Evaluation of umami taste components of mushroom (Suillus granulatus) of different grades prepared by different drying methods

Suillus granulatus is a valuable wild edible mushroom with a strong umami taste.Different grades of S.granulatus were dried by different methods,including natural air drying(ND),hot air drying(HAD),vacuum drying(VD),and freeze drying(FD).Results showed that VD samples of all grades had the highest equivalent umami concentration(EUC)value(P<0.05).The second grade of ND samples showed the highest EUC value(P<0.05).The first grade of HAD samples showed the highest EUC value(P<0.05).The third grade of FD samples showed the highest EUC value(P<0.05).The third grade of VD samples had a higher EUC value than the other grades of samples dried by VD.Electronic tongue results indicated no significant differences between samples of all grades dried by all methods.Thus,umami taste components are affected by drying method and grade.VD is an appropriate drying method for all sample grades.ND,HAD,and FD are suitable for second-,first-,and third-grade samples,respectively.

Effects of Different Drying Methods on the Functional and Structural Properties of Dietary Fiber from Peanut Shell

[Objectives] This study was conducted to investigate the drying methods,functional and structure properties of dietary fiber( DF) from peanut shells.[Methods]Peanut shells were used as a raw material to prepare peanut shell dietary fiber( DF) by hot air drying( HA) and vacuum freeze drying( VF),respectively,and their functional and structural characteristics were compared in detail. [Results]The solubility,water holding capacity,oil holding capacity and swelling capacity of HA-DF and VF-DF were 2. 15 %,7. 63 g/g,7. 73 g/g,10. 35 ml/g and 3. 85 %,14. 98 g/g,15. 25 g/g,15. 85 ml/g,respectively. The total phenol contents were 2. 623 and 5. 173 mg GAE/g,respectively. The IC(50) values of ·OH,O2^-· and DPPH free radicals were 4. 16 and 4. 09 mg/ml,7. 90 and 3. 32 mg/ml,and 3. 19 and 3. 09 mg/ml,respectively. The molecular weight of VF-DF was smaller,and it had narrow molecular weight distribution and denser particles. Electron microscopy showed that VF-DF had a porous network like honeycomb and swelled structure. [Conclusions]This study can provide a theoretical basis for the functional modification and comprehensive utilization of peanut shell dietary fiber.

Effect of drying methods on the discoloration of three major domestic softwood species in Korea

Japanese pine, Korean pine and larch are three major softwood species in Korea. Their colors are relatively light, thus easily discolored due to drying and UV irradiation. In this study, they were dried with five different drying methods, steam treated and exposed to weathering. Their colors were measured using a spectrophotometer and comparisons made both among species and drying methods. For Japanese and Korean pines, high temperature dried and steam-dried specimens showed distinct color differences compared with the controls. Steam treatment discolored the dried specimens of Japanese and Korean pines but did not discolor those of larch. After weathering for 144 days the specimens of Japanese pine showed slight color differences among drying methods.

Analysis of the Influence of Different Drying Methods on the Active Ingredients of Fresh Medicine

The heating area of the material is large and the thermal efficiency is high,but it is n ecessary to control the suitable drying temperature ofdiffere nt medici nal materials to preserve the effective in gredients.D iff ere nt kinds of Chinese medicine need different drying conditions to fulfill good drying requirements.Natural drying in the shade is one of the traditional drying methods,which takes a long time and is easily affected by the weather.The water volatilizes slowly.It is prone to mildew and discoloration during the drying process.However,it can better preserve the volatile oil components of Chinese medicine.The hot-air drying machine has lower requirements.The medicinal materials have a large heating area and high thermal efficiency,but it is necessary to control the appropriate drying temperature of different medicinal materials in order to preserve the active ingredients of the medicinal materials;it is not suitable for medicinal materials that stick and bind easily.The microwave drying method possesses superiority in drying some valuable medicinal materials such as Ren she n(Radix et Rhizoma Ginseng)and Lurong(Co「nu Cervi Pantotrichum),and the effective ingredients are preserved at a high degree;it can also achieve the purpose of killing enzymes and protecting glycosides and have a good bactericidal effect,but it is not suitable for Chinese medicines containing heat-sensitive ingredients,because it will destroy most of the proteins,amino acids,and peptides of Chinese medicine and result in the loss of efficacy.The far-infrared drying method is suitable for drying thin-layer medicinal materials and is friendly to the environment.Freeze-drying can preserve the active ingredients very well and greatly retain the efficacy,but it has obvious limitations in preserving some Chinese medicinal materials that need to kill enzymes and protect glycosides;besides,the cost is relatively high and the drying time is long.

Effect of drying methods and packaging materials on quality parameters of stored kokum rind

In this study kokum rind dried by different methods,i.e.open air sun drying,solar drying and the convective hot air drying(60℃)was taken after being packaged in gunny bags,nylon bags and plastic jars for storage study upto nine months.The effect of different drying methods on quality parameters i.e.acidity,pH,TSS,reducing sugar,non-reducing sugar,colour(L,a and b)and calorific value of the stored product were evaluated.The quality parameters were tested at three-month intervals.Among three packaging materials,plastic jar was found best for kokum rind storage upto nine months as compared with nylon and gunny bags.Deterioration occurred as changes in acidity,non-reducing sugar,lightness,redness and calorific value over the storage period from the 0^(th) to the 9^(th) month.However,the TSS and b value increased as storage duration extended.

Effect of drying methods and parameters on the antioxidant properties of tea(Camellia sinensis)leaves

Background:Conventional drying using heated air oven is commonly used as a method for preserving the product but often affects the nutritional value,taste,and texture.However,the heat from the drying method can oxidize and destroy heat-sensitive compounds.Superheated steam(SHS)drying uses superheated steam instead of hot air or combustion gases in a direct dryer and was reported better at preserving the nutritional values of food products.Aim:To evaluate the effect of SHS drying on antioxidant properties of tea leaves.The study also compared SHS drying with conventional and freeze-drying methods.Results:Tea leaves dried using freeze drying retained the highest level of antioxidant properties compared to other drying methods.The leaves dried using SHS exhibited significantly higher radical scavenging activity,ORAC and FRAP values compared to oven drying method.At different drying temperatures(150℃and 175℃),oven dried leaves showed significantly higher(p<0.05)antioxidant properties than that of SHS dried ones.Tea leaves dried for 60,75,and 90 min using SHS showed significantly higher(p<0.05)FRAP and ORAC values,and also total phenolic content compared to oven dried tea leaves.Conclusion:Tea leaves dried using SHS drying method retained higher level of antioxidant properties compared to oven drying.The drying method also retained lower antioxidant properties as drying time increased.Further study involving SHS drying in food-related fields should be conducted to support its usefulness.

Effects of Modulation Methods on the Drying Characteristics and Nutritional Quality of Medicago sativa Hay

Two-year-old Medicago sativa at budding initial stage was taken as research materials.Five methods were used to make green hay,including flatting stems ＋ spraying 2.5% K2CO3,flatting stems,sun curing,drying in shade and drying under 105 ℃ condition（CK）.Besides,effects of different green hay making methods on dry characteristics and nutritional quality of M.sativa green hay were studied,and a comprehensive evaluation of M.sativa green hays was conducted.Results showed that,except CK,the drying rates in other making methods were all fast at first,and then slow down.Both of drying under 105 ℃ condition and flatting stems ＋ spraying K2CO3 could speed up drying rate and reduce nutritional losses of green hay.Sun curing could also speed up drying rate,but it could not maintain the quality of green hay.The results of Grey Relational Analysis on five green hay making methods indicated that CK had the best comprehensive performance,followed by green hays made by flatting stems ＋ spraying K2CO3.Therefore,flatting stems ＋ spraying K2CO3 was a quick and easy method to make green hay,and it was worth to be recommended in practical production.

Effects of Different Initial Processing Methods on Atractylodin Content of Atractylodes chinensis

[Objectives]The paper was to compare the effects of different initial processing methods on atractylodin content of Atractylodes chinensis.[Methods]The atractylodin content of A.chinensis obtained by different initial processing methods was determined by HPLC.The loss rate on drying was determined by weighing.[Results]In the study of drying methods,the atractylodin content varied significantly among different thicknesses of slices,and the overall content of the product with the slice thickness of 5 mm was higher.Among different drying methods,constant temperature vacuum drying and shade drying of 5 mm slice resulted in the highest content of atractylodin.In the experiment of root impacting,root impacting twice received the best effect,and there was no significant difference in the atractylosin content of A.chinensis between drying in the sun and drying in the shade after root impacting twice(P>0.05).[Conclusions]Constant temperature vacuum drying or drying in the shade with the slice thickness of 5 mm,and root impacting twice is the best initial processing method,which leads to high atractylodin content of A.chinensis and good quality of medicinal materials.

Effect of Drying Techniques on Antioxidant Capacity of Guava Fruit

Frequent consumption of fruits and vegetables has been associated with low risk of chronic diseases. Guava (Psidium guajava Linn.) is a tropical, seasonal fruit rich in antioxidants, vitamin C and polyphenol compounds. Drying is one of the common methods to preserve and extend the shelf life of guava. The objective of this study was to determine the effect of drying techniques on the antioxidant activity of guava fruit. Guava was air dried in air dryer (45°C), freeze dryer and by osmatic drying techniques. Fresh guava extracts (FGE), freeze dried guava extracts (FDGE), oven dried guava extracts (ODGE) and osmotic-dehydrated guava extracts (OSGE) guava extracts were prepared and analyzed for total polyphenols (TP), flavonoids, antioxidant potential by 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH), ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP), oxygen radical absorbance capacity (ORAC), trolox equivalent antioxidant capacity (TEAC), total antioxidant capacity (TAC) and nitric oxide radical scavenging activity (NORS). Inhibitory potential of guava extracts on enzymes α-glucosidase, α-amylase and lipase was also determined. TP in FG, FD, OD, and OS were 415.69 ± 56.95, 295.30 ± 4.11, 303.57 ± 1.41, and 182.93 ± 6.48 mg gallic acid equivalent (GAE)/100g, respectively. Flavonoids in Fresh, FD, OD, and OS were 202.01 ± 0.16, 96.93 ± 1.73, 105.07 ± 0.58, and 76.13 ± 2.74 mg catechin equivalent (CE)/100 g, respectively. FD extracts were the most effective in scavenging DPPH radical. Whereas FRAP, TEAC and TAC activities were found to be higher in FG followed by OD and FD. However, NORS activity of FD was significantly (p ≤ 0.05) lower compared to other treatments. Inhibition of α-glycosidase, α-amylase and lipase enzymes was (19% - 90%) observed at 0.4, 0.8, and 0.8 mg/ml, respectively. In conclusion, considering this in-vitro study, drying could be effectively utilized to preserve guava fruit with minimum effect on health benefits.

Preparation and Characterization of Porous Spherical LiFePO_4/C by Spray Drying and Carbothermal Method

The porous spherical LiFePO4/C powders were prepared by spray drying and carbothermal method （SDCTM）. Cheaper trivalent iron ion was used as the precursor. The pure olivine phase can be prepared with the spray drying and subsequent heat-treatment. The average particle size is around 10μm, and the value of porosity is 63.04%. The results indicate that the initial discharge capacity decreases with increasing charge/ discharge rate and reduces from 138.8 mAh · g^-1 at C/20 rate to 98.3 mAh ·g^-1 at 2C rate, while the polarization between the charge and discharge plateaux is enlarged from 53 mv to 347 mv. However, the average discharge efficiency is up to 99.5% at 2C rate compared to 80.6% at C/20 rate from the second cycle.

Effect of variety and drying method on the nutritive value of corn for growing pigs

Background：This experiment was conducted to determine the nutritive value of corn from the north of China for growing pigs.The experiment examined corn variety（LS1,LS2,LS3 and LS4）grown in one location,drying method（sun dried and artificially dried）and different drying temperatures.Corn harvested at 20-25%moisture was dried to about 12%moisture by sun drying and artificially drying at 80,100,or 120℃ in a fluidized bed dryer.Ninety-six barrows（average BW of 33.4 ± 2.7 kg）were housed in individual metabolism crates to facilitate separate collection of feces and urine.A five-day collection period followed a seven-day diet acclimation period.Results：The results indicated that variety significantly influenced（P〈0.01）the 1,000 kernel weight of corn but not the bulk weight.Variety also influenced the available energy content（digestible energy of dry matter,P〈0.01;metabolisable energy of dry matter,P〈0.01）and digestibility of organic matter（P〈0.01）,as well as dry matter（P〈0.01）and gross energy（GE）content（P〈0.02）.The drying method of corn significantly influenced the 1,000 kernel weight（P〈0.01）,bulk weight（P〈0.01）and digestibility of ether extract（EE）（P〈0.01）.No effect of drying temperature on the digestibility of organic matter,dry matter（DM）,crude protein（CP）,neutral detergent fiber（NDF）,acid detergent fiber（ADF）and gross energy was observed,but gelatinization（P〈0.05）and test weight（P〈0.01）decreased with an increase in temperature.Conclusions：Variety has a significant impact on the nutritive value of corn for growing pigs,and greater attention needs to be paid to these influences in the assignment of the nutritive value of corn given to growing pigs.

Effects of drying method on preparation of nanometer α-Al_2O_3

Ammonium aluminum carbonate hydroxide (AACH) precursor was synthesized by the precipitation reaction of aluminum sulfate and ammonium carbonate. Then the precursor was dealt with five drying methods including ordinary drying, alcohol exchange, vacuum freeze-drying, glycol distillation, n-butanol azeotropic distillation respectively and calcined at 1 200 ℃ for 2 h to get α-Al2O3. The effects of drying methods on preparation of nanometer α-Al2O3 were discussed, and the optimal drying method was confirmed. The structural properties of powders were characterized by XRD, SEM and BET measurements. The results show that vacuum freeze-drying, glycol distillation and n-butanol azeotropic distillation can prevent the powders from aggregating, and among them the n-butanol azeotropic distillation is the best method. The nanometer α-Al2O3 powder with non-aggregation can be manufactured using n-butanol azeotropic distillation and the average particle size is about 40 nm.

Optimization of pectin extraction and antioxidant activities from Jerusalem artichoke

Jerusalem artichoke is an economic crop widely planted in saline-alkaline soil. The use of Jerusalem artichoke is of great significance. In this study, the response surface method was employed to optimize the effects of processing variables （extraction temperature, pH, extraction time, and liquid-to- solid ratio） on the yield of Jerusalem artichoke pectin. Under the optimal extraction conditions： pHl .52, 63.62 min, 100℃ and a liquid-to-solid ratio of 44.4 mL/g, the maximum pectin yield was predicted to be 18.76%. Experiments were conducted under these optimal conditions and a pectin yield of 18.52＋0.90% was obtained, which validated the model prediction. The effects of different drying methods （freeze drying, spray drying and vacuum drying） on the properties of Jerusalem artichoke pectin were evaluated and they were compared with apple pectin. FTIR spectral analysis showed no major structural differences in Jerusalem artichoke pectin samples produced by various drying treatments. The antioxidant activities of pectin dried by different methods were investigated using in vitro hydroxyl and DPPH radical scavenging systems. The results revealed that the activities of spray dried pectin （SDP） and apple pectin （AP） were stronger than those of vacuum oven dried pectin （ODP） and vacuum freeze dried pectin （FDP）. Therefore compared with the other two drying methods, the spray drying method was the best.

Preparation of TiO_2-MoO_3 nano-composite photo-catalyst by supercritical fluid dry method

A series of TiO 2-MoO 3 nano-composite photocatalysts were prepared by supercritical fluid dry method(SCFD) and an impregnation technique with TiCl 4 and (NH 4) 6Mo 7O 24 ·4H 2O as the starting materials. The catalysts were characterized by the means of XRD, TEM and UV-Vis. Methyl orange was used as model compound for the evaluation of their catalytic activities. The results indicated that the photo-catalyst prepared by SCFD had the advantages of small size(12.84 nm), narrow distribution and good dispersivity. The presence of small amount of Mo in composite catalyst gives rise to the red shift of its absorbance wavelength, decrease of its energy gap and increase of the utility of visible light. Furthermore, higher surface acidity of the photo-catalyst was obtained as the result of the addition of MoO 3. Compared with pure TiO 2, the catalytic activity of the TiO 2-MoO 3 nano-composite photo-catalyst was improved significantly. As the doping concentration of the composite catalysts was controlled at 0.6%(molar percentage), 100% degradation of methyl orange was achieved with in 1.2 h irradiation time.

Amorphous Zr(OH)4 coated LiNi0.915Co0.075Al0.01O2 cathode material with enhanced electrochemical performance for lithium ion batteries

LiNiCoAlO（NCA） with Zr（OH）coating is demonstrated as high performance cathode material for lithium ion batteries（LIBs）. The coated materials are synthesized via a simple dry coating method of NCA with Zr（OH）powders, and then characterized with scanning electron microscopy（SEM）, transmission electron microscopy（TEM） and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy（XPS）. Experimental results show that amorphous Zr（OH）powders have been successfully coated on the surface of spherical NCA particles, exhibiting improved electrochemical performance. 0.50 wt% Zr（OH）coated NCA delivers a capacity of 197.6 mAh/g at the first cycle and 154.3 mAh/g after 100 cycles with a capacity retention of 78.1% at 1 C rate. In comparison, the pure NCA shows a capacity of 194.6 mAh/g at the first cycle and 142.5 mAh/g after 100 cycles with a capacity retention of 73.2% at 1 C rate. Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy（EIS） results show that the coated material exhibits a lower resistance, indicating that the coating layer can efficiently suppress transition metals dissolution and decrease the side reactions at the surface between the electrode and electrolyte. Therefore, surface coating with amorphous Zr（OH）is a simple and useful method to enhance the electrochemical performance of NCA-based materials for the cathode of LIBs.

Rational Design of Porous N-Ti3C2 MXene@CNT Microspheres for High Cycling Stability in Li–S Battery

Herein,N-Ti3C2@CNT microspheres are successfully synthesized by the simple spray drying method.In the preparation process,HCl-treated melamine(HTM)is selected as the sources of carbon and nitrogen.It not only realizes in situ growth of CNTs on the surface of MXene nanosheets with the catalysis of Ni,but also introduces efficient N-doping in both MXene and CNTs.Within the microsphere,MXene nanosheets interconnect with CNTs to form porous and conductive network.In addition,N-doped MXene and CNTs can provide strong chemical immobilization for polysulfides and effectively entrap them within the porous microspheres.Above-mentioned merits enable N-Ti3C2@CNT microspheres to be ideal sulfur host.When used in lithium–sulfur(Li–S)battery,the N-Ti3C2@CNT microspheres/S cathode delivers initial specific capacity of 927 mAh g−1 at 1 C and retains high capacity of 775 mAh g−1 after 1000 cycles with extremely low fading rate(FR)of 0.016%per cycle.Furthermore,the cathode still shows high cycling stability at high C-rate of 4 C(capacity of 647 mAh g−1 after 650 cycles,FR 0.027%)and high sulfur loading of 3 and 6 mg cm−2 for Li–S batteries.

PREPARATION OF MULTI-WALLED CARBON NANOTUBES USING NiO CATALYST SYNTHESIZED BY HYDROTHERMAL METHOD

The Ni(OH)2/SiO2 binary colloid was prepared using Ni(NO3)2.6H2O and (C2H5O)4SiO4 as starting materials and was used to form NiO/SiO2. composite powder by hydrothermal method and desiccant method in open air respectively. Multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) were synthesized respectively by chemical vapor deposition using the NiO/SiO2 catalyst prepared by different methods. The phase and morphology of the catalysts and the morphology, output yield and purity of MWCNTs were compared by XRD, TEM and SEM. The results show that the catalyst powder prepared by hydrothermal method, compared with that by desiccant method, is smaller, better dispersion and has stronger catalytic activity. Pure MWCNTs with smaller tube diameter and narrow range could be obtained at a high yield using that NiO/SiO2 powder prepared by hydrothermal method as catalyst.

Preparation of (Ti, Sn)O_2 Nano-Composite Photocatalyst by Supercritical Fluid Dry Combination Technology

A series of TiO2-SnO2 nano-sized composite photo-catalysts containing Sn (9.3%-30.1%) were prepared from TiCI4 and SnCl4·5H2O by using sol-gel, supercritical fluid dry and solid-phase reaction (SCFD) combination technology. Characterizations with X-ray diffraction (XRD), transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR) showed that, in addition to anatase type TiO2, a new active phase (Ti, Sn)O2 (with particle size of 2.0-4.3 nm) formed, and there were no SnO2 crystals observed in the range of the doping concentration studied. Photo-catalytic reaction of phenol was used as a model reaction to evaluate the catalytic activities of the obtained catalysts. Compared with pure TiO2 or Ti-Sn catalyst prepared with general sol-gel method, Ti-Sn nano-composite photo-catalyst thus obtained showed significant improvement in catalytic activity. The photo-catalytic degradation rate of phenol could reach as high as 93.5% after 7 h. The preparation conditions of the new phase (Ti, Sn)O2 were investigated and its catalytic mechanism was proposed. The photo-catalytic particles prepared using SCFD combination technology exhibited small particle size, large surface area and high activity.

Molecular Simulations of FCC Dry Gas Components Adsorption in Zeolite Y

Adsorption of FCC dry gas components, hydrogen(H_2), nitrogen(N_2), methane(CH_4), ethane(C_2H_6) and ethylene(C_2H_4) in zeolite Y was studied by performing the Grant Canonical Monte Carlo(GCMC) simulations at 298K and 823K and under a pressure range up to 10 MPa. Simulation results were analyzed using the Langmuir model, which presented fitting of dry gas components adsorption to be suggested as the monolayer adsorption. C_2H_4 presented most single adsorption amount, which reached 7.63 mol/kg at 298K under a pressure of 200kPa. Thermodynamic parameters of the Gibbs free energy change, enthalpy change and entropy change were analyzed based on adsorption equilibrium constant obtained from the GCMC simulations. The results suggested that it was more favorable for C_2H_4 to be adsorbed in zeolite Y. Adsorption molecules were in ordered arrangement in the zeolite, and C_2H_4 exhibited a more orderly arrangement than other components. Additionally, a competition in the adsorption of a mixture of dry gas components was found, and supercages were the priority adsorption space. The competition was favorable to CH_4 and C_2H_6, and the competitive power was affected by temperature.

Influence of drying technique on chemical composition and ruminal degradability of subtropical Cajanus cajan L.

The experiment investigated the influence of forage drying methods on the dry-matter digestibility of foliage from Cajanus cajan varieties(ICEAP 00557, ICEAP 01514 and CIMMYT100/01). These leaves were harvested at week 20 of growth and either oven-or shade-dried and analysed for chemical components and rumen degradability. Three rumen fistulated lactating Holstein cows(430 ± 18 kg live weight) were used to evaluate ruminal degradation kinetics using in vitro and in sacco procedures. Samples were incubated for 0, 4, 8, 12, 24, 30 and 48 h in vitro(Ⅳ Daisy^(Ⅱ)) procedure. In the in sacco procedure, samples were incubated for 0, 4, 8, 12, 24, 30 and 48 h in the rumen of cows. Dry matter disappearance(DMD)data for both measures were fitted to the equation Y = a + b(1 -e^(-ct)), where b is the slowly degradable fraction and c is the degradation rate constant, to approximate rumen degradability characteristics of varieties. Shade dried leaves contained higher crude protein(CP)(P < 0.05) than oven dried leaves. Oven drying method increased(P < 0.05) neutral detergent insoluble nitrogen(NDIN) and acid detergent insoluble nitrogen(ADIN) content of varieties. However, shade drying method gave the higher concentration of NDIN and ADIN. Drying technique had no effect(P > 0.05) on ash, neutral detergent fiber(NDF), acid detergent fiber(ADF) and acid detergent lignin(ADL) of varieties. Drying method did not affect(P > 0.05) calcium(Ca) and phosphorus(P) concentration in the forage dry matter. Drying method had no effect(P > 0.05) on b and c of all varieties during in vitro procedure. However, shade-drying method increased(P < 0.05) b and c of all varieties during in sacco procedure. It was concluded that shade-drying, in contrast to oven-drying, would be the most suitable method as it improves the nutritive value of the forage for ruminants.