Prolonged dual antiplatelet therapy after drug-eluting stent implantation improves long-term prognosis for acute coronary syndrome:five-year results from a large cohort study

BACKGROUND:To investigate the most appropriate dual antiplatelet therapy(DAPT)duration for patients with acute coronary syndrome(ACS)after drug-eluting stent(DES)implantation in the largest cardiovascular center of China.METHODS:We enrolled 5,187 consecutive patients with ACS who received DES from January to December 2013.Patients were divided into four groups based on DAPT duration:standard DAPT group(11-13 months,n=1,568)and prolonged DAPT groups(13-18 months[n=308],18-24 months[n=2,125],and>24 months[n=1,186]).Baseline characteristics and 5-year clinical outcomes were recorded.RESULTS:Baseline characteristics were similar across the four groups.Among the four groups,those with prolonged DAPT(18-24 months)had the lowest incidence of major adverse cardiovascular and cerebrovascular events(MACCEs)(14.1%vs.11.7%vs.9.6%vs.24.2%,P<0.001),all-cause death(4.8%vs.3.9%vs.2.1%vs.2.6%,P<0.001),cardiac death(3.1%vs.2.6%vs.1.4%vs.1.9%,P=0.004),and myocardial infarction(MI)(3.8%vs.4.2%vs.2.5%vs.5.8%,P<0.001).The incidence of bleeding was not different among the four groups(9.9%vs.9.4%vs.11.0%vs.9.4%,P=0.449).Cox multivariable analysis showed that prolonged DAPT(18-24 months)was an independent protective factor for MACCEs(hazard ratio[HR]0.802,95%confidence interval[CI]0.729-0.882,P<0.001),all-cause death(HR 0.660,95%CI 0.547-0.795,P<0.001),cardiac death(HR 0.663,95%CI 0.526-0.835,P<0.001),MI(HR 0.796,95%CI 0.662-0.957,P=0.015),and target vessel revascularization(HR 0.867,95%CI 0.755-0.996,P=0.044).Subgroup analysis for high bleeding risk showed that prolonged DAPT remained an independent protective factor for all-cause death and MACCEs.CONCLUSION:For patients with ACS after DES,appropriately prolonging the DAPT duration may be associated with a reduced risk of adverse ischemic events without increasing the bleeding risk.

Dual antiplatelet therapy increases pocket hematoma complications in Chinese patients with pacemaker implantation

Objective To assess the prevalence of the bleeding complications in pacemaker implanted patients receiving different antiplatelet regimens, and the influence of each regimen on hospital stays after device implantation. Methods We prospectively enrolled 364 patients receiving the cardiac rhythm device implantations in Fuwai Hospital from July 2012 to December 2013. Bleeding complications including pocket hematoma, hemothorax, cardiac tamponade and blood transfusion requirement were measured as endpoints. Post operation hospital stay was also included in the endpoints. Results Bleeding complications were detected in 15 patients （14 with hematoma, one with hemothorax） out of all 364 patients （4.12%）. Dual antiplatelet therapy （DAT） significantly increased hematoma （19.3%） compared with aspi- fin treatment （ASA） （3.2%, P = 0.001） and no antiplatelet therapy （1.9%, P 〈 0.001）. There was no significant difference in incidence of pocket hematoma between the ASA group and the control group （P = 0.45）. The post procedure hospital stay was longer in DAT group （5.45 ± 2.01 days） compared to those in the ASA group （3.65 ± 1.37 days, P 〈 0.05） or control group （3.99 ± 2.27 days, P 〈 0.05）. Pocket hema- toma was considered an independent predictor of hospital stay prolongation （OR： 5.26; 95% CI： 1.56-16.64; P = 0.007）. Conclusions Among the Chinese patients undergoing device implantation in this study, the use of dual antiplatelet agents significantly increased the risk of pocket hematoma complications and led to a longer hospital stay. Use of aspirin alone did not increase the risk.

Association of α_(2A)-Adrenergic Receptor Genetic Variants with Platelet Reactivity in Chinese Patients on Dual Antiplatelet Therapy Undergoing Percutaneous Coronary Intervention

Objective The alpha 2A-adrenergic receptor gene （ADRA2A） polymorphism in individuals antiplatelet response to sympathetic stimulation. The aim of this study was to investigate ADRA2A variants on platelet reactivity in Chinese patients on dual antiplatelet therapy undergoing percutaneous coronary intervention （PCI）. modifies the the effect of （DAPT） after Methods From March 2011 to March 2013, 1,024 patients were enrolled in this prospective, single-center, observational study in China. Four single nucleotide polymorphisms （SNPs） of ADRA2A gene （rs11195419, rs3750625, rs13306146, and rs553668） and CYP2C19^＊2 were detected by ligase detection reaction （LDR）, and adenosine diphosphate （ADP） inhibition was detected by thromboelastography （TEG）. Results The minor allele frequencies of ADRA2A SNPs were common. Platelet ADP inhibition was significantly different among patients carrying rs11195419 （adjusted P = 0.022） and rs3750625 （adjusted P = 0.016）. The homozygous allele carriers had the lowest ADP inhibition. However, ADP inhibition was not significantly different in rs553668 and rs13306146. At the multivariate analysis, rs11195419 （P = 0.033）, rs3750625 （P = 0.020） and CYP2C19＂2 （P = 0.002） were independent predictors of ADP inhibition. Subgroups analysis based on sex showed rs11195419 （P = 0.003） and rs3750625 （P = 0.002） were significantly associated with ADP inhibition in males, but not in females. Conclusion ADRA2A genetic variations were associated with ADP-induced platelet aggregation during DAPT in Chinese patients undergoing PCI, and the effect was particularly more pronounced in males.

Shortened dual antiplatelet therapy in contemporary percutaneous coronary intervention era

Percutaneous coronary intervention with stenting is followed by a duration of dual antiplatelet therapy(DAPT)to reduce stent thrombosis and avoid target lesion failure.The period of DAPT recommended in international guidelines following drug-eluting stent implantation is 12 mo for most patients with acute coronary syndrome,and 6 mo for patients with chronic coronary syndrome or high bleeding risk.The new generation of drug-eluting stents have metallic platforms with thinner struts,associated with significantly less stent thrombosis.Shortened DAPT has been investigated with these stents,with evidence from randomised clinical trials for some individual stents showing non-inferior safety and efficacy outcomes.This has to be balanced by the effect of DAPT on secondary prevention of systemic cardiovascular disease especially in high-risk populations.This review will outline the current evidence for individual stents with regards to DAPT duration for both acute coronary syndrome and chronic coronary syndrome and discuss further directions for research and personalised medicine in this contemporary percutaneous coronary intervention era.

Feasibility of gastric endoscopic submucosal dissection with continuous low-dose aspirin for patients receiving dual antiplatelet therapy

BACKGROUND Endoscopic submucosal dissection(ESD) for gastric neoplasms during continuous low-dose aspirin(LDA) administration is generally acceptable according to recent guidelines. This retrospective study aimed to investigate the effect of continuous LDA on the postoperative bleeding after gastric ESD in patients receiving dual antiplatelet therapy(DAPT).AIM To investigate the feasibility of gastric ESD with continuous LDA in patients with DAPT.METHODS A total of 597 patients with gastric neoplasms treated with ESD between January2010 and June 2017 were enrolled. The patients were categorized according to type of antiplatelet therapy(APT).RESULTS The postoperative bleeding rate was 6.9%(41/597) in all patients. Patients were divided into the following two groups: no APT(n = 443) and APT(n = 154). APT included single-LDA(n = 95) and DAPT(LDA plus clopidogrel, n = 59)subgroups. In the single-LDA and DAPT subgroups, 56 and 39 patients were received continuous LDA, respectively. The bleeding rate with continuous singleLDA(10.7%) was similar to that with discontinuous single-LDA(10.3%)(P >0.99). Although the bleeding rate with continuous LDA in patients receiving DAPT(23.1%) was higher than that with discontinuous LDA in patients receiving DAPT(5.0%), no significant difference was observed(P = 0.141).CONCLUSION The bleeding rate with continuous LDA in patients receiving DAPT was not statistically different from that with discontinuous LDA in patients receiving DAPT. Therefore, continuous LDA administration may be acceptable for ESD in patients receiving DAPT, although patients should be carefully monitored for possible bleeding.

Duration of dual antiplatelet treatment in the era of next generation drug-eluting stents

Current percutaneous coronary intervention guidelines recommend dual antiplatelets(aspirin 100 mg + clopidogrel 75 mg daily) for at least 12 mo following drugeluting stent(DES) implantation if patients are not at high risk of bleeding.Several reports have tried to shorten the dual antiplatelet therapy to 3-6 mo,especially following next-generation DES implantation,for cost-effectiveness.However,the clinical results are inconsistent and the data regarding next-generation DESs limited.In this report,recently published important pivotal reports regarding the optimal duration of dual antiplatelets following DES implantation are summarized.

Efficacy of Short-term Dual Antiplatelet Therapy after Implantation of Second-generation Drug-eluting Stents:A Meta-analysis and Systematic Review

Objective The benefit of short-term dual antiplatelet therapy(DAPT) following second-generation drug-eluting stents implantation has not been systematically evaluated. To bridge the knowledge gap,we did a meta-analysis to assess the efficacy of ≤6 months versus ≥12 months DAPT among patients with second-generation drug-eluting stents. Methods We searched online databases and identified randomized controlled trials that assess the clinical impact of short-term DAPT(≤6 months) published before March 3,2016. The efficacy endpoints included the incidence of all-cause death,myocardial infarction,cerebrovascular accidents,and definite or probable stent thrombosis. Safety endpoint defined as major bleeding was also evaluated and discussed. Results We included 5 trials that randomized 9473 participants(49.8%,short-term DAPT duration vs. 50.2%,standard duration). A total of 9445(99.7%) patients reported the efficacy endpoints,and the safety endpoint was available from 4 studies(n=8457). There was no significant difference in efficacy endpoints between short-term and standard DAPT duration(≥12 months) [risk ratio(RR) 0.96; 95% confidence intervals(CI),0.80-1.15]. Short-term DAPT duration did not significantly increase the individual risk of all-cause death,myocardial infarction,cerebrovascular accidents,or definite or probable stent thrombosis. Although short-term DAPT obviously reduced risk of major bleeding compared with standard DAPT(RR 0.53; 95% CI,0.29-0.96),significant publication bias was found when accessing the safety endpoint of the 4 studies(Egger's test,P=0.009). Conclusions The efficacy of short-term DAPT was comparable with that of standard duration DAPT.DAPT less than 6 months may be appropriate for patients receiving second-generation drug-eluting stents implantation.

Efficacy and safety of different dual antiplatelet strategies in patients undergoing percutaneous coronary intervention:A systematic review and network meta-analysis

Background:Dual antiplatelet therapy(DAPT)is key for preventing ischaemic events post-percutaneous coronary intervention(PCI).Various DAPT modifications like the shortened duration or P2Y12 inhibitor(P2Y12i)de-escalation are implemented to reduce bleeding risk.However,these strategies lack direct comparative studies.This study aimed to assess the efficacy and safety of such DAPT strategies,including de-escalated and short DAPT,in patients undergoing PCI.Methods:We searched PubMed,Embase,Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials,and ClinicalTrials.gov databases for relevant randomized controlled trials(RCTs).We performed a network meta-analysis(NMA)to estimate risk ratios(RRs)and 95%confidence intervals(CIs).The primary efficacy endpoint was major adverse cardiac events(MACEs),and the primary safety endpoint was major bleeding.Secondary endpoints included individual components of MACEs and net adverse clinical events(NACEs).Results:A total of 17 RCTs comprising 53,156 patients(median age,62.0 years,24.8%female)were included.NMA suggested that de-escalation DAPT was associated with a significantly lower risk of MACEs(risk ratio[RR]=0.79,95%confidence interval[CI]=0.64-0.98),bleeding(RR=0.63,95%CI=0.49-0.82),and NACEs(RR=0.69,95%CI=0.60-0.79)compared with standard DAPT.Short DAPT followed by P2Y12i monotherapy exhibited a significantly decreased risk of major bleeding(RR=0.63,95%CI=0.46-0.86)compared with standard DAPT.Conclusions:De-escalation DAPT was the most effective strategy for preventing the risk of MACEs without increasing bleeding events,while short DAPT followed by P2Y12i monotherapy was the most effective strategy for reducing the risk of bleeding among patients undergoing PCI.

Efficacy of Dual Antiplatelet Therapy Combined with Naoxintong Capsules(脑心通胶囊) Following Coronary Microembolization Induced by Homologous Microthrombi in Rats

Objective： To evaluate the efficacy of dual antiplatelet therapy combined with Naoxintong Capsule （脑心通胶囊, NXTC） in a rat model of coronary microembolization （CME）. Methods： A total of 95 rats were randomly divided into 6 groups： control, sham-operation, CME model, NXTC, dual antiplatelet （clopidogrel and aspirin） intervention （DA）, and NXTC combined with DA （NDA） groups. The complete data in 69 rats were obtained. The number of CME, myocardial apoptosis rate, bleeding time, clotting time, and adensosine diphosphate （ADP）-induced platelet aggregation were assessed. Results： Compared with the CME group, the number of CME and myocardial apoptosis rates were significantly decreased in the NXTC, DA, and NDA groups （P〈0.01）. Compared with other intervention groups, the number of CME and myocardial apoptosis rates were the least in the NDA group （P〈0.01）, and the incidence of surgical bleeding was the highest in the DA group （P〈0.01）. Compared with the CME group, ADP-induced maximum platelet aggregation rate was significantly inhibited in the NXTC, DA, and NDA groups （P〈0.01）, both bleeding time and clotting time were significantly increased in the NXTC, DA, and NDA groups （P〈0.01）, while the above parameters were the highest in the DA group （P〈0.05）. Conclusion： The combination therapy of NXTC and DA enhanced the anti-CME effect of either therapy alone and reduced the risk of the DA therapy-associated bleeding, demonstrating an improved benefit/ risk ratio in the rat model of CME.

Shorter- versus Longer-duration Dual Antiplatelet Therapy in Patients with Diabetes Mellitus Undergoing Drug-eluting Stents Implantation： A Meta-analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials

Background： Patients with diabetes mellitus （DM） have a higher risk of thromboembolic events： however, the optimal duration of dual antiplatelet therapy （DAPT） remains unclear. The goal of this study was to assess the efficacy and safety of various DAPT durations in patients with DM undergoing drug-eluting stent implantation. Methods： We conducted a literature search for randomized controlled trials （RCTs）. We searched databases including EMBASE, PubMed, Cochrane Library, and Scopus up to June 2016. Investigators extracted data independently, including outcomes, characteristics, and study quality. A random-effect model was used to pool odds ratios （ORs） with 95% confidence intervals （C/s） of the clinical outcomes. Results： Six RCTs totaling 6040 patients with DM were included in the study. Shorter-duration DAPT resulted in an increased rate of stent thrombosis （ST） （OR, 1.83, 95% CI： 1.03-3.26, P = 0.04）, but did not increase the risk of myocardial inihrction （OR. 1.33, 95% CI： 0.71 2.47, P=0.37）, stroke （OR, 0.96, 95% CI： 0.52-1.77, P 0.90）, target vessel revascularization （OR, 1.19, 95% CI： 0.46-3.07, P = 0.71 ）, all-cause death （OR： 0.72, 95% CI： 0.48-1.09, P = 0.12）, or cardiac death （OR, 0.82, 95% CI： 0.49-1.36, P= 0.44） significantly. Shorter-duration DAPT was associated with a decreased risk of major bleeding （OR. 0.60, 95% CI： 0.38-0.94, P = 0.02）. Conclusion： In patients with DM, longer-duration DAPT had a lower risk of ST, but was associated with an increased bleeding risk.

Panax Notoginseng Saponin Attenuates Gastric Mucosal Epithelial Cell Injury Induced by Dual Antiplatelet Drugs through COX and PI3K/Akt/ VEGF-GSK-3β-RhoA Network Pathway

Objective To elucidate the underlying mechanism of Panax notoginseng saponin(PNS)on gastric epithelial cell injury and barrier dysfunction induced by dual antiplatelet(DA).Methods Human gastric mucosal epithelial cell(GES-1)was cultured and divided into 4 groups:a control,a DA,a PNS+DA and a LY294002+PNS+DA group.GES-1 apoptosis was detected by flow cytometry,cell permeability were detected using Transwell,level of prostaglandins E2(PGE2),6-keto-prostaglandin F1α(6-keto-PGF1α)and vascular endothelial growth factor(VEGF)in supernatant were measured by enzyme linked immunosorbent assay(ELISA),expression of phosphatidylinositide 3-kinase(PI3K),phosphorylated-PI3K(p-PI3K),Akt,phosphorylated-Akt(p-Akt),cyclooxygenase-1(COX-1),cyclooxygenase-2(COX-2),glycogen synthase kinase-3β(GSK-3β)and Ras homolog gene family member A(RhoA)were measured by Western-blot.Results DA induced apoptosis and hyper-permeability in GES-1,reduced supernatant level of PGE2,6-keto-PGF1αand VEGF(P<0.05).Addition of PNS reduced the apoptosis of GES-1 caused by DA,restored the concentration of PGE2,6-keto-PGF1αand VEGF(P<0.05).In addition,PNS attenuated the alteration of COX-1 and COX-2 expression induced by DA,up-regulated p-PI3K/p-Akt,down-regulated RhoA and GSK-3β.LY294002 mitigated the effects of PNS on cell apoptosis,cell permeability,VEGF concentration,and expression of RhoA and GSK-3βsignificantly.Conclusions PNS attenuates the suppression on COX/PG pathway from DA,alleviates DA-induced GES-1 apoptosis and barrier dysfunction through PI3K/Akt/VEGF-GSK-3β-RhoA network pathway.

Impact of prolonged dual antiplatelet therapy on patients after drug-eluting stents implantation

Background Impact of dual antiplatelet therapy beyond 12 months on patients implanted with DES remains unsolved.Methods From January 2010 to June 2011,1873 patients who have been taking DAPT and free from death,myocardial infarction,stroke,repeat coronary revascularization,stent thrombosis,and major or minor bleeding according to TIMI criteria for 12 months after implantation of DES were randomly assigned to continuous （prolonged DAPT group） or discontinuous （standard DAPT group） clopidogrel （75 mg/day）.The primary outcome was major adverse cardiovascular events （MACEs） which compose of death,nonfatal myocardial infarction （MI）,nonfatal stroke,target vessel revascularization （TVR） or stent thrombosis （ST） at 180 days.Results There was no significant difference in the incidence of 180-day MACEs between prolonged DAPT group and standard DAPT group （8.98 % versus 10.13 %,respectively,P=0.400）.The frequency of major bleeding was 0.64 % in prolonged DAPT arm and 0.43% in standard DAPT arm （P=0.523）,that of minor bleeding was 3.32 % versus 2.87 % （P=0.585）,respectively.Conclusions Prolonged DAPT beyond 12 months neither improve prognosis nor increase risk of bleeding in patients implanted with DES.

Drug-coated balloons are not inferior to drug-coated stents in the treatment of acute myocardial infarction and shorten the duration of dual antiplatelet treatment

Background:Drug-coated balloons(DCBs)are an up-and-coming tactic in treating in-stent restenosis and coronary artery small vessel disease,but their efficacy in treating acute myocardial infarction needs to be further explored.Methods:A meta-analysis of 7 studies was conducted to make a comparison with the results of DCB and drug-eluting stent implantation after a median follow-up of 15 months.Results:A total of 922 patients were included in this analysis in total,including 375 patients in the DCB group and 547 patients in the stent group.A total of 962 vascular diseases were manifested in the 2 groups.After 6 to 24 months of follow-up,there was no statistically significant difference with respect to major adverse cardiovascular events(odds ratio[OR]:0.82;95%confidence interval[CI]:0.52–1.29;Z=0.85;P=0.39),cardiac death(OR:0.92;95%CI:0.39–2.12;Z=0.21;P=0.84),target lesion revascularization(OR:1.09;95%CI:0.53–2.25;Z=0.24;P=0.81),late lumen loss(MD:−0.05;95%CI:−0.15 to 0.06;Z=0.85;P=0.40),or dual antiplatelet therapy(DAPT)(OR:1.04;95%CI:0.53–2.05;Z=0.11;P=0.91)between the 2 groups.In the DCB group,persistent residual stenosis or C-F dissection occurrence necessitated that a total of 30 patients receive extra bailout implantations.The rate of bailout stenting was 11.8%(95%CI:7.1–16).Moreover,the DCB group had a shorter DAPT duration compared with the stent group.Conclusion:Drug-coated balloons with shorter DAPT durations may be as effective and safe as stent therapy in treating acute myocardial infarction.

Aspirin alone just as good as dual antiplatelet therapy beyond 12 months

Key points： At 2 years, aspirin alone provides similar protection against ischemic events as dual therapy in DES patients Findings maintained across multiple subgroups Less bleeding seen with aspirin alone at full 4-year follow-up By Jason Kahn Monday, March 11, 2013 SAN FRANCISCO, CA--Aspirin monotherapy results in similar rates of ischemic outcomes while decreas- ing bleeding compared with dual antiplatelet therapy beyond 12 months in stable patients who receive drug-e- luting stents （DES）. Results from the DES LATE trial were presented March 10, 2013, at the American Col- lege of Cardiology/i2 Scientific Session.

阿哌沙班联合双联抗血小板对冠心病合并房颤患者生存质量、心功能及miR-146水平的影响

目的:探讨阿哌沙班联合双联抗血小板治疗对冠心病合并房颤患者生存质量、心功能及miR-146水平的影响。方法:选取92例冠心病合并房颤患者作为研究对象,依据治疗方式将患者分为对照组(华法林联合双联抗血小板治疗,n=46)和观察组(阿哌沙班联合双联抗血小板治疗,n=46),所有患者均连续治疗3个月。比较两组患者的临床疗效、生存质量、心功能、凝血功能、炎症指标及miR-146水平,并记录不良反应发生情况。结果:观察组治疗有效率高于对照组(91.30%vs.76.09%,P<0.05);治疗后,观察组SF-36评分高于对照组[(83.57±6.37)vs.(76.48±6.14),P<0.001],MLWHFQ评分低于对照组[(32.13±4.90)vs.(37.20±5.40),P<0.001];观察组LVEF水平高于对照组[(55.38±6.92)vs.(51.23±6.74),P<0.05];观察组PT、TT及APTT水平均高于对照组(P<0.001);观察组MCP-1、CRP及miR-146水平均低于对照组(P<0.05);观察组出血发生率及不良反应总发生率均低于对照组(P<0.05)。结论:采用阿哌沙班联合双联抗血小板治疗冠心病合并房颤的疗效确切,利于改善患者心功能及凝血功能,并可降低炎症反应程度及出血等不良事件发生风险,有助于提高患者生存质量。

有高血压脑出血史的患者冠状动脉介入术标准双抗治疗预后影响因素分析

目的:心脏支架置入术后要求使用双重抗血小板治疗(dual antiplatelet therapy DAPT),而脑出血后使用抗血小板治疗仍然存在争议。本研究旨在评估有高血压脑出血病史者,对使用双重抗血小板(双抗)治疗的经皮冠状动脉介入(percutaneous coronary intervention PCI)术后患者预后的影响。方法:本研究为观察性临床研究,纳入有高血压脑出血病史的PCI患者128例作为观察组,有高血压但无脑出血病史的PCI患者153例作为对照者。所有患者在PCI术后均服用阿司匹林100mg和氯吡格雷75mg治疗,随访时间为12~48个月。疗效结局为主要不良心脑血管病事件,安全性结局为再发脑出血和主要出血。结果:共随访到228例患者,其中观察组102例,对照组126例。既往脑出血病史(HR:1.998,95%CI:1.164~3.415,P=0.012)和冠心病病史(HR:2.664,95%CI:1.388~5.111,P=0.003)是导致高血压的PCI患者,双抗治疗下主要不良心脑血管病事件的危险因素。既往脑出血病史并未增加高血压的PCI患者,双抗治疗下再发脑出血(HR:2.292,95%CI:0.368~14.254,P=0.199)和主要出血的风险(HR:1.467,95%CI:0.475~4.536,P=0.506)。结论:脑出血病史和冠心病病史,是高血压的PCI患者双抗治疗下主要不良心脑血管病事件的危险因素。脑出血病史的高血压患者,PCI术后,在标准双抗治疗下,再发脑出血和主要出血的风险未增加,但明显增加主要不良心脑血管病事件的风险,需予以关注。

既往高血压脑出血经皮冠状动脉介入治疗患者延长双联抗血小板治疗的预后研究

目的探讨既往高血压脑出血经皮冠状动脉介入(PCI)治疗患者延长双联抗血小板治疗(DAPT)的风险和获益。方法本研究为观察性临床研究,纳入2005年1月至2014年12月于首都医科大学附属北京安贞医院住院有高血压脑出血病史的PCI患者128例作为观察组,有高血压但无脑出血病史的PCI患者153例作为对照组。所有患者PCI术后均服用阿司匹林100 mg/d和氯吡格雷75 mg/d治疗,随访时间为12~48个月。疗效终点为主要不良心脑血管事件(MACCE),安全性终点为脑出血和主要出血。DAPT时间>12个月为延长DAPT,DAPT时间≤12个月为未延长DAPT。对影响终点事件的因素进行单因素及多因素Cox回归分析。结果既往高血压脑出血病史(P=0.029)、急性心肌梗死(P=0.027)是高血压PCI患者MACCE的独立危险因素,而延长DAPT是其独立保护因素(风险比=0.351,P<0.001)。亚组分析中,延长DAPT增加既往高血压脑出血PCI患者主要出血风险(风险比=6.650,P=0.036),但未降低MACCE风险(P=0.349)。延长DAPT未增加既往高血压PCI患者主要出血风险(P=0.538),但能明显降低MACCE风险(风险比=0.356,P=0.044)。结论延长DAPT增加既往高血压脑出血病史的PCI患者主要出血风险,DAPT需控制在12个月之内。延长DAPT在降低既往高血压PCI患者MACCE风险的同时,没有增加其主要出血的风险,建议适当延长DAPT时间。

替罗非班及双联抗血小板治疗超溶栓时间窗急性进展性脑梗死患者的效果

目的分析替罗非班及双联抗血小板治疗超溶栓时间窗急性进展性脑梗死(APCI)患者的效果。方法前瞻性选取2021年12月至2022年12月大同市第五人民医院神经内科收治的超溶栓时间窗APCI患者70例,按照随机数字表法将其分为常规组和联合组,每组各35例。两组均采取常规治疗,常规组在常规治疗基础上采用阿司匹林+氯吡格雷双联抗血小板治疗,联合组在常规治疗基础上采用替罗非班+双联抗血小板治疗。比较两组的临床疗效,并对两组治疗前、治疗14 d后神经功能[采用美国国立卫生研究院卒中量表(NIHSS)评分评估]、日常生活能力[采用日常生活能力评定量表(ADL)进行评估]、炎症因子[超敏C反应蛋白(hs-CRP)、白细胞介素-6(IL-6)]水平以及治疗过程中的不良反应发生情况进行比较。结果联合组总有效率和常规组总有效率(91.42%vs.85.71%)比较,差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。治疗14 d后,两组NIHSS评分均较治疗前降低,ADL评分均较治疗前升高,且联合组NIHSS评分为(4.52±1.67)分,低于常规组(6.28±1.78)分,ADL评分为(84.23±6.58分),高于常规组[(74.34±7.12)分],差异均有统计学意义(P<0.05)。治疗14 d后,两组hs-CRP、IL-6水平均较治疗前降低,且联合组hs-CRP、IL-6水平分别为(11.03±3.68)mg/L、(60.73±13.42)ng/mL,均低于常规组[(13.55±4.12)mg/L、(78.48±14.57)ng/mL],差异均有统计学意义(P<0.05)。在治疗过程中,联合组不良反应发生率和常规组的不良反应发生率比较(8.57%vs.11.43%),差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。结论对于超溶栓时间窗急性进展性脑梗死患者,在双联抗血小板治疗的基础上联合替罗非班治疗,可取得更好的治疗效果,可以更好地改善患者的神经功能、日常生活能力以及降低炎症反应。

Solitaire支架机械取栓结合双重抗血小板治疗对急性脑梗死患者肢体功能和血管再闭塞的影响

目的探讨Solitaire支架机械取栓结合双重抗血小板治疗对急性脑梗死患者肢体功能和血管再闭塞的影响。方法研究选择2020年2月至2023年8月接受治疗的急性脑梗死患者为样本,共134例。根据患者术前1周是否每天规律服用阿司匹林和氯吡格雷,分为观察组(服用)和对照组(未服用),各67例。比较治疗1周后的血管再通情况,根据国立卫生研究院卒中量表(NIHSS)和简易Fugl-meyer运动功能量表(FMA)对两组患者治疗前、治疗后1 d、1周、1个月的神经损伤和肢体功能进行评估,比较两组治疗前和治疗后1个月的脑血流动力学指标[脑血管外周阻力(CVR)、平均血流量(Qmean)和平均血流速度(Vmean)]和血栓形成相关因子[血栓素B2(TXB2)、正血小板α-颗粒膜糖蛋白(CD62P)、外周血6酮前列腺素F1α(6-keto-PGF1α)],记录患者治疗3个月后血管再闭塞情况,通过logistic回归分析探讨患者血管再闭和血流动力学、血栓形成因子的关系。结果治疗后观察组患者的血管再通率、FMA评分、Qmean、Vmean、6-keto-PGF1α高于对照组,NIHSS评分、CVR、TXB2、CD62P比对照组降低,均差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。且观察组患者的血管再闭塞率低于对照组。Logistic分析显示,患者的脑血流动力学指标和血栓形成相关因子水平均会影响其血管再闭的发生(P<0.05)。结论Solitaire支架机械取栓结合双重抗血小板治疗有助于急性脑梗死患者的肢体功能恢复,并降低血管再闭塞的风险。

延长双联抗血小板治疗时程对急性冠状动脉综合征行经皮冠状动脉介入治疗患者预后的作用

目的探讨延长双联抗血小板治疗(DAPT)时程对急性冠状动脉综合征(ACS)行经皮冠状动脉介入治疗(PCI)患者预后的影响。方法入选2017年6月至2022年8月在廊坊市人民医院住院行PCI的ACS患者1175例,所有患者均接受标准12个月的DAPT治疗且未发生主要不良心脑血管事件(MACCE)和出血事件。根据患者是否继续延长DAPT时程,将患者分为标准治疗组545例和延长双抗组630例。标准治疗组DAPT时程为12个月,延长双抗组延长DAPT时程至术后18~24个月,随访至术后24个月。研究的主要终点为随访期间发生的MACCE,包括心源性死亡、心肌梗死、脑卒中和缺血驱动的再次血运重建的复合终点,次要终点为出血事件,包括大出血和小出血事件。结果和标准治疗组患者相比,延长双抗组患者MACCE发生率降低,差异有统计学意义(χ^(2)=3.892,P<0.05)。在安全性方面,延长双抗组出血事件增加(χ^(2)=7.475,P<0.01),主要归因于小出血事件的增加(χ^(2)=6.061,P<0.05)。Cox回归分析显示,患者的病变血管支数是MACCE发生的影响因素(HR=0.389,P<0.01)。结论对于行PCI治疗的ACS患者,与标准12个月的DAPT时程相比,延长DAPT时程至18~24个月,可降低患者MACCE的发生但增加了患者小出血的风险。