Effect of welding process on the microstructure and properties of dissimilar weld joints between low alloy steel and duplex stainless steel

To obtain high-quality dissimilar weld joints, the processes of metal inert gas （MIG） welding and tungsten inert gas （TIG） welding for duplex stainless steel （DSS） and low alloy steel were compared in this paper. The microstructure and corrosion morphology of dissimilar weld joints were observed by scanning electron microscopy （SEM）; the chemical compositions in different zones were detected by en- ergy-dispersive spectroscopy （EDS）; the mechanical properties were measured by microhardness test, tensile test, and impact test; the corro- sion behavior was evaluated by polarization curves. Obvious concentration gradients of Ni and Cr exist between the fusion boundary and the type II boundary, where the hardness is much higher. The impact toughness of weld metal by MIG welding is higher than that by TIG weld- ing. The corrosion current density of TIG weld metal is higher than that of MIG weld metal in a 3.5wt% NaC1 solution. Galvanic corrosion happens between low alloy steel and weld metal, revealing the weakness of low alloy steel in industrial service. The quality of joints pro- duced by MIG welding is better than that by TIG welding in mechanical performance and corrosion resistance. MIG welding with the filler metal ER2009 is the suitable welding process for dissimilar metals jointing between UNS $31803 duplex stainless steel and low alloy steel in practical application.

Microstructures and mechanical properties of laser-welded TiNi shape memory alloy and stainless steel wires

The Nd ： YAG laser welding was used to join the TiNi shape memory alloy and AISI304 stainless steel wires. The microstructural features of the dissimilar material joint were analyzed. The tensile and hardness tests were carried out to examine the mechanical properties and microhardness distribution of the welded joint. The results show that the joint has the non-homogeneous microstructure and element distribution. The brittle phases such as Fe2 Ti , Fe Ti , Cr2 Ti , Ti3 Ni4, Feo 2 Ni4.s Ti5 and TiN mainly segregate in rich Ti region of fusion zone. The laser-welded joint has the tensile strength of 298 MPa with the elongation of 3.72 % and exhibits the brittle fracture features on the fracture surfaces. The reasons for low joint strength were discussed in this investigation.

Microstructural evolution and mechanical properties of friction stir-welded C71000 copper–nickel alloy and 304 austenitic stainless steel

Dissimilar joints comprised of copper–nickel and steel alloys are a challenge for manufacturers in modern industries, as these metals are not thermomechanically or chemically well matched. The present study investigated the effects of tool rotational speed and linear speed on the microstructure and mechanical properties of friction stir-welded C71000 copper–nickel and 340 stainless steel alloys using a tungsten carbide tool with a cylindrical pin. The results indicated that a rotational-to-linear speed ratio of 12.5 r/mm did not cause any macro defects, whereas some tunneling defects and longitudinal cracks were found at other ratios that were lower and higher. Furthermore, chromium carbide was formed on the grain boundaries of the 304 stainless steel near the shoulder zone and inside the joint zone, directing carbon and chromium penetration toward the grain boundaries. Tensile strength and elongation percentages were 84% and 65% of the corresponding values in the copper–nickel base metal, respectively.

Microstructures and properties of capacitor discharge welded joint of TiNi shape memory alloy and stainless steel

Microstructures and properties of capacitor discharge welded （CDW） joint of TiNi shape memory alloy （ SMA ） and stainless steel （SS） were studied. The fracture characteristics of the joint were analyzed by means of scanning electron microscope （ SEM）. Microstructures of the joint were examined by means of optical microscope and SEM. The results showed that the teusile strength of the inhomogeneous joint （ TiNi-SS joint） was low and the joint was brittle. Because TiNi SMA and SS melted, a brittle as-cast structure and compound were formed in the weld. The tensile strength and the shape memory effect （SME） of TiNi-SS joint were strongly influenced by the changes of composition and structure of the weld. Measures should be taken to prevent defects from forming and extruding excessive molten metal in the weld for improving the properties of TiNi-SS joint.

Effect of Laser Beam Welding Parameters on Microstructure and Properties of Duplex Stainless Steel

The present study is concerned with laser beam welding and its effect on size and microstructure of fusion zone then, on mechanical and corrosion properties of duplex stainless steel welded joints. In this regard, influence of different laser welding parameters was clarified. Both bead-on-plate and autogenously butt welded joints were made using carbon dioxide laser with a maximum output of 9 kW in the continuous wave mode. Welded joints were subjected to visual, dye penetrant and radiography tests before sectioning it for different destructive tests. Accelerated corrosion test was carried out based on tafel plot technique. The results achieved in this investigation disclosed that welding parameters play an important role in obtaining satisfactory properties of welded joint. High laser power and/or high welding speed together with adjusting laser focused spot at specimen surface have produced welded joints with a remarkable decrease in fusion zone size and an acceptable weld profile with higher weld depth/width ratio. Besides, acceptable mechanical and corrosion properties were obtained. Using nitrogen as a shielding gas has resulted in improving mechanical and corrosion properties of welded joints in comparison with argon shielding. This is related to maintaining proper ferrite/austenite balance in both weld metal and HAZ in case of nitrogen shielding. As a conclusion, laser power, welding speed, defocusing distance and type of shielding gas combination have to be optimized for obtaining welded joints with acceptable profile as well as mechanical and corrosion properties.

The effect of W and Cu on the microstructure and properties of Ni-saving 25Cr duplex stainless steels

Some new Ni-saving 25Cr duplex stainless steels(DSS)have been developed.The results indicate that the alloy has a balanced ferrite-austenite relation after hot forge and solid solution treatment at 1 000℃. The elements W and Cu have a marked effect on the microstructure of the alloy.The pitting potential of the steel adding W and Cu elements reaches the maximum value of 435 mV.The tensile strength and percentage of area reduction of all steels in this paper are 800 -900 MPa and 60%-70%,respectively.The tensile elongations of the alloys are all above 30%.The experimental steels have good corrosion and mechanical property.

Effect of electrode morphology on steel/aluminum alloy joint

Microstructure characteristics of dissimilar-metal resistance spot welded joints of SUS301 L austenitic stainless steel and 6063-T6 aluminum alloy, and effects of electrode morphology were studied. Results indicated that welded joints of dissimilar materials between austenitic stainless steel and aluminum alloy had characteristics of welding-brazing. The aluminum nugget consisted mainly of the cellular crystal, cellular dendrites and dendrites. The interface between austenitic stainless steel and aluminum alloy had a two-layered structures:a flat front surface θ-Fe_2Al_5 on the steel side and a serrated morphology θ-FeAl_3 on the aluminium alloy side, and it was the weakest zone of the joints. The electrode morphology had great effects on spot welded joints of stainless steel and aluminum alloy. The custom electrodes were a planar circular tip electrode with tip diameter of 10 mm on the stainless steel side and a spherical tip electrode with spherical radius of 35 mm on the aluminum alloy side. When the custom electrodes were used, the nugget diameter, tensile shear load and indentation ratio of spot welded joint were 7.22 mm, 3 606 N and 10.71%, respectively. The nugget diameter and joint tensile shear load increased by 34% and 102% respectively, and the indentation ratio decreased by 65% compared with the F-type electrodes(nugget diameter: 5.384 mm, tensile-shear load 1 783 N, indentation rate 30.94%). Therefore, it was more favorable to use the custom electrodes for improving the mechanical properties and appearance quality of resistance spot welded joints of stainless steel and aluminum alloy.

Strengthening mechanism of steels treated by barium-bearing alloys

The deoxidation, desulfurization, dephosphorization, microstructure, and mechanical properties of steels treated by barium-bearing alloys were investigated in laboratory and by industrial tests. The results show that barium takes part in the deoxidation reaction at the beginning of the experiments, generating oxide and sulfide compound inclusions, which easily float up from the molten steel, leading to the rapid reduction of total oxygen content to a very low level. The desulfurization and dephosphorization capabilities of calcium-bearing alloys increase with the addition of barium. The results of OM and SEM observations and mechanical property tests show that the structure of the steel treated by barium-bearing alloys is refined remarkably, the lamellar thickness of pearlitic structure decreases, and the pearlitic morphology shows clustering distribution. Less barium exists in steel substrate and the enrichment of barium-bearing precipitated phase mostly occurs in grain boundary and phase boundary, which can prevent the movement of grain boundary and dislocation during the heat treatment and the deformation processes. Therefore, the strength and toughness of barium-treated steels are improved by the effect of grain-boundary strengthening and nail-prick dislocation.

Thickness-Dependent Microstructure and its Effect on Anisotropic Mechanical Properties of Duplex Stainless Steel 2205 Multi-pass Welded Joints

In this study,the thickness-dependent microstructural characteristics of duplex stainless steel 2205 multi-pass welded joints were first investigated by the combination of optical microscope and electron back-scattered diffraction observation.Subsequently,a series of tensile tests of miniature samples cut from different passes and directions were performed to analyze the thickness-dependent and anisotropic mechanical properties.The results demonstrate that the microstructure changed with the welded passes,i.e.,a large number of grain boundary austenite,Widmanstätten austenite and a small number of tiny intragranular austenite existed at the surface passes,while a mass of intragranular austenite were found at the middle passes.Meanwhile,the Kurdjumov–Sachs orientation relationship was widespread at the welded zone.In addition,the yield and tensile strengths of the middle passes were greater than that of the surface passes due to the grain-boundary strengthening by tiny intragranular austenite.Furthermore,due to the existence of Kurdjumov–Sachs orientation relationship,the longitudinal yield and tensile strength were greater than transverse values,particularly for the middle passes.

Effect of Ni and Mn on the Mechanical Properties of 22Cr Microduplex Stainless Steel

The tensile properties of 22Cr–2Ni–4Mn–0.2N micro-duplex stainless steels with different Ni and Mn contents were investigated. Duplex stainless steels were vacuum induction melted and hot rolled, then annealed at 1,000–1,100 °C, at which temperature both the austenite and ferrite phases were stable. The volume fraction of the ferrite phase was markedly affected by the alloying elements of Mn and Ni; 1 wt% of Mn was equivalent to 0.4 wt% of Ni. All of the steels tested at room temperature showed the common strain-hardening behavior, while the steels tested at lower temperatures（-30 or-50 °C）showed a distinct inflection point in their stress–strain curves, which resulted from the transformation of the austenite to straininduced martensite. The onset strain（e0） of the inflection point in the stress–strain curve depended on the Md30 value of the steel. Testing at lower temperatures resulted in smaller e0 and consequently higher strengths and fracture strains（ef）. The tensile behavior was examined from the perspective of austenite stability of the micro-duplex stainless steels with the different Ni and Mn contents.

Combination of High Yield Strength and Improved Ductility of 21Cr Lean Duplex Stainless Steel by Tailoring Cold Deformation and Low-Temperature Short-Term Aging

Proper matching of cold-rolled deformation and low-temperature short-term aging can simultaneously enhance the strength and ductility of the lean duplex stainless steel. To investigate this, the microstructure evolution of cold-rolled and aging steels was observed by using scanning electron microscopy, transmission electron microscopy and electron backscattered diffraction. Additionally, the phase volume fraction was measured using X-ray diffraction. In this study, it was observed that the elongation of 21Cr lean duplex stainless steel significantly increased to 16.7% after undergoing moderate cold deformation (~ 40% reduction) and subsequent aging treatment at 550 ℃ for 30 min. Remarkably, the material still maintained a high yield strength of 1045 MPa. Such an excellent mechanical property was attributed to a unique microstructure combination of fine α'-martensite, twins, coarsened austenite resulting from partial martensite reverse transformation, and two-phase fine layered structure. The result of this study may open up new horizons for the alloy development in order to overcome the low ductility of cold-rolled high-strength lean duplex stainless steel.

Influence of Vanadium Element on Microstructure of Electron Beam Welded Titanium Alloy to Stainless Steel Joint

Electron beam welding experiments of titanium alloys with different vanadium content to stainless steel,as well as alpha titanium to stainless steel using vanadium sheets as filler metal and transition portion were carried out.Microstructures of the joints were examined by scanning electron microscope.The properties were evaluated by microhardness and tensile strength.It was shown that electron beam welding is not feasible due to the brittle Ti-Fe intermetallics with high hardness.Increase of vanadium content in base metal can restrain but can't avoid the formation of cracks.When vanadium content was too large,the joint was embrittled by FeTi compound with supersaturated V and also cracked after welding.Crack free joint was achieved by using vanadium transition portion which can prevent the contact of Ti and Fe elements.However,the formation of brittle σ intermetallics reduced the tensile strength of the joint,only up to 134MPa.

A short review on the role of alloying elements in duplex stainless steels

Duplex stainless steels consisting of ferrite and austenite are widely used due to their excellent mechanical properties and corrosion resistance.Compared with ferritic stainless steels,duplex stainless steels have better plasticity,toughness,and welding performance.They also possess higher strength and better resistance to stress,pitting,and crevice corrosion than austenitic stainless steels.In addition to the above-mentioned properties,there are cost-saving advantages in duplex stainless steels due to their lower nickel content.Today,the types of duplex stainless steel are mainly divided into four categories:lean duplex stainless steel,standard duplex stainless steel,super duplex stainless steel,and hyper duplex stainless steel.Alloying design of duplex stainless steel is an important strategy to achieve high performance.In the last two decades,significant progress has been made in both theoretical calculations and experiments.By adjusting alloying elements such as chromium,nickel,molybdenum,nitrogen,copper,tungsten and rare earth,etc.,the mechanical properties and/or corrosion resistance of the duplex stainless steels can be further improved.Summarizing the comprehensive progress of alloying design of duplex stainless steel is of great significance in providing a data basis for establishing the corresponding relationship between chemical compositions and properties.Therefore,this paper reveals the specific roles of alloying elements in the duplex stainless steels and provides a reference for alloying design with different performance requirements.

σ相对S32205双相不锈钢力学性能和耐蚀性的影响

通过JMatPro软件模拟计算和试验结合的方式研究了S32205双相不锈钢中σ相的析出行为及对其力学性能和耐蚀性的影响。结果表明:通过JMatPro软件模拟计算得到的S32205双相不锈钢σ相析出鼻尖温度为875℃。当S32205双相不锈钢在875℃保温0~90 min,σ相含量快速增加,当保温时间增加至90~120 min时,σ相含量缓慢上升,而当保温时间为120~240 min时σ相含量达到饱和,最大为6.1%,与模拟计算结果基本符合。随着保温时间逐渐增加,S32205双相不锈钢的屈服强度、抗拉强度及显微硬度先快速增加后逐渐保持稳定,而伸长率呈下降趋势,强度和硬度与σ相体积含量成正比关系,σ相强化机理由Orowan强化机制转变为σ相的高弹性应变能强化机制。不同σ含量的S32205双相不锈钢的电化学试验结果表明随着σ相的含量逐渐增多,基体越容易贫Cr, S32205双相不锈钢越容易产生腐蚀,耐蚀性逐渐降低。

不同强度级别双相不锈钢激光焊接头的组织与力学性能

目的为了合理制定不同强度等级DP钢同种和异种接头的激光焊接工艺,研究激光焊接工艺对接头组织性能的影响。方法采用SEM、硬度试验、拉伸试验等手段,研究不同强度等级DP钢同种和异种激光焊接接头的微观组织和力学性能。结果对于同种DP钢激光焊接,由于接头各个区域经历的热循环不同,因此其马氏体体积分数和形态、含碳量等存在明显差异。在焊缝熔合区,由于冷却速度较高,因此马氏体体积分数较高且为细条状,硬度高于母材硬度。在热影响区,由于马氏体发生了回火分解,因此其硬度值低于母材硬度,且软化的程度和范围大小与DP钢的强度级别相关。软化的热影响区成为接头的薄弱区域,降低了接头的拉伸性能。在异种DP钢激光焊接接头中,焊缝熔合区的硬度也明显高于母材硬度。靠近高强度级别母材侧的热影响区范围更大,软化程度更明显,接头硬度分布不再对称。接头的抗拉强度与低等级DP钢母材的抗拉强度基本一致。结论激光焊接工艺对不同强度等级DP钢同种和异种接头组织性能的影响存在较大的差异,DP钢强度级别越高,接头或接头对应侧的热影响区软化程度越明显,这在制定焊接工艺以及焊后处理工艺过程中需要予以考虑。

Ti-6Al-4V合金添加对原位合金化增材制造15-5PH不锈钢显微组织与力学性能的影响

研究了不同Ti-6Al-4V合金粉末添加对原位合金化增材制造15-5PH不锈钢显微组织和力学性能的影响,结合金相及背散射电子衍射显微组织、X射线衍射、扫描电镜断口及拉伸实验分析了原位合金化增材制造15-5PH不锈钢的晶粒细化机制及强韧化机理。结果表明:Ti-6Al-4V原位合金化后15-5PH不锈钢组织发生了等轴转变,显著细化晶粒的同时降低了织构强度,同时通过抑制马氏体相变使位错密度降低。15-5PH+0.8%Ti-6Al-4V和15-5PH+1.6%Ti-6Al-4V合金的屈服强度分别达1069 MPa和1021 MPa,远高于15-5PH不锈钢(680 MPa),且合金的延伸率明显提升,其较高的屈服强度和延伸率主要源于晶粒细化及内部位错密度的降低。

Si、Mn元素对ZG06Cr13Ni4Mo组织及性能的影响研究

以ZG06Cr13Ni4Mo低碳马氏体不锈钢为原料,设计不同Si、Mn元素添加量,通过微观组织及力学性能检测,探究Si、Mn元素对该材料组织及力学性能的影响及作用机制,为超高水头水轮机用高强低碳马氏体不锈钢的制备及工程应用提供理论参考。试验结果表明:Si添加量为1.1wt%时,材料的强韧性最佳,力学性能指标为:Rm=850 MPa,Rp0.2=608 MPa,A=19.5%,Z=59%,Akv=73J;添加Mn元素可以在一定程度上提升ZG06Cr13Ni4Mo不锈钢的抗拉强度,材料的屈服强度会有所下降。Mn添加量为1.0wt%时,材料的强韧性最佳,力学性能指标为:Rm=845MPa,Rp0.2=546MPa,A=19%,Z=64%,Akv=105J。

6061铝合金/DP600钢电阻点焊接头特征及力学性能

目的提升6061-T6铝合金/DP600双相钢电阻点焊接头的力学性能,以满足该焊接结构在汽车工业中的应用。方法对6061-T6铝合金与DP600双相钢分别进行了直接电阻点焊试验及添加Ni中间层的电阻点焊试验,采用光学显微镜、扫描电子显微镜及能谱仪分析了接头界面宏微观组织、化学成分、元素分布等,此外还采用接头拉剪试验进行了2种接头的力学性能测试,并对接头的断口形貌及断裂模式进行了分析。结果直接点焊接头熔核界面形成了厚度约为2.5μm的金属间化合物层,主要金属间化合物为靠近铝合金侧的Fe_(2)A_(l5)及靠近高强钢侧的Fe_(4)Al_(13)。直接点焊接头的拉剪载荷为3.1 kN,失效形式为界面断裂,断口呈以脆性为主的混合断裂特征。添加Ni中间层的点焊接头界面形成了Ni_(4)Al_(13)、Ni_(2)Al_(5)金属间化合物,抑制了焊接过程中Al-Fe互扩散并降低了Al-Fe金属间化合物的形成以及硬脆性Al-Fe金属间化合物对接头力学性能的影响,使接头拉剪载荷提高了67.7%,达到了5.2 kN,断口呈以韧性为主的混合断裂特征。结论添加Ni中间层可显著提升6061-T6铝合金/DP600双相钢电阻点焊接头的力学性能。

Effects of Nano-Y_2O_3 and Sintering Parameters on the Fabrication of PM Duplex and Ferritic Stainless Steels

Here we report the effects of nano-Y203 addition, sintering atmosphere and time during on the fabrication of PM duplex and ferritic stainless steels composites by dual-drive planetary milling of elemental Fe, Cr and Ni powders followed by conventional pressureless sintering. Yttria-free and yttria-dispersed duplex and ferritic stainless steels are fabricated by conventional sintering at 1000, 1200 and 1400 ℃ temperatures under argon atmosphere. In another set of experiment, yttria-free and yttria-dispersed duplex and ferritic stainless steels are consolidated at 1000 ℃ for l h under nitrogen atmosphere to study the effect of sintering atmosphere. It has been found that densities of duplex and yttria- dispersed duplex stainless steel increase from 71% to 91% and 78% to 94%, respectively, with the increase in sintering temperature. Similarly, hardness value increases from 257 to 567 HV25 in case of duplex, and from 332 to 576 HV25 in yttria-dispersed duplex stainless steel. X-ray diffraction analysis shows the domination of more intense austenite phase than ferrite at higher sintering temperature and also in nitrogen atmosphere. It is also evident that addition of yttria enhances phase transformation from a-Fe to 7-Fe. Duplex and yttria-dispersed duplex stainless steels exhibit the maximum com- pressive yield strength of 360 and 312 MPa, respectively.