Treatment of cavernous sinus dural arteriovenous fistula using different surgical approaches:Analysis of 32 consecutive cases

Objective:Transarterial and transvenous embolization methods are considered effective and safe approaches for the treatment of cavernous sinus dural arteriovenous fistula(CSDAVF).Here.,we report the angioarchitectural features and clinical outcomes of CSDAVF in patients treated with either the inferior arterial approach(IAA) or the inferior petrosal sinus approach(IPSA).Methods:The clinical data of 32 patients with CSDAVF treated at our institution from May 2008 to May 2014 were retrospectively analyzed.All patients underwent routine diagnostic digital subtraction angiography(DSA) before surgery.Embolization was performed using the IPSA through the internal jugular vein or IAA,based on angioarchitectural features.Results:Of the 32 patients with CSDAVF,24 underwent embolization treatment through the internal jugular veinIPSA and 8 patients underwent treatment through IAA.Nineteen patients in the IPSA group experienced mild headache,which improved after specific treatment.The immediate postembolization angiographic results revealed complete occlusion in 26 cases(18 IPSA and 8 IAA) and almost complete occlusion in 6 cases(IPSA).Complications that occurred during the procedure included abducens nerve palsy(n=1,IPSA) and prosopoplegia(n=1,IAA).One patient developed tinnitus,which was diagnosed as anterior cranial fossa new-onset dural arteriovenous fistula on DSA,whereas the symptoms of other patients all improved with no recurrence.Conclusions:On the basis of the angioarchitectural features of CSDAVF,IAA can be considered the primary treatment when the blood-supplying artery and fistula are relatively singular,and when the microcatheter can easily reach the fistula through the artery.The venous approach should be selected as the primary approach when the fistula is indistinguishable and blood is supplied by multiple arteries through small plexiform vessels.Choosing the optimal surgical approach may increase the success rate of intravascular CSDAVF surgery and may help avoid complications.

Transvenous injection of n-Butyl cyanoacrylate combined with placement of coils in cavernous sinus for treatment of cavernous dural arteriovenous fistulae

Objective:To evaluate the technical aspects,efficacy and safety in the treatment of cavernous dural arteriovenous fistulae (DAVF) by transvenous liquid n-Butyl cyanoacrylate (NBCA) injection combined with coils placement in the cavernous sinus.Methods:Eight patients with cavernous DAVF,treated by transvenous embolization with combination of detachable coils and glue between February 2006 and February 2009 in our hospital,were retrospectively analyzed,including the clinical presentations,patterns of angioarchitecture,methods of treatment and the results of follow-up.Results:In all 8 patients,9 transvenous and 1 transarterial interventions were carried out.A single endovascular procedure was performed in 6 patients and 2 patients had to be treated twice.Of the nine transvenous approaches,eight approaches were performed via inferior petrosal sinus (IPS) and 1 via the facial vein.Complete angiographic obliteration was achieved in all patients immediately after the embolization.There was no procedure-related morbidity except for mild headache for one to seven days after the embolization.Clinical cure was achieved in all cases during the clinical follow-up periods,ranging from 8 months to 3 years.The follow-up angiography periods averaged 6.6 months with a range of 5-9 months,in which no recurrence was observed.Conclusion:In this small series,embolization with combination of glue and detachable coils by transvenous approaches was a safe,effective and economical method for the treatment of part of symptomatic patients presenting with complex cavernous DAVF.

Transvenous embolization of dural arteriovenous fistula of cavernous region by multiple venous routes

Objective:To evaluate the safety and efficiency of transvenous embolization of dural arteri-ovenous fistula of cavernous region by multiple venous routes. Methods: Twenty seven patients with dural arteriovenous fistula of cavernous region were treated by transvenous embolization with micro-coils. The transvenous routes included inferior petrosal sinus, superior ophthalmic vein and facial vein. Results: Clinical cure was achieved in 23 cases and significant improvement of symptoms in 4 cases. Complete angio-graphic obliteration was documented in 22 patients (82%). Residual shunting were left in 2 patients via pterygoid drainage and 1 case via inter-cavernous sinus, 2 cases via inferior petrosal sinus, disappeared one month later by manual compression carotid artery. Headache and vomiting were the most common symptoms after embolization. Three patients had diplopia and relieved within two months after embolization. There was no permanent procedure-related morbidity. The clinic follow up ranged from 5 months to 6 years, and there was not recurrence case. Conclusion: Transvenous embolization via different venous routes is a safe and efficient method for dural arteriovenous fistula of cavernous region treatment.

Therapeutic embolization of cavernous sinus dural arteriovenous fistulas via transvenous approach

Objective To describe the transvenous catheterization technique for the treatment of cavernous sinus dural arteriovenous fistulas (CSdAVFs), including its indications, complications and efficacy.Methods Eight patients with symptomatic CSdAVFs were treated by endovascular embolization with platinum coils, via the inferior petrosal sinus (IPS) in 6 patients, and via the Sylvian vein after surgical exposure in other 2 patients.Results Complete angiographic resolution of the fistula was obtained in six patients immediately after the procedures, and a complete resolution of symptoms and signs was achieved in all patients. The residual fistulas in two patients disappeared completely in the follow-up angiography.Conclusion Transvenous embolization is a useful and safe approach in the management of CSdAVFs.

Transvenous treatment of a complex cavernous sinus dural arteriovenous fistula secondary to balloon embolization of a traumatic carotid-cavernous fistula

Although recurrent traumatic carotid-cavernous fistula （CCF） and its treatment have beenreported sporadically,^1 a complex cavernous sinus dural arteriovenous fistula （DAVF） secondary to balloon embolization of a direct traumatic CCF is rare. In 2005, we treated such a case via transvenous approach using coils and N-buty-2- cyanoacrylate （NBCA）. The causes of recurrent cavernous sinus DAVF and its endovascular approach are discussed.

Cavernous sinus dural arteriovenous fistula treated with sub-urgent transvenous embolization:report of two cases

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Transvenous embolization with a combination of detachable coils and Onyx for a complicated cavernous dural arteriovenous fistula

Background Treatment of cavernous dural arteriovenous fistulas （DAVF） is usually made by a transarterial approach. However, in many complicated patients, treatments via transarterial approaches can not be achieved, and only an operation via a transvenous approach is feasible. We aimed to study the feasibility of transarterial embolization of cavernous dural arteriovenous fistulas with a combination detachable coils and Onyx to embolize a complicated cavernous DAVF via a transvenous approach. Methods From August 2006 to August 2007, six cases of complicated cavernous DAVF were embolized with a combination of detachable coils and Onyx via a transvenous approach. Three cases were male and the other three were female. Their ages ranged from 36 to 69 years old. The fistula was in the right lateral cavernous sinus in one case, in the left lateral cavernous sinus in another, and in the bilateral cavernous sinus in 4 cases. One fistula was fed by the right internal carotid artery and its meningohypophyseal trunk; one was fed by the branches of the left internal carotid artery and left external carotid artery; four were fed by the branches of the bilateral internal carotid artery and/or the bilateral external carotid artery. One case was drained via one lateral inferior petrosal sinus; three were drained via bilateral inferior petrosal sinuses; one was drained via one lateral ophthalmic and facial veins; one was drained via the inferior petrosal sinus and the ophthalmic and facial veins. Four were embolized via the inferior petrosal sinus, and two were embolized via the ophthalmic and facial veins. Results Among six cases of complicated cavernous DAVF, four were fully embolized with Onyx by a single operation, and two cases were fully embolized with Onyx following two operations. Transient headache was found after operation in all patients, but was cured after several days by the symptomatic treatments. In one case, the first operation via the inferior petrosal sinus was a failure; the feeding branches of the external carotid artery were embolized, and transient facial palsy was appeared after operation. The fistula was fully embolized with Onyx via the inferior petrosal sinus after two months with no complications. One bilateral cavernous sinus DAVF was embolized with Onyx via the inferior petrosal sinus by two operations, and transient abducens nerve palsy occurred after embolization. Conclusions Because Onyx may be injected via a transvenous approach and the microcatheter is easily withdrawn, cavernous sinus via transvenous catheterization and embolization is a safe and efficient way to treat complicated cavernous dural arteriovenous fistulas, especially those for which operations via transarterial approaches have failed, or spontaneous cavernous dural arteriovenous fistulas.

3D Slicer三维重建技术辅助手术治疗枕骨大孔区硬脑膜动静脉瘘:附1例报道并文献复习

目的探讨枕骨大孔区硬脑膜动静脉瘘(DAVF)的影像学特征以及3D Slicer三维重建技术辅助手术治疗的疗效。方法回顾性分析2021年6月收治的1例枕骨大孔区DAVF的临床资料,并结合相关文献进行分析。结果50岁男性,因双下肢麻木及疼痛不适1个月入院。脊柱MRI显示延髓至颈5水平颈髓异常信号。双侧颈内动脉、双侧颈外动脉、右侧椎动脉造影未发现异常,左侧椎动脉造影显示枕骨大孔区DAVF,由脑膜后动脉多个分支供血,经小脑表面及数支硬脑膜迂曲扩张的皮质静脉引流汇入左侧横窦、岩上窦及基底窦,并可见迂曲的硬脊膜前、后静脉参与瘘口血液引流;左侧小脑后下动脉(PICA)靠近瘘口部位走行且迂曲。3D Slicer三维重建影像清晰显示DAVF的位置、供血动脉和引流静脉,多模态重建显示瘘口位于枕部后正中枕骨大孔上区域并靠近硬脑膜。采取枕颈部后正中入路手术,术中吲哚菁绿荧光造影确认DAVF消失。术后3个月,双下肢麻木及疼痛感均有减轻;复查MRI显示脑干和脊髓水肿消失,DSA显示DAVF完全闭塞。结论枕骨大孔区DAVF手术治疗可以显著改善病人预后,应用3D Slicer三维重建技术对DAVF进行精准定位能够在很大程度上节省手术时间并提高手术质量。

Transvenous embolization of cavernous dural arteriovenous fistula:report of 28 cases

Background Usually, cavernous dural arteriovenous fistula can be treated via transarterial approaches. However, in many complicated patients, transvenous approaches are superior to the transarterial ones because of the difficulties during a transarterial operation. In this study, we retrospectively analyzed the outcomes of 28 patients with cavernous dural arteriovenous fistula treated by transvenous embolization. Methods From September 2001 to December 2005, 28 patients with 31 cavernous dural arteriovenous fistulae were treated with transvenous embolization in Beijing Tiantan Hospital. The involved cavernous sinuses were catheterized via the femoral vein-inferior petrosal sinus approach or the femoral-facial-superior ophthalmic vein approach, and embolized with coils （GDC, EDC, Matrix, Orbit or free coil） or coils plus silk. The patients were followed up for 3 to 26 months. Results All the 31 cavernous sinuses in the 28 patients were successfully embolized. Complete angiographic obliteration of the fistulae was achieved immediately in 25 patients. Residual shunting was observed in the other 3, who had drainage through the pterygoid plexus （2 patients） or the inferior petrosal sinus （1） after the operation. Headache and vomiting were the most common symptoms after the embolization. In 3 patients, who achieved complete angiographic obliteration immediately, the left oculomotor nerve palsy remained unchanged after the operation. Transient abducens nerve palsy was encountered in 1. In 1 patient, the occular symptoms were improved after the operation, but recurred 4 days later, and then disappeared spontaneously after 5 days. During the follow-up, no patient had recurrence. Three months after the operation, angiography was performed on the 3 patients with residual shunting. Two of them had angiographic cure, the other had residual drainage through the pterygoid plexus. Conclusions Transvenous catheterization and embolization of the cavernous sinus is a safe and efficient way to treat complicated cavernous dural arteriovenous fistulae. It is an alternative to the patients with spontaneous cavernous dural arteriovenous fistulae or those in whom transarterial embolization failed.

Postoperative Development of Dural Arteriovenous Fistulas after Aneurysmal Clipping: A Case Report and Literature Review

Dural arteriovenous fistulas(DAVFs)are rare vascular abnormalities that comprise 10%-15%of all intracranial arteriovenous malformations.The pathogenesis of DAVFs is still uncertain,although growing angiographic evidence supports the acquired characteristics of this vascular disease.Here,we present the case of a 39-year-old man with incidental bilateral paraophthalmic aneurysms who experienced spontaneous retroocular pressure and mild headache.Magnetic resonance angiography revealed enlargement and a change in the shape of the right paraophthalmic aneurysm.The patient underwent a right pterional craniotomy for the intracranial aneurysms.Five months later,he presented with progressive pulsatile tinnitus.A diagnostic angiogram demonstrated a Cognard type I DAVF of the right sigmoid sinus.Based on this case,angiography monitoring is recommended.Herein we review and summarize postoperative DAVF cases.Common causes of acquired DAVFs and treatment selection are discussed based on relevant literature.

海绵窦区硬脑膜动静脉瘘的介入治疗分析

目的探讨海绵窦区硬脑膜动静脉瘘的介入治疗方法及其疗效。方法回顾性分析2013年1月至2023年1月介入治疗的21例海绵窦区硬膜动静脉瘘的临床资料。结果经股静脉-岩下窦途径16例,经颈外动脉入路4例,经动静脉联合入路1例;采用弹簧圈联合Onyx-18胶栓塞17例,单纯应用弹簧圈1例,单用Onyx-18胶3例;术后即刻造影显示瘘口完全闭塞18例,次全闭塞3例。术后随访3~12个月,临床治愈17例,好转4例。15例复查造影未见瘘口复发。结论根据海绵窦区硬脑膜动静瘘血管构筑特征,采用个体化的血管内治疗方案,可以获得满意的临床疗效。

颅内静脉慢性血栓形成合并硬脑膜动静脉瘘血管内治疗1例

报告1例颅内静脉慢性血栓形成合并硬脑膜动静脉瘘的诊治过程和转归。患者为49岁男性,以记忆力下降、情绪低落等症状起病,查体可见高级神经系统功能异常,初始磁共振见双侧基底节区异常信号,外院误诊为脑炎,予激素治疗后症状逐渐加重。后磁共振静脉成像及数字减影血管造影示颅内静脉血栓合并硬脑膜动静脉瘘,药物治疗1个月后临床症状及颅内病灶均加重;对颅内静脉血栓予血管内治疗后再通,硬脑膜动静脉瘘血流也发生转向。术后随访患者症状显著改善,原基底节区病变明显缩小。本文通过分析该病例特点,为类似病例的临床诊治提供参考。

表现为认知功能障碍、吞咽困难的直窦部硬脑膜动静脉瘘1例报告

硬脑膜动静脉瘘(dural arteriovenous fistula,DAVF)是一种发病率较低的颅内血管畸形,该病临床表现多样缺乏特异性,以认知功能障碍、吞咽困难起病,且瘘口位于直窦的患者更加罕见。本文对1例瘘口位于直窦的DAVF进行报道,经颅内DAVF介入栓塞术后临床症状明显好转,3个月后随访无明显不适。通过该病例进一步探讨DAVF的发病机制及临床表现,旨在提高临床医生对本病的认识,以便及时作出诊断,降低漏诊率。

直窦血栓形成并硬脑膜动静脉瘘致双侧丘脑病变:附1例报告及文献分析

目的:探讨直窦血栓形成并硬脑膜动静脉瘘(dural arteriovenous fistula,DAVF)的临床表现、影像学特点、治疗及预后,以提高临床医师对二者合并病例的认识。方法:结合文献,回顾性分析直窦血栓形成并致双侧丘脑病变患者的年龄、性别、临床症状、影像学特点、治疗及预后。结果:通过中国知网、万方、维普和PubMed数据库检索到国内外发表的关于直窦血栓形成并硬脑膜动静脉瘘致双侧丘脑病变,并本文中1例,共36例。其中男性32例,女性4例,平均年龄56.7岁。临床共同点为不同程度的认知功能下降,MRI通常表现为双侧丘脑T2或FLAIR高信号。25例接受血管内栓塞治疗,其中4例行2次或以上治疗;4例行外科手术夹闭;其中3例血管内栓塞不完全,联合外科手术夹闭;3例给予脱水降颅压联合抗凝药物保守治疗;1例单纯脱水降颅压。32例行手术治疗的患者中,3例症状改善,28例症状明显好转,1例死亡;保守治疗患者中3例失访,1例出院时稍好转。结论:以双侧丘脑受累的疾病种类众多,经积极治疗仍缓解不明显患者,且MRI提示双侧丘脑肿胀者,需考虑直窦血栓形成并硬脑膜动静脉瘘,尽早完善全脑血管造影检查明确诊断,条件允许者尽快完善各种手术治疗,逆转受损的神经功能。

经静脉入路治疗海绵窦区硬脑膜动静脉瘘的疗效分析

目的探讨静脉入路栓塞治疗海绵窦区硬脑膜动静脉瘘的有效性及安全性。方法回顾性分析宁波大学附属第一医院神经外科2015年6月至2022年6月期间收治的71例海绵窦区硬脑膜动静脉瘘(CS-DAVF)患者,其中女性47例,男性24例,年龄范围为21~77岁,平均年龄为55岁。所有患者均通过静脉入路途径,并使用Onyx胶结合弹簧圈栓塞治疗。结果术后即刻造影显示所有患者瘘口完全闭塞,栓塞术后所有颅内杂音均消失,头痛症状明显改善或消失,术后出现眼睑下垂加重8例,眼球活动障碍5例,眼部症状均在随后6个月随访过程中缓解。结论经静脉入路使用Onyx胶结合弹簧圈治疗海绵窦区硬脑膜动静脉瘘,疗效好且安全性高。

经静脉入路海绵窦内液体胶联合弹簧圈栓塞海绵窦区硬脑膜动静脉瘘

目的探讨应用经静脉入路联合液体胶和弹簧圈介入栓塞海绵窦区硬脑膜动静脉瘘的方法和策略。方法回顾性分析应用经静脉入路联合液体胶和弹簧圈栓塞治疗的8例海绵窦区硬脑膜动静脉瘘患者,包括瘘口的血管构筑学、治疗方法和疗效。结果所有患者均采用经静脉入路液体胶联合弹簧圈栓塞,其中经面静脉-眼上静脉入路1例,经岩下窦入路7例。8例均临床治愈,患者术后即刻造影提示瘘口完全消失。除术后早期头痛外无其他介入相关并发症。临床随访3个月～3年,患者无临床症状复发。结论经静脉入路应用液体胶联合弹簧圈介入栓塞对于海绵窦区硬脑膜动静脉瘘是安全、有效且经济的治疗方法 。

经颅海绵窦手术的显微外科解剖及临床应用

目的 :研究额颞眶 -颧弓入路中 ,海绵窦的不同切开方法对其显微结构的显露 ,为海绵窦病变的直接手术提供安全手术入路。方法 :10例成人头颅标本 ,采用经额颞眶 -颧弓开颅 ,在显微镜下对海绵窦的侧方硬膜外 ,侧方硬膜下 ,及上方入路进行解剖学观察。并对 16例海绵窦病变手术治疗的临床资料进行分析。结果 :外侧硬膜外入路可用于显露三叉神经第 2、3支 ,三叉神经节 ,海绵窦内颈内动脉后垂直段 ,外展神经及岩骨颈内动脉水平段 ;侧方硬膜下入路可用于显露海绵窦外侧及前下 ,后上静脉间隙 ,以及所有走行在海绵窦内的颅神经和海绵窦内颈内动脉水平段 ;上方入路可用于显露海绵窦内侧、外侧及后上间隙 ,海绵窦内ICA水平段、前膝、前垂直段及床突段的内侧面 ,以及垂体的外侧面。结论 :依据海绵窦内病变的位置不同 ,在额颞眶 -颧弓入路中采用不同的手术方法切开海绵窦 ,既可安全地显露病变 ,又可保护重要的神经和血管。

经动脉入路Onyx栓塞海绵窦区硬脑膜动静脉瘘

目的经动脉入路以Onyx栓塞海绵窦区硬脑膜动静脉瘘(CSDAVF)的疗效观察。方法回顾性分析2006年5月—2010年5月在第二军医大学长海医院神经外科经动脉入路栓塞治疗的CSDAVF患者10例,其中女8例,男2例,Borden分型Ⅰ型2例,Ⅱ型8例。均在全身麻醉下以Onyx-18栓塞治疗。结果①10例患者共进行11次介入治疗,8次术中即刻被完全栓塞,3次被部分栓塞,其中1例第2次治疗时被完全栓塞,2例被部分栓塞的患者随访造影显示完全栓塞。共经14支供血动脉栓塞,其中咽升动脉5次,脑膜中动脉3次,脑膜副动脉5次,眼动脉脑膜返动脉1次。平均注胶时间为32.9min(10～63 min),注胶量为1.8 ml(0.8～3.1 ml)。②平均随访27个月(4～51个月)。患者症状均有好转。被完全栓塞的患者术后即刻颅内杂音消失,球结膜充血、眼球突出在术后1周内消失,复视和视力下降症状在术后1～3个月内好转;被部分栓塞的3例患者术后即刻杂音减轻,3个月后完全消失,眼部症状在3个月后完全消失。③1例BordenⅡ型患者在被部分栓塞后3.5年发生颅内出血,第2次术后随访7个月,未见再出血和眼部症状;2例术中Onyx弥散至颈内动脉系统,1例出现永久性脑神经麻痹。结论采用Onyx经动脉入路栓塞可以有效地治疗CSDAVF,但应注意避免危险吻合栓塞带来的并发症。

海绵窦区硬脑膜动静脉瘘的栓塞治疗

目的 探讨海绵窦区硬脑膜动静脉瘘的治疗方法。方法 海绵窦区硬脑膜动静脉瘘共 12例 ,经颈外动脉以微粒栓塞 3例 ;以正丁基氰基丙烯酸异丁酯 (NBCA)栓塞 2例 ;经颈外动脉插入海绵窦以NBCA栓塞1例 ;经岩下窦以机械可脱性弹簧圈 (MDS)栓塞 1例 ;经眼上静脉以MDS栓塞 5例。结果 瘘口完全消失 8例 ;瘘口残留 4例 ,其中 2例瘘口残留患者 3个月后症状好转。结论 根据不同的类型 。

外伤性颈动脉海绵窦瘘的综合影像评价

目的 评价各种影像学检查手段在诊断外伤性颈内动脉海绵窦瘘中的作用。资料与方法 回顾性分析15例颈动脉海绵窦瘘患者的各种影像学表现 ,其中CT、超声检查 15例 ,脑血管造影 12例 ,MRI检查 3例。结果 颈内动脉海绵窦瘘CT表现为 :眼球突出 ,眼上静脉扩张和海绵窦增大 (15 / 15 ) ,眶内软组织肿胀 (9/ 15 )和眼外肌肥厚 (10 / 15 )。MRI表现与CT大致相同 ,MRA可立体显示扩张的眼上静脉和瘘口 (2 / 3)。脑血管造影于动脉期可见患侧海绵窦扩大显影并眼上静脉逆向充盈显影 (12 / 12 ) ,并可见瘘口显示 (11/ 12 ) ,压迫患侧颈总动脉 ,健侧颈内动脉造影可见患侧颈内动脉和海绵窦显影 (9/ 12 )。经颅多普勒超声检查可显示眼上静脉和海绵窦区的异常血流信号(15 / 15 ) ,并能准确评价颈内动脉各段血流动力学改变。结论 各种影像学检查手段都有其优势和局限性 ,各种手段综合应用才能满足临床需要。