1980年代的30%左右上升到近年的50%以上,对人体健康构成威胁。长(强)伏旱期的副热带环流特征为西太平洋副热带高压稳定控制长江中下游区,而短(弱)伏旱期西太平洋副热带高压多偏东或偏南,入秋伏旱与副热带高压稳定西伸有关。伏旱期内高温日数的演变受到双重人类活动的制约,它不仅与人类活动导致的全球海陆升温有关,并且因地而异,即受到局地生态环境演变和城市热岛效应增减的人为作用影响。印度—太平洋季风区陆海温差对长江中下游伏旱期长度年代际变化有重要调制作用。

2022—2023年枯水期珠江流域供水保障“三道防线”调度与思考

2022—2023年枯水期,珠江流域受降雨、江河来水持续偏少影响,西江遭遇特枯水年。随着径流减少,珠江河口咸潮上溯严重,直接威胁澳门地区、珠海等地城乡居民生活供水安全。通过筑牢供水保障“三道防线”,先后实施8次压咸补淡应急补水调度,有效压制河口咸潮,增加了下游河道取水口抽取淡水的概率,有效保障了城乡供水安全。总结2022—2023年珠江流域供水保障“三道防线”调度实践,对压咸补淡应急补水调度工作进行思考,为今后抗旱保供水实践提供经验参考。

大豆脲酶诱导碳酸钙固化黄河泥沙水稳定性试验研究

随着国家“交通强国”战略的提出,沿黄工程建设发展迅速,填筑用土需求剧增。黄河泥沙作为填筑材料的可行性已被证实,但其在多雨地区的服役性能需要改善,探索一种生态、高效的泥沙加固方法提高其水稳定性十分关键。本文基于酶诱导碳酸钙沉淀(EICP)技术固化黄河泥沙的方法,分别开展了常规浸水条件和干湿循环条件下固化黄河泥沙的水稳定性试验,研究了浸水后试样的质量损失及强度折损情况,分析了干湿循环对固化后黄河泥沙试样强度软化系数的影响规律。结果表明:采用EICP技术固化的黄河泥沙试样浸水崩解过程相比原状试样更加缓慢;胶结液浓度1.5 mol/L的黄河泥沙试样长期(56 d)浸水后,几乎保持完整,质量损失率仅为6.36%,强度折损率仅为6.21%;10次干湿循环后,不同胶结液浓度处理后的黄河泥沙试样均出现了不同程度的颗粒松散和脱落现象,胶结液浓度1.5 mol/L、灌浆10次的黄河泥沙试样的抗压强度损失仅为9.96%,抗干湿循环能力最强。利用EICP技术可以有效的固化黄河泥沙并提升其水稳定性,这对推进黄河泥沙的资源化利用进程十分重要。

牛栏江流域浮游动物群落结构特征及驱动因子

探究长江上游金沙江支流牛栏江不同水文期浮游动物群落结构变化及其驱动因子,可为流域水资源管理及水污染防治提供基础数据。2019年9月(丰水期)和2021年4月(枯水期)对金沙江支流牛栏江流域35个采样点的浮游动物及水质状况进行调查。结果表明,浮游动物4类58属94种,其中原生动物21种(22.4%),轮虫50种(53.2%),枝角类13种(13.8%),桡足类10种(10.6%)。丰水期浮游动物总丰度为18334.57个/L,总生物量为7.28 mg/L;枯水期浮游动物总丰度为10736.25个/L,总生物量为11.47 mg/L。检出浮游动物优势种5种,丰水期为异尾轮虫(Trichocerca sp.)、似邻壳虫(Tintionnopsis sp.)和累枝虫(Epistylis sp.);枯水期为螺形龟甲轮虫(Keratella cochlearis)和长肢多肢轮虫(Polyarthra dolichoptera)。基于浮游动物丰度数据的非度量多维尺度分析(NMDS)表明,浮游动物群落组成在不同水文期之间及同一水文期内的上下游之间均存在显著差异,空间和温度是影响其分布的主要因素,地理距离越远,群落相似度越低;相关性分析与检验评估表明,温度是影响浮游动物群落分布最主要的环境因子。

基于Copula函数的嘉陵江流域水沙丰枯遭遇关系探究

为了深入了解嘉陵江水沙关系的变化规律。基于嘉陵江出口北碚水文站1965-2022年的年径流量和年输沙量资料,利用Mann-Kendall检验法、双累积曲线法并结合物理成因法诊断水沙关系的变异点,通过AIC、BIC、RMSE对径流量和输沙量的边缘分布函数和Copula函数进行优选,确定最优Copula函数并建立嘉陵江流域水沙联合分布模型,运用模型对流域内水沙丰枯遭遇概率、联合和同现重现期进行计算,进而对比分析水沙单变量和联合变量设计值。结果表明:①水沙关系在1989年发生突变,变异前的水沙相关性强于变异后的水沙相关性;②1965-1989年阶段水沙序列最优边缘分布都为Logn,最优水沙联合分布模型为Gumbel Copula模型。1990-2022年阶段径流量和输沙量的最优边缘分布分别为Gamma、GP,最优水沙联合分布模型为Frank Copula模型;③2个阶段水沙序列同步概率分别是59.77%、61.14%,均大于异步概率,且出现极端情况“水丰沙枯”、“水枯沙丰”类型的概率极低,表明水沙概率存在较大的相关性,来水来沙条件相对稳定;④联合变量设计值大于单变量设计值,通过两变量联合分布计算的径流量和输沙量设计值更加可靠。水沙联合重现期集中在2年附近,同现重现期绝大部分小于50年。通过探讨嘉陵江流域来水来沙联合变化特征,可为流域的水沙调控、防灾减灾等工作提供参考。

自然河道断面水动力模拟的黎曼求解器改进

【目的】自然河道具有断面复杂、流态多变等特点,影响了水动力模拟的收敛性、稳定性,在已有研究基础上,改进复杂断面的黎曼求解器以解决低水位时断面不连续造成的数值不稳定问题,对提升自然河道一维水动力模拟的适用性具有重要意义。【方法】对低水位时存在“锥形凹陷”形态特征的复杂自然河道断面,传统不规则断面HLL黎曼求解器模拟时,会在河道干湿界面处出现通量演进受阻问题,针对上述问题,在河道干湿界面处直接采用界面流量值代替传统不规则断面HLL黎曼求解器计算的通量,改进传统黎曼求解器,使其能够适用于存在“锥形凹陷”形态特征的复杂自然断面河道干湿界面模拟,基于改进后的黎曼求解器构建不规则河道断面一维水动力模型,并采用五个通用算例对该方法在不同条件下的适用性进行了验证。【结果】结果显示:在一维溃坝算例中,对存在“锥形凹陷”特征的复杂河道断面,采用传统不规则断面HLL黎曼求解器模拟时,在河道干湿界面处出现了数值失稳和通量演进受阻问题,应用改进后的HLL求解器可以有效解决上述问题,数值解与理论解的相关系数高于0.99,结果准确可靠;在三角形挡水建筑物溃坝试验中,模型对4个测站的洪水到达时间和洪水过程的模拟结果与实测数据吻合,相关系数都在0.95以上;在一维过驼峰恒定流算例和急缓流交替模拟的陡坡河道水面线计算中,模型与传统模型表现相当,都能正确地预测不同河道断面形状下水跃位置和水跃前水深的变化;在长江口澄通河段潮位模拟算例中,模型预测的4个观测站点的潮位模拟数据与实测数据相关系数都在0.99以上,均方根误差都在0.08以内。【结论】结果表明:改进后的黎曼求解器可有效解决自然河道存在“锥形凹陷”形态特征导致水动力模型在干湿交界处通量演进受阻问题,构建的不规则河道断面一维水动力模型能够准确模拟复杂地形下的洪水波过程和潮位的相互作用。

金沙江干热河谷区5种植被土壤入渗性能影响因素评价

[目的]探究植物对边坡土壤水分入渗过程的影响,为金沙江干热河谷区生态修复和植被建设提出指导性建议。[方法]以云南省永仁县的5种典型植被(桉树、台湾相思、锥连栎、余甘子、云南松)为研究对象,采用野外调查、室内分析和室内入渗试验的方法,分析不同植被类型土壤入渗性能的差异性。[结果](1)随着土层深度增加,土壤入渗性能逐渐降低,且土层间存在显著差异(p<0.05);(2)不同植被类型土壤入渗性能存在显著差异(p<0.05),主成分分析结果显示5种土壤入渗能力综合排名为:桉树>余甘子>锥连栎>云南松>台湾相思;(3)Horton模型对永仁县干热河谷区5种典型植被土壤入渗性能拟合度最好,平均拟合度为0.953,可以用来模拟和预测永仁县干热河谷区典型植被土壤入渗能力;(4)土壤入渗性能与土壤容重、土壤有机质、非毛管孔隙度、<0.25 mm、0.25~1 mm、3~5 mm、>5 mm团聚体含量呈显著相关关系(p<0.05)。[结论]5个研究树种中,余甘子样地土壤结构的改善效果较好;土壤非毛管孔隙度、<0.25 mm土壤水稳性团聚体含量、3~5 mm土壤水稳性团聚体含量是影响土壤入渗性能的决定性因素;建议在研究区种植余甘子和锥连栎,能有效提高土壤入渗性能,缓解水土流失。

灌草覆盖——干热河谷区植被修复新路径探析

干热河谷集中分布于中国西南横断山脉地区,受地形和局部小气候的影响,形成特殊的水热状况组合,是中国分布最北的一块“热区”。在长期剧烈的人为干扰和严酷的自然环境双重压力下,干热河谷的生态系统极度退化,结构与功能濒临崩溃,严重制约了当地经济社会发展,是中国典型的生态脆弱带、极度退化区和植被修复极端困难地区之一。本文先简要回顾了干热河谷区植被修复的历史,接着系统分析河谷区生态修复工作存在的机遇和挑战,明确提出灌草覆盖技术可能是该区域最为适合的一种生态修复方式。该技术可以克服干旱和高温两大河谷区植被修复的关键限制性因子,并实现保水、固土和增肥的植被修复技术目标。本研究首次提出干热河谷区植被修复3条原则:宜乔则乔、宜灌则灌、宜草则草、宜荒则荒原则;结合生态保护和产业发展实行分区修复原则;优选乡土物种进行植被修复原则。同时,建议从水土保持能力、土壤生态系统健康、植物群落健康和综合效益评价等4个方面来评估河谷区植被修复效果。最后,研究展望了干热河谷区植被修复研究的未来方向,包括加强群落演化规律及其适应性机制的研究,建立和完善动态监测机制,选育和培育乡土物种,以及开发和推广植被修复新技术。

浅析金沙江干热河谷森林生态保护与修复模式——以武定县为例

文章以武定县金沙江干热河谷森林生态保护与修复实践为例,分析了区域内存在的生态问题,从修复思路、调查方法、立地类型划分、造林树种选择和生态修复技术措施等方面,探讨了金沙江干热河谷森林生态保护与修复模式。通过实施人工造林、退化林修复措施,恢复受损地区的森林植被,增强金沙江干热河谷森林生态系统功能,改善区域生态环境。

基于APCS-MLR模型的九洲江广东段不同水期水质变化特征及污染来源解析

为探究九洲江广东段水质变化特征及其污染来源,选取了2021—2022年九洲江营仔国考断面自动站逐日水质数据,利用相关性分析、绝对主成分-多元线性回归(APCS-MLR)模型对九洲江不同水期水质特征及污染来源进行了研究。结果表明:九洲江营仔断面丰水期水质相对较差,高锰酸盐指数、总磷和浊度相较枯水期显著升高,溶解氧、pH相较枯水期显著下降;不同水期水质指标相关性存在一定差异,与枯水期相比,丰水期pH、溶解氧和浊度与其他水质指标的相关性有所增加,而高锰酸盐指数、氨氮、总磷和总氮指标间的相关性有所减小;枯水期畜禽养殖源+城镇生活源对总磷、氨氮和总氮的绝对贡献率分别为58.47%、48.71%和44.14%,未识别污染源对高锰酸盐指数、水温、pH和电导率的绝对贡献率分别为63.08%、59.48%、54.90%和52.65%;丰水期农业面源+城镇面源对总氮、总磷和高锰酸盐指数的绝对贡献率分别为51.96%、41.38%和34.78%,气象因子对溶解氧、pH和氨氮的绝对贡献率分别为55.66%、40.75%和31.87%。综合来看,九洲江广东段水质指标枯水期主要受畜禽养殖源+城镇生活源和未识别污染源的影响,丰水期主要受农业面源+城镇面源和气象因子影响,故九洲江广东段水质管控不仅要加强畜禽养殖污染治理、城镇污水管网完善,还应注重保障生态流量、削减汛期面源污染等工作。

干热河谷区典型植被土壤抗剪性能影响因素评价

[目的]探讨植被对边坡固土效应的影响,为金沙江干热河谷区防治土壤侵蚀、减少水土流失提供数据支持。[方法]以云南省永仁县4种典型植被(台湾相思、锥连栎、余甘子、云南松)为研究对象,开展室内单根拉伸试验和直剪试验,研究了不同植被类型土壤抗剪性能的差异性及各因素对其的影响程度。[结果](1)4种植物平均单根抗拉力表现为:锥连栎>余甘子>云南松>台湾相思;平均单根抗拉强度表现为:余甘子>台湾相思>云南松>锥连栎;单根抗拉力与根径呈指数函数关系,单根抗拉强度与根径呈显著负相关关系。(2)在4种垂压下,4种植被根土复合体抗剪强度均大于素土,且抗剪强度指标随土层深度的变化也各不相同,云南松植被土壤黏聚力随土层深度变化变幅最大(51.47%),锥连栎植被土壤内摩擦角随土层深度变化变幅最大(37.96%)。(3)采用灰色关联法综合分析根系抗拉性能、土壤理化性质与土壤黏聚力和内摩擦角之间的关联度,其中黏聚力与根系抗拉强度关联度最高,根系抗拉力次之,含水率最低;内摩擦角与土壤容重关联度最高,有机质次之,全钾最低。[结论]植物根系抗拉性能和土壤理化性质能显著影响土壤的抗剪性能,其中根系抗拉性能对土壤黏聚力的影响较大,对土壤内摩擦角的影响不显著。