切片厚度和护色处理对热风干燥雪花梨干品质的影响

采用热风干燥法制备雪花梨干。以色泽、硬度、弹性、咀嚼性、总酚、总黄酮、可溶性糖和感官评分为评价指标,考察切片厚度(3、4、5、6、7、8 mm)和护色处理(CaCl_(2)、NaCl、D-异抗坏血酸钠、柠檬酸溶液浸泡、热烫)对梨干品质的影响,并以Z-score(Z值)综合模型进行评价,优选出适宜的切片厚度和护色处理。结果表明:随着切片厚度的增加,梨干的颜色变深,硬度、弹性和咀嚼性增大,总酚和总黄酮含量降低,可溶性糖含量增加;Z-score综合模型评价结果显示,切片厚度为4 mm时,Z值总和最高。护色处理均能改善梨干色泽,提高总酚和总黄酮含量,但可溶性糖含量降低。D-异抗坏血酸钠处理组梨干的亮度值(L^(*))最高,红绿值(a^(*))和蓝黄值(b^(*))最低,色差值(ΔE)最小;CaCl_(2)处理提高了梨干的硬度;热烫处理降低了梨干的弹性和咀嚼性。Z-score综合模型评价结果显示,以0.8 g/100 mL D-异抗坏血酸钠溶液浸泡护色的Z值总和最高。综上,热风干燥制备雪花梨干的厚度和护色条件为:切片厚度4 mm、0.8 g/100 mL D-异抗坏血酸钠溶液浸泡10 min。

Optimization of hot air drying process for tiger nut and analysis of fatty acid composition of tiger nut oil

Hot air temperature,hot air humidity,and hot wind speed were selected as independent variables of quadratic orthogonal rotation combination test design through single factor test.Drying time,energy consumption,chromatism value,luminosity value,hardness,rehydration ratio,and other indexes of the product were used as the response value of the test.Response surface methodology(RSM)was used to analyze the effects of independent variables on the quality of tiger nut(Cyperus esculentus L.),and the process parameters were combined and optimized.The results show that the suitable technological conditions for hot air drying of tiger nut are as follows:hot air temperature of 63.15°C,hot air humidity of 44.92%,hot air wind speed of 2.48 m/s.Under these conditions,the product has the advantages of the short drying cycle,low energy consumption,good color and luster,low hardness and good rehydration performance.The fatty acid composition and content of tiger nut oil were determined by gas chromatography.The fatty acid composition and content of tiger nut oil were compared with those of soybean oil,olive oil,rapeseed oil and sesame oil,the results show that among the saturated fatty acids in tiger nut oil,palm oil had the highest content of 11.172%,which was between soybean oil and olive oil.The main composition of unsaturated fatty acids in tiger nut oil is oleic acid,with a content of 77.605%,which is 3.6 times higher than that of soybean oil,and even higher than that of olive oil.

Process performance and quality attributes of temperature and step-down relative humidity controlled hot air drying of Panax notoginseng roots

The effects of temperature and step-down relative humidity controlled hot-air drying(THC-HAD)on the drying kinetics,energy efficiency and quality,i.e.,rehydration ratio(RR),color parameters(L*,a*,b*),total color difference(ΔE*),Panax notoginseng saponins(PNS)content,and ginsenosides content(R1,Rg1,Re,Rd,Rb1)of Panax notoginseng roots were evaluated.The drying time was significantly affected by the drying temperature followed by the relative humidity(RH)of the drying air.Special combination of drying conditions,i.e.,drying temperature of 50°C,relative humidity of 40%for 3 h and then continuous dehumidification from 40%to 8%allowed to shorten the drying time by 25%compared to drying at the same temperature and continuous dehumidification.The longer was the drying time under constant high RH of drying air,the lower was the RR of dried samples.The step-down RH strategy contributed to the formation of a porous structure,enhancement of drying efficiency and quality improvement.Generally,the ginsenosides content increased with the increase in temperature,while no obvious trend was recorded for ginsenoside R1.The contents of the ginsenoside R1,Rg1,Rb1 and PNS decreased with the increase in the drying time under constant high RH.Taking into account the drying time,energy consumption and quality attributes,drying at the temperature of 50°C,constant RH of 40%for 3 h and then step-down RH from 40%to 8%was proposed as the most favorable combination of drying conditions for dehydration of whole Panax notoginseng roots.

热风联合干燥技术与设备在农产品加工中的应用进展

热风干燥是较为常见的一种农产品干燥加工技术,然而单一热风干燥技术的局限性限制了热风干燥的高效、高质量应用。联合干燥技术可以联合两种及以上干燥技术的特点从而形成优势互补。通过对现有过热蒸汽-热风、超声波-热风、冷冻-热风、微波-热风、射频-热风、红外-热风、热泵-热风、真空-热风8种热风联合干燥技术的应用及相关设备进行全面总结,对不同热风联合干燥技术的适用条件及设备运行工况进行对比,总结热风及其联合干燥技术的发展趋势,为热风及其联合干燥技术在实际生产、生活中的高效应用提供参考。

双控干热空气处理设备研制及应用于预防家蚕微粒子病胚种传染的效果

干热空气处理是一种物理消毒方法,通过相对湿度在50%以下的高温环境破坏病原微生物的蛋白质与核酸结构而达到灭菌效果。以操作简便、性能稳定、安全可靠为目标,研制出一种专门用于蚕种消毒预防家蚕微粒子病胚种传染的双控干热空气处理设备。该设备采用导热系数、阻燃等级高的双面不锈钢板聚氨酯保温夹心材料,应用双加热控温技术为蚕种容纳室内提供精确稳定的目的温度,以确保干热空气处理的消毒效果和蚕种安全,设备单次处理蚕种的最大容量为600大张种(1大张蚕种相当于4张市售蚕种)。将家蚕一代杂交种置于该设备中以46℃干热空气处理60 min,对微孢子虫进行灭活消毒,当供试蚕种含家蚕微孢子虫的病卵率为22.35%~69.83%时,其防治效果达到93.98%~98.79%,而对病蛾率约30%的超毒批蚕种的防治效果达到97%~99%;在该设备中进行干热空气处理后的蚕种,其孵化率及幼虫饲养的产茧量等主要经济性状与未处理组相比无显著差异。试验结果表明,研制的双控干热空气处理设备可应用于蚕种生产预防家蚕微粒子病胚种传染,干热空气对家蚕微孢子虫的杀灭效果显著,且对蚕种的生产性能无显著不良影响。

即食鲐鱼肉干的调味配方及微波-热风干燥工艺优化

为研制一种即食鲐鱼肉干产品,以感官评分为主要评价指标,研究调味料配方、微波功率、微波时间、烘干温度和烘干时间对鱼肉干品质的影响,在单因素实验基础上,采用正交试验优化鲐鱼肉干的调味配方以及干燥工艺条件。结果表明,鲐鱼肉干的最佳调味配方为白砂糖添加量4%,食盐添加量2%,辣椒粉添加量0.5%,豆瓣酱添加量3%;最佳微波-热风干燥工艺条件为微波功率500 W,微波时间120 s,烘干温度80℃,烘干时间160 min。此优化工艺条件下得到的鲐鱼肉干产品感官和风味品质良好,硬度、弹性和咀嚼度分别为16255 g、0.78 mm、6974 g。