Design and Realization of a Portable Temperature Sensor Calibrator

Due to the complex erection environment of various types of automatic stations,the provincial meteorological inspection department is difficult to carry out this work in terms of equipment or staffing. For this reason,a portable temperature sensor calibrator was developed,and it uses semiconductor refrigeration technology to increase and decrease temperature quickly. It uses an intelligent PID temperature controller as a control device to provide a stable temperature environment; it is small,light and easy to operate,and it provides technical support for the calibration of temperature sensors. The structure and working principle of this equipment were analyzed,and its performance was tested. All the indicators could meet the requirements of field calibration. The calibrator will provide a strong guarantee for the reliability of temperature data obtained at automatic meteorological stations.

Dynamic Calibration of the Cutting Temperature Sensor of NiCr/NiSi Thin-film Thermocouple

In high-speed cutting, natural thermocouple, artificial thermocouple and infrared radiation temperature measurement are usually adopted for measuring cutting temperature, but these methods have difficulty in measuring transient temperature accurately of cutting area on account of low response speed and limited cutting condition. In this paper, NiCr/NiSi thin-film thermocouples（TFTCs） are fabricated according to temperature characteristic of cutting area in high-speed cutting by means of advanced twinned microwave electro cyclotron resonance（MW-ECR） plasma source enhanced radio frequency（RF） reaction non-balance magnetron sputtering technique, and can be used for transient cutting temperature measurement. The time constants of the TFTCs with different thermo-junction film width are measured at four kinds of sampling frequency by using Ultra-CFR short pulsed laser system that established. One-dimensional unsteady heat conduction model is constructed and the dynamic performance is analyzed theoretically. It can be seen from the analysis results that the NiCr/NiSi TFTCs are suitable for measuring transient temperature which varies quickly, the response speed of TFTCs can be obviously improved by reducing the thickness of thin-film, and the area of thermo-junction has little influence on dynamic response time. The dynamic calibration experiments are made on the constructed dynamic calibration system, and the experimental results confirm that sampling frequency should be larger than 50 kHz in dynamic measurement for stable response time, and the shortest response time is 0.042 ms. Measurement methods and devices of cutting heat and cutting temperature measurement are developed and improved by this research, which provide practical methods and instruments in monitoring cutting heat and cutting temperature for research and production in high-speed machining.

Verification and recalibration of HY-2A microwave radiometer brightness temperature

HY-2A is the first one of the Chinese HY-2 ocean satellite series carrying a microwave radiometer(RM)to measure sea surface temperature,sea surface wind speed,atmospheric water vapor,cloud liquid water content,and rain rate.We verified the RM level 1B brightness temperature(T B)to retrieve environmental parameters.In the verification,TB that simulated using the ocean-atmosphere radiative transfer model(RTM)was used as a reference.The total bias and total standard deviation(SD)of the RM level 1B TB,with reference to the RTM simulation,ranged-20.6-4.38 K and 0.7-2.93 K,respectively.We found that both the total bias and the total SD depend on the frequency and polarization,although the values for ascending and descending passes are different.In addition,substantial seasonal variation of the bias was found at all channels.The verification results indicate the RM has some problems regarding calibration,e.g.,correction of antenna spillover and antenna physical emission,especially for the 18.7-GHz channel.Based on error analyses,a statistical recalibration algorithm was designed and recalibration was performed for the RM level 1B TB.Validation of the recalibrated TB indicated that the quality of the recalibrated RM level 1B TB was improved significantly.The bias of the recalibrated T B at all channels was reduced to<0.4 K,seasonal variation was almost eradicated,and SD was diminished(i.e.,the SD of the 18.7-GHz channel was reduced by more than 0.5K).

In-situ ultrasonic calibrations of pressure and temperature in a hinge-type double-stage cubic large volume press

Here,simultaneous in-situ calibration of pressures and temperatures was performed in a hinge-type second-stage cubic large volume press(LVP)up to 15 GPa and 1400 K by an acoustic travel-time approach.Based on the recently reported P-tSand P-T-tP-tSequations for Al2O3buffer rod,the cell pressures and temperatures in the chamber of LVP were insitu determined,in comparison with those by conventional off-line(or fixed-points)pressure calibration method and direct thermocouple measurement,respectively.It is found that the cell pressures of the LVP chamber are significantly reduced after annealing at simultaneous high pressures and high temperatures,owing to the stress relaxation as accumulate in the LVP chamber.This acoustic travel-time method is verified to be a good way for precise determination of thermal(cell)pressures at high temperature conditions,and is of great importance and necessity to conduct in-situ physical property measurements under extreme high P-T conditions,especially when the precious synchrotron x-ray/neutron diffraction beams are not available.

The Study of In-Orbit Calibration Accuracy of NOAA Satellite Infrared Sounder and Its Effect on Temperature Profile Retrievals

The calibration accuracy of High Resolution Infrared Radiation Sounder Mod. 2 (HIRS / 2) on NOAA-10 satellite is analyzed in this paper. The non-linear effect in the linear calibration curve induces a deviation of 1.5 degrees (k) of brightness temperature in the tenth channel (8.3 um, water vapor absorption) of the HIRS/2 and the non-linear effect affects the other channels to a different extent. Based on analyzing non- linearity in two-point calibration curve, a tri-point calibration equation is given. A numerical test of effects of the linear and non-linear calibration models on the accuracy of atmospheric temperature retrievals is carried out.

Anti-Stokes/Stokes temperature calibration and its application in laser-heating diamond anvil cells

Anti-Stokes/Stokes Raman peak intensity ratio was used to infer sample temperatures,but the influence factors of system correction factors were not clear.Non-contact in-situ anti-Stokes/Stokes temperature calibration was carried out for up to 1500 K based on six different samples under two excitation light sources(±50 K within 1000 K,±100 K above1000 K),and the system correction factorγwas systematically investigated.The results show that the correction factorγof anti-Stokes/Stokes thermometry is affected by the wavelength of the excitation light source,Raman mode peak position,temperature measurement region and other factors.The anti-Stokes/Stokes thermometry was applied to the laser-heating diamond anvil cell(LHDAC)experiment to investigate the anharmonic effect of h BN under high temperature and high pressure.It is concluded that the strong anharmonic effect caused by phonon scattering at low pressure gradually changes into the predominance of localized molecular lattice thermal expansion at high pressure.

Temperature control for thermal treatment of aluminum alloy in a large-scale vertical quench furnace

The temperature control of the large-scale vertical quench furnace is very difficult due to its huge volume and complex thermal exchanges. To meet the technical requirement of the quenching process, a temperature control system which integrates temperature calibration and temperature uniformity control is developed for the thermal treatment of aluminum alloy workpieces in the large-scale vertical quench furnace. To obtain the aluminum alloy workpiece temperature, an air heat transfer model is newly established to describe the temperature gradient distribution so that the immeasurable workpiece temperature can be calibrated from the available thermocouple temperature. To satisfy the uniformity control of the furnace temperature, a second order partial differential equation(PDE) is derived to describe the thermal dynamics inside the vertical quench furnace. Based on the PDE, a decoupling matrix is constructed to solve the coupling issue and decouple the heating process into multiple independent heating subsystems. Then, using the expert control rule to find a compromise of temperature rising time and overshoot during the quenching process. The developed temperature control system has been successfully applied to a 31 m large-scale vertical quench furnace, and the industrial running results show the significant improvement of the temperature uniformity, lower overshoot and shortened processing time.

Research on sea surface temperature retrieval by the one-dimensional synthetic aperture microwave radiometer, 1D-SAMR

Due to the low spatial resolution of sea surface temperature(T_S)retrieval by real aperture microwave radiometers,in this study,an iterative retrieval method that minimizes the differences between brightness temperature(T_B)measured and modeled was used to retrieve sea surface temperature with a one-dimensional synthetic aperture microwave radiometer,temporarily named 1 D-SAMR.Regarding the configuration of the radiometer,an angular resolution of 0.43°was reached by theoretical calculation.Experiments on sea surface temperature retrieval were carried out with ideal parameters;the results show that the main factors affecting the retrieval accuracy of sea surface temperature are the accuracy of radiometer calibration and the precision of auxiliary geophysical parameters.In the case of no auxiliary parameter errors,the greatest error in retrieved sea surface temperature is obtained at low T_S scene(i.e.,0.7106 K for the incidence angle of 35°under the radiometer calibration accuracy of0.5 K).While errors on auxiliary parameters are assumed to follow a Gaussian distribution,the greatest error on retrieved sea surface temperature was 1.3305 K at an incidence angle of 65°in poorly known sea surface wind speed(W)(the error on W of 1.0 m/s)over high W scene,for the radiometer calibration accuracy of 0.5 K.

A research on high-temperature permittivity and loss tangent of low-loss dielectric by resonant-cavity technique

Resonant-cavity technique was introduced to measure the permittivity and loss tangent of low-loss dielectrics. The dielectric properties at 9-10 GHz are measured accurately at the temperature up to 800 ℃ by the resonant cavity technique. The only electrical parameters that need to be measured are quality factors （Q） and resonant length （L） of resonant cavity loaded and unloaded with dielectric sample. Moreover, the error caused by thermal expansion effect was resolved by error analysis and experimental calibration.

Non‑Enzyme,Temperature Calibrating,and Bioactive Fiber‑based Flexible Sensors for Dopamine and Lactic Acid Detection

Flexible electrochemical biosensors enable the in-situ monitoring and quantification of human biochemical constituents in molecular scale,spearheading and thriving the field toward precision medicine.However,specific biorecognition elements for multiplexed biomarkers detection,temperature stability and versatility need to be improved for higher adaption.Here,we propose a bioactive sensor patch comprising a non-enzyme Co_(3)O_(4)/carbon fiber-based biorecognition element and a temperature calibration unit.The optimized serpentine configuration renders the sensor intimate and seamless attachment with skin,operating robustly even subjected to 40%tensile strain.The fiber-based sensor could selectively monitor dopa-mine and lactic acid contents based on cyclic voltammetry and amperometry,respectively.The bioanalytical results at room temperature indicate that the electrochemical biosensor has a wide detection range(0.001–1.100 mM for dopamine and 2–35 mM for lactic acid),excellent selectivity and reproducibility(maximum error 3.2%for dopamine and 5.6%for lactic acid).In addition,temperature calibration contour maps of these two biomarkers are established in an ambient temperature range from 25 to 45℃.The continuously collected data could be aggregated and wirelessly transmitted to portable devices using an electrochemical signal transducer and an acquisition module,promising personalized and preventative health care in various scenarios.

Energy calibration of a CR-39 nuclear-track detector irradiated by charged particles

Charged particle diagnosis is an important aspect of laser–plasma experiments conducted at super-intense laser facilities. In recent years, Columbia Resin #39 (CR- 39) detectors have been widely employed for detecting charged particles in laser–plasma experiments. This is because the CR-39 polymer does not respond to electromagnetic pulses or X-rays. This study presents a method for calibrating the relationship between particle energy and track diameter in a CR-39 detector (TasTrak■) using 3-8 MeV protons, 6-30 MeV carbon ions, and 1–5 MeV alpha particles. The particle tracks were compared under the manufacturer’s recommended etching conditions of 6.25 mol/l NaOH at 98℃ and under the widely adopted experimental conditions of 6.25 mol/l NaOH at 70℃. The results show that if the NaOH solution concentration is 6.25 mol/l, then the temperature of 70℃is more suitable for etching proton tracks than 98℃ and employing a temperature of 98 ℃ to etch alpha-particle and carbon-ion tracks can significantly reduce the etching time. Moreover, this result implies that C3+ ion or alpha-particle tracks can be distinguished from proton tracks with energy above 3 MeV by controlling the etching time. This calibration method for the CR-39 detector can be applied to the diagnosis of reaction products in laser–plasma experiments.

RADIATION FROM THE CRYOGENIC CALIBRATION LOAD FOR MICROWAVE RADIOMETERS

A styrofoam layer is introduced to the cryogenic calibration load for microwave radiometers in order to keep the antenna at ambient temperature while calibrating. Obviously the insulation layer has nonuniform temperature profile. A novel approach based on the transmission-line theory is presented to calculate the emission from the load. According to the sample calculation through this new approach, the contribution of the insulation layer to the load radiation can not be neglected.

Curvature Compensated CMOS Bandgap Reference with Novel Process Variation Calibration Technique

A lowtemperature coefficient（ TC） bandgap reference（ BGR） with novel process variation calibration technique is proposed in this paper. This proposed calibration technique compensating both TC and output value of BGR achieves fine adjustment step towards the reference voltage,while keeping optimal TC by utilizing large resistance to help layout match. The high-order curvature compensation realized by poly and p-diffusion resistors is introduced into the design to guarantee the temperature characteristic. Implemented in 180 nm technology,the proposed BGR has been simulated to have a power supply rejection ratio（ PSRR） of 91 dB@100 Hz. The calibration technique covers output voltage scope of 0. 49 V-0. 56 Vwith TC of 9. 45 × 10^（-6）/℃-9. 56 × 10^（-6）/℃ over the temperature range of-40 ℃-120 ℃. The designed BGR provides a reference voltage of 500 mV,with measured TC of 10. 1 × 10^（-6）/℃.

用于定标海表测温辐射计的镓黑体辐射源

设计了镓黑体对海表测温辐射计进行定标。首先,介绍了该黑体的结构与工作原理,对黑体发射率进行仿真,并开展发射率的测量实验,讨论其不确定度的来源。然后,开展了电加热和水浴加热下镓的相变复现实验,讨论电加热功率对镓相变复现的影响。最后,通过红外海面温度自主辐射计实验对该黑体进行验证。结果表明:该黑体基于蒙特卡罗软件仿真的发射率优于0.9988,实验测得的黑体辐射源发射率结果与仿真结果较为吻合,测量重复性(标准偏差)达0.1%;相变温度坪台的复现性均优于±0.03 K;相变温坪附近时,红外海面温度自主辐射计和FLUKE 1524测温仪测得的黑体腔附近温度的数据差值均在±0.15 K以内。设计的镓黑体可以应用到海表测温辐射计进行校准,为发展自主知识产权的海表测温设备提供校准源。

基于总温探针的高精度总焓测量方法优化研究

为提高中低焓来流的总焓测量精准度,以铱铑铱热电偶为测温元件研制了一种总温探针。基于流热耦合计算模型对该探针各部件尺寸参数进行了优化设计,使得总温探针的复温率不低于0.9;计算和试验结果表明铱铑铱热电偶结点温度会随着热电偶后端面温度和屏蔽罩温度的升高而缓慢升高,导致不同测量时间段下得到的总温值不同,因此必须规定测量时间段并进行溯源校准。为此,借助一种新设计的加热器弧室总温探针,将应用于电弧风洞超声速流场的总温探针向亚声速流场总温校准装置进行了溯源校准。在电弧风洞中开展了总焓测量验证试验,采用基于精度极限和偏差极限的不确定度评估方法,计算了总焓测量结果的不确定度。结果表明:所研制的总温探针具有较高的总焓测量精准度,就本文试验结果而言,其重复性精度约为3%,不确定度约为6.4%。

小惯性热电偶动态校准及频域分析

发动机进气温度畸变影响发动机的稳定性,通常使用小惯性热电偶来测量其快速变化的气流温度。为准确全面获取小惯性热电偶的动态特性,提出了一种小惯性热电偶的动态特性校准及评价方法,并阐述了小惯性热电偶动态校准装置的构建、校准试验以及频域分析。采用脉冲激光器与校准风洞相结合的小惯性热电偶动态校准方法,通过幅频特性和相频特性分析,拓展了小惯性热电偶的动态特性评价方法。用该校准方法对小惯性热电偶进行动态校准,结果A类相对不确定度最大值由7.2%减小到2.4%,可应用于30 ms以下量级快响应温度传感器的动态校准,为发动机进气温度畸变等高频动态温度测量提供技术参考。

连续热电偶检定炉的设计与研制

连续热电偶是基于塞贝克效应制成的一种新型温度传感器。在校准连续热电偶时,热电偶检定炉是较为重要的热源之一。该研究在传统检定炉的基础之上设计四温区检定炉,通过对炉体和温度控制的改造,对多种控温模式的设计,研制出能够适用连续热电偶等多种高温传感器校准的热源。

一种变焦红外成像测温方法

以适合大风、高温等极端天气条件下使用的固定安装式变焦测温热像仪为背景,针对连续变焦热像仪的测温问题,提出了一种变焦红外成像测温方法,在文中给出的定焦热像仪工程测温方法基础上,扩展了焦距维度,构建了变焦热像仪测温的多项式模型,并通过最优化方法计算反演参数,从而得到不同焦距时的测温结果,进一步给出了变焦测温时的数据标定方法。基于高精度黑体对自主研发的变焦热像仪进行了数据标定,分析了不同焦距时的测温精度,并进行了实验室环境和户外环境的观测试验。试验结果表明,不同焦距都可获得高精度的测温结果,达到国标要求的±2℃精度。该项成果可以在各型变焦热像仪上推广应用,提高对高压线类远距离目标的测温精度。

自动化温度阻值关系校准系统设计及优化

本文针对Pt100和热敏电阻在温度和温升测量中自动化程度低、耗时长、精度不足的问题,研究了Pt100阻值-温度关系和热敏电阻阻值变化量-温升关系,制定了一套温度校准方法,并设计搭建了温度校准系统。同时,结合校准方法与校准需求,开发了自动校准与数据处理程序。结果表明:该系统可实现全自动运行,提高了校准效率与精度,满足温度计高精度校准需求,提供了一种多类型、多温度点交叉校准的全自动控制校准方案。

高低温试验箱温度偏差校准结果的测量不确定度评定

高低温试验箱可以为仪表及材料等提供相应的高低温环境,其温度场性能及测量不确定度是影响温度试验箱测量结果的重要指标,通过对温度偏差校准结果的不确定度评定和影响量分析,进一步了解高低温试验箱的计量性能、误差来源及减小误差影响的方法。依据GB/T 10592-2023《高低温试验箱技术条件》规定的校准方法选取满足测量要求的温度传感器,对高低温试验箱温度偏差进行校准。校准确认高低温试验箱温度场性能满足温度偏差±2℃的允差要求,测量不确定度满足1/3最大允许误差的技术指标要求。高低试验箱校准温度场性能良好,测量标准器选取短支A级铂热电阻满足校准要求且稳定性良好符合长时间交替温度的测量使用。