Vertical distribution characteristics of dust aerosol mass concentration in the Taklimakan Desert hinterland

The different height mass concentrations of dust aerosol data from the atmosphere environment observation station （Ta- zhong Station） was continuously observed by instruments of Grimm 1.108, Thermo RP 1400a and TSP from January of 2009 to February of 2010 in the Taklimakan Desert hinterland. Results show that： （1） The mass concentration value of 80 m PMl0 was higher, but PM2.5 and PM1.0 concentrations at 80 m was obviously lower than 4 m PMl0, and the value of 80 m PM1.0 mass concentration was the lowest. （2） The PM mass concentrations gradually decreased from night to sunrise, with the lowest concentration at 08：00, with the mass concentration gradually increased, up to the highest concentration around 18：00, and then decreased again. It was exactly the same with the changes of wind speed. （3） The high monthly average mass concentration of TSP mainly appeared from March to September, and the highest concentration was in April and May, subsequently gradually decreased. Also, March-September was a period with high value area of PM monthly average mass concentration, with the highest monthly average mass concentration of 846.0 p.g/m3 for 4 m PM^0 appeared in May. The concentration of PM10 was much higher than those of PM2.5 and PM1.0 at 80 m. There is a small difference between the concentration of PM2.5 and PM~ 0. Dust weather was the main factor which influenced the concentration content of the different diameter dust aerosol, and the more dust weather days, the higher content of coarse particle, conversely, fine particle was more. （4） The mass concentration of different diameter aerosols had the following sequence during dust weather： clear day 〈 blowing dust 〈 floating and blowing dust 〈 sandstorm. In different dust weather, the value of PM^o/TSP in fine weather was higher than that in floating weather, and much higher than those in blowing dust and sandstorm weather. （5） During the dust weather process, dust aerosol concentration gradually decreased with particle size decreasing. The dust aerosol mass concentration at different heights and diameter would have a peak value area every 3-4 days according to the strengthening process of dust weather.

Mass Concentration and Mineralogical Characteristics of Aerosol Particles Collected at Dunhuang During ACE-Asia

Measurements were performed in spring 2001 and 2002 to determine the characteristics of soil dust in the Chinese desert region of Dunhuang, one of the ground sites of the Asia-Pacific Regional Aerosol Characterization Experiment （ACE-Asia）. The mean mass concentrations of total suspended particle matter during the spring of 2001 and 2002 were 317μg m^-3 and 307μg m^-3, respectively. Eleven dust storm events were observed with a mean aerosol concentration of 1095μg m^-3, while the non-dusty days with calm or weak wind speed had a background aerosol loading of 196μg m^-3 on average in the springtime. The main minerals detected in the aerosol samples by X-ray diffraction were illite, kaolinite, chlorite, quartz, feldspar, calcite and dolomite. Gypsum, halite and amphibole were also detected in a few samples. The mineralogical data also show that Asian dust is characterized by a kaolinite to chlorite （K/C） ratio lower than 1 whereas Saharan dust exhibits a K/C ratio larger than 2. Air mass back-trajectory analysis show that three families of pathways are associated with the aerosol particle transport to Dunhuang, but these have similar K/C ratios, which further demonstrates that the mineralogical characteristics of Asian dust are different from African dust.

Corrosion inhibition of a hygroscopic inorganic dust-depressor

Metallic corrosion is a serious problem in the application of a hygroscopic inorganic dust-depressor. The basic characteristics of a hygroscopic inorganic dust-depressor and its corrosivity, corrosion mechanism, as well as the principle of corrosion inhibition were analyzed. The static mass-loss test was carried out to investigate the corrosion behavior and the effect of the dust-depressor. The static corrosion rates of steel specimens were measured in six different corrosion inhibitor solutions of the dust-depressor, and the suitable corrosion inhibitors for the dust-depressor to reduce the corrosivity were found out.

Investigation of Heavy Metals and Radionuclide’s Impact on Environment Due to The Waste Products of Different Iron Processing Industries in Chittagong, Bangladesh

The waste products, such as induction furnace slag, ladle furnace slag, air pollution control dust, and ramming mass collected from major iron processing industries in Chittagong, Bangladesh were analyzed for heavy metals and naturally radioactive elements. The concentrations of heavy metals Fe, Cr, Mn, Co, Cd, Ni, Pb, Cu and Zn were obtained from atomic absorption spectrophotometer (AAS) analysis with flame atomizer and the radioactivities due to 226Ra, 232Th and 40K were determined using high purity germanium (HPGe) detector of well shielded gamma-ray counting system. From the mean specific activities of the above three natural radionuclides in the investigated samples, the radium equivalent activity (Raeq) and the external hazard index (Hex) were calculated. The study showed the prospect of contamination of environmental materials (viz., soil, water, air, plant) due to many of these investigated elements by using the collected waste products in landfill. The chemical process of ion exchange indicates that the elevated heavy metals in soil can play a role to increase the natural radioactivity of the soil. The obtained Raeq as well as Hex indicated the insignificant radiation hazard due to the activities of primordial radionuclides found in the investigated samples.

基于滤膜称重法的自动化粉尘质量浓度检测装置的研究

传统滤膜称重法操作过程繁琐、检测周期长,且自动化程度低,虽精度高但无法满足粉尘质量浓度实时检测需求。设计了粉尘质量浓度自动检测装置,通过建立温湿度补偿模型,替代手工称重法中采样后滤膜烘干的步骤,进一步缩减粉尘质量浓度检测时间以及粉尘质量浓度检测装置体积。搭建试验样机并调试实验,结果表明,煤矿井下常用的CCZ-20A型粉尘采样器与本装置检测得到的粉尘质量折算浓度经过计算其标准偏差在5%以内,一元线性回归拟合分析下的实验数据拟合相关性较好。为进一步提升装置的检测精度,研究基于傅里叶级数、线性拟合以及周期拟合相结合的误差补偿方法,设计出装置浓度计算流程并代入原始数据中,将该装置检测浓度误差由原始的(-7.20%,-1.26%)集中至(-3.64%,3.65%)。引入装置浓度计算流程后进行多次对比实验,实验结果显示装置浓度检测误差均在此区间内,验证了装置浓度计算流程的可靠性。该装置缩短了粉尘质量浓度检测所需时间,同时检测误差控制在合理的范围内,进而为滤膜称重法在粉尘质量浓度在线监测方面的研究提供一定的参考。

基于图像分析的掘进工作面粉尘颗粒检测方法

基于光散射原理测定粉尘质量浓度只能定时定点手动检测,实时性差,且只能检测出粉尘质量浓度,并不能给出粒径分布范围。目前基于图像分析的粉尘颗粒检测研究主要是针对粉尘质量浓度或粒径分布进行单方面研究,并不能实现粉尘质量浓度和粒径分布范围的同时检测。针对上述问题,提出了一种基于图像分析的掘进工作面粉尘颗粒检测方法,探究图像特征与粉尘质量浓度、粒径分布间的关系。通过粉尘样本收集及图像采集装置,采集粉尘颗粒图像并获取采集图像时的粉尘质量浓度。编写粉尘样本图像处理算法,提取图像的灰度特征、纹理特征、几何特征相关参数。对提取的图像特征与实测粉尘质量浓度进行相关性分析,选取相关性较大的图像特征作为参数建立回归数学模型。提取粉尘颗粒对象像素点个数,结合转换系数,基于几何当量等效面积径计算粉尘粒径大小及分布范围。实验结果表明:实测粉尘质量浓度与建立的图像特征多元非线性回归模型数学模型计算值间的平均相对误差为12.37%,标准实测粒径与几何当量等效面积径得到的粒径分布间的最大相对误差为8.63%,平均相对误差为6.37%,验证了基于图像特征的粉尘质量浓度回归数学模型和基于几何当量等效面积径分布数学模型的准确性。

形状系数对20 L球内铝粉分散特性的影响研究

为研究不同形状系数(SF)的铝粉在20 L球型容器中的分散特征,通过建立描述气流携带粉尘形成两相分散系的非稳态数值模型,包括气体流动和粉尘颗粒运动轨迹方程,开展非稳态数值模拟,分析粉尘SF分别为0.2、0.4、0.6、0.8和1.0条件下的粉尘空间分布以及球室中心的湍流动能、速度随时间变化。结果表明:球室内气流携带粉尘分散可以分为进粉、扩散、稳定和沉降4个阶段,其分散均匀性和最大速度值随SF的增加而增强;SF越大,即颗粒形状越接近球形,铝粉尘的分散性越好;SF越小,粉尘容易堆积在壁面附近;标称浓度一定时,SF≤0.4,浓度峰值随SF的增加而增加;SF>0.4,浓度峰值随SF的增加而减小;铝粉-空气混合物的湍流动能最大值随SF值的增加而降低;铝粉颗粒的速度峰值随SF值的增加而升高。

煤矿综掘工作面长压短抽除尘性能与尘源移动路径关系

长压短抽通风除尘是净化煤矿综掘工作面掘进区域高质量浓度粉尘的有效方法之一,特别是压抽配合产生的局部流场有利于对呼吸性粉尘的除降,而产尘源位置的动态变化对该方式除尘性能的影响不甚明晰。通过考虑产尘源位置沿横、纵2种方向的运动路径及往复次数,基于长压短抽试验平台设计了4种尘源移动路径,结合对长压短抽通风系统参数的调控,测试分析尘源在不同运动工况下对空间粉尘质量浓度、粉尘粒径质量浓度和粒径分布的影响。结果表明:在相同的通风参数下,横向路径对司机和行人呼吸带位置造成的粉尘质量浓度均低于纵向;而在横向路径中,当压风筒位于靠近抽风筒一侧且压风口位于司机前方约1 m区域时,司机与行人呼吸带位置的PM1、PM2.5和PM10粉尘粒径质量浓度最低,通风除尘效果最好。空间粉尘扩散表现为:粒径小于2.5µm的颗粒极易跟随抽风流场被抽尘口收集净化,而粒径大于10µm的颗粒则会从产尘源和抽尘区域逃逸到司机及其后方区域,并以自然沉降为主。基于前期试验所得最优尘源移动路径与通风参数,在陕北某煤矿2304综掘工作面开展现场试验。结果表明:横向路径下司机位置和行人呼吸带位置的总粉尘质量浓度分别降低至85.6 mg/m^(3)和21.9 mg/m^(3),降尘率最高达到76.9%;呼吸性粉尘质量浓度分别降低至15.3 mg/m^(3)和10.5 mg/m^(3),降尘率最高达到85.2%,除尘性能明显提升。

面向火电厂煤粉尘浓度的预测评估算法的研究

火力发电的主要能源来自煤炭,而由于燃煤发电过程中产生的煤尘扩散是引起火电厂粉尘爆炸风险和尘肺职业病的主要根源之一,因此必须进行实时有效的检测和控制。当前粉尘检测方法仅使用单一的粉尘质量浓度指标来评估粉尘污染整体状况,缺乏对多种复合因素影响的考量,依靠单一阈值设定进行报警,易出现误报、漏报等现象,以及忽略粉尘爆炸这一重要事故场景,不能建立粉尘污染全面客观的评价方法。研究建立了一种粉尘质量浓度预测模型,基于金豺优化算法对极限学习机的最优初始权重进行寻优,再使用极限学习机对样本数据进行训练学习,提高神经网络模型的精度,可较为准确地预测30 min以内任意时间间隔的粉尘质量浓度,并将现场数据及模拟仿真数据与建立的粉尘质量浓度预测模型进行对比分析。结果显示:建立的粉尘质量浓度预测模型准确度良好,与现场数据及模拟仿真数据对比误差分别为0.72%和2.1%,可加强对火电厂粉尘环境进行预测预警,从而及时采取合理的粉尘控制策略,确保火电厂的生产安全并降低粉尘对作业人员的职业危害。

Detecting sand-dust storms using a wind-profiling radar

Sand-dust storm is a type of disastrous weather, typically occurring in arid and semi-arid climates. This study selected a region in the hinterlands of the Taklimakan Desert, called the Tazhong region, as the experimental area to quantitatively estimate the particle concentrations of sand-dust storms using the boundary layer wind-profiling radar. We thoroughly studied the radar echo signals and reflectivity factor features during the sand-dust storms. The results indicate that（1） under sand-dust storm conditions, boundary layer wind-profiling radar cannot capture the complete information regarding horizontal wind velocity and direction, but it can obtain the backscattering intensity of sand-dust storms; and（2） during sand-dust storms particle size distributions in the surface layer closely resemble log-normal distributions, with sand-dust particles sizes of 90–100 μm accounting for the maximum particle probability. Retrieved particle size distributions at heights of 600, 800, and 1000 m follow log-normal distributions, and the expected value of particle diameter decreases gradually with increasing height. From the perspective of orders of magnitude, the retrieved results for particle number concentrations and mass concentrations are consistent with previous aircraft-detected results, indicating that it is basically feasible to use boundary layer wind-profiling radar to quantitatively detect the particle concentrations of dust storms.

Concentration of Heavy Metals in Respirable Dust in Jos Metropolitan Area, Nigeria

The concentration of respirable dust at seven sampling stations in Jos metropolitan area, was measured weekly for three consecutive months (October 2012 to December 2012). Characterization of the dust particles shows that the concentration of fine dust ( μm) ranged from 55.0 - 124.9 μg/m3 while the coarse dust (2.5 - 10 μm) varied from 20.0 - 124.4 μg/m3. FAAS analysis of the respirable dust shows that the concentrations of heavy metals ranged from 0.121 - 0.832 mg/kg Pb, 0.019 - 0.111 mg/kg Cr, 0.171 - 1.081 mg/kg Fe, 0.002 - 0.056 mg/kg Mn, 0.002 - 0.438 mg/kg Cd, 0.696 - 1.712 mg/kg Zn, 0.025 - 0.571 mg/kg Cu, and 0.021 - 0. 478 mg/kg Ni, across the sites studied. The main sources of these heavy metals in the sampled area could be attributed to anthropogenic activities like open incineration of waste and vehicular traffic. The concentrations of Cd, Mn and Ni were found to be far above the standard limits prescribed by the WHO for respirable dust. These results convey the health risk the inhabitants in the study area are exposed to. We therefore recommend that measures be taken to regulate these anthropogenic

空气过滤棉荷尘阻力特性的实验研究

为研究复合式空气过滤棉的阻力特性,选择3层复合空气过滤棉作为主要研究对象,通过实验系统地研究荷尘速率对其阻力变化的影响,并与过滤纸进行对比。研究结果表明:在相同过滤风速下,荷尘质量浓度越低,过滤棉阻力上升速度越快;过滤棉等级越低,荷尘质量浓度对其阻力增长影响越大,归一化阻力随单位面积荷尘质量的增长越快;过滤风速对过滤棉归一化阻力的增长有影响,过滤风速越大,归一化阻力增长越缓慢,但对效率较高的过滤棉影响不大。相同荷尘条件下,相较于过滤纸,过滤棉的归一化阻力上升更慢;基于实验归纳得到3层复合空气过滤棉的阻力增长特性方程。研究结果可为其使用寿命预测提供参考。

基于振荡天平原理的矿工个体粉尘连续监测仪的研制

煤矿粉尘质量浓度精准测量是粉尘有效控制的重要前提。传统离线滤膜采样称重法测量周期长、操作繁琐,直读式光吸收/散射测量方法易受环境条件和粉尘性质影响。鉴于此,自主开发了基于振荡天平原理的矿工个体粉尘连续监测仪。通过有限元仿真探讨了振荡元件不同特性对振荡系统响应频率及质量灵敏度的影响,并采用最优梯度优化算法设计了振荡元件材料与形状,制造了一种具有高稳定弹性模量的振荡管,其频率温度系数为3×10^(-5)Hz/℃,受温度影响极小,保证了振荡频率在外界环境温度条件变化时的精确测量。开发了振荡天平质量传感器,设计了数字化自激振荡闭环控制电路,实现了谐振频率的自动控制以及实时输出,传感器质量灵敏度约为1 mg/Hz,质量检测限约为2μg。最终,通过集成呼吸性粉尘采样头、总尘采样头、伴热管、质量传感器、气泵、流量控制与温湿度/压力传感器等部件,研制了国内首款基于振荡天平原理的矿工个体粉尘连续监测仪,粉尘平均质量浓度检测限为0.035 mg/m^(3)。该仪器能够连续提供监测信息,包括当前时刻总尘或呼吸性粉尘质量浓度及当日累积职业接触暴露浓度。该仪器已在某煤矿现场应用,与传统滤膜采样称重法同步对比,2者相对误差仅为5%,表明该仪器可以实现煤矿粉尘质量浓度的快速精确测量,有望替代离线滤膜采样称重法和直读式光学测尘仪。

固定式打磨台排风除尘效果研究

在固定式打磨台上进行高精细度的金属打磨已成为机械制造工艺中的重要环节。为改善某公司固定式打磨台的排风除尘效果,提出了2种优化方案。采用CFD-DPM相互耦合的数值模拟方法,对打磨过程中固定式打磨台上的粉尘质量浓度分布情况进行分析,并对原固定式打磨台及2种优化方案的固定式打磨台排风除尘效果进行对比研究。研究结果表明,原固定式打磨台的排风除尘效果较差,而2种优化方案都能在一定程度上降低打磨过程中的粉尘质量浓度。当排风孔数量增加到4个和5个(上2下3)时,排风除尘效果较佳。在此基础上,通过在固定式打磨台安装风幕,对比得出安装风幕的4个排风孔固定式打磨台的排风除尘效果最佳,其呼吸带高度粉尘质量浓度和最大粉尘质量浓度相比未安装风幕分别降低了99.88%和91.81%,值得在相关工业实践中推广使用。

基于离子风荷电的细水雾喷雾及抑尘特性

基于离子风荷电及设计的缩放喷管搭建了荷电细水雾抑尘系统,利用激光粒度分析仪和荷质比测量装置,通过改变荷电及喷雾系统参数,研究了荷电电压和雾化压力等对喷雾雾滴粒径及抑尘特性的影响.结果表明:荷电细水雾索太尔平均直径d st整体随荷电电压和雾化压力提升而减小,但荷电电压较低时液滴易聚并,d st略微增大.液滴荷质比随荷电电压和雾化压力提升而增大,其增速随荷电电压提升而减缓.荷电细水雾抑尘系统抑尘效率整体随荷电电压和雾化压力提升而上升,但雾化压力较高时提高荷电电压,液滴粒径过小则会导致蒸发加剧,抑尘效率下降.分级抑尘效率随颗粒物粒径减小呈U形分布,其拐点随荷电电压提升而前移.荷电电压20 kV雾化压力0.6 MPa时存在最佳抑尘效率.

CCD散射图样法测量粉尘质量浓度影响因素研究

为减小连续在线式电荷耦合器件(charge-coupled device,CCD)传感器相机散射图样法测量粉尘质量浓度相对误差,提高该方法准确性。针对不同入射色光、颗粒粒径、相机传感器感光元件位置以及交互影响因素进行理论研究和实验验证;由于光子具有随机粒子统计特性,所以对测量数据进行独立样本T检验以及基于单因素验方分析的均值差异检验。研究结果表明:大粒径颗粒测量质量浓度偏低、曲线平滑,小粒径颗粒测量由于具有“双峰”现象,所以质量浓度曲线会有波动;为减小测量相对误差,应在不改变相机传感器位置前提下尽量选择红色线激光入射。研究结果可为粉尘质量浓度光学测量装置的改进和校准提供参考。

QuEChERS结合气相色谱-串联质谱法测定室内灰尘中的37种液晶单体化合物

建立了一种简单易行且灵敏准确的测定室内灰尘中液晶单体化合物(Liquid crystal monomers,LCMs)的方法。灰尘样品中加入^(13)C-多氯联苯和^(13)C-多溴联苯醚作为内标,采用二氯甲烷进行提取,萃取液加入无水硫酸钠后采用混合吸附剂(N-丙基乙二胺和十八烷基键合硅胶)净化,随后采用气相色谱-串联质谱在动态多反应监测(dMRM)模式下测定,内标法定量。对仪器分析参数、提取溶剂和吸附剂进行了优化。结果显示在优化条件下,37种液晶单体在0.1~50 ng/mL范围内线性良好,方法检出限为0.02~1.56 ng/g;在两加标水平下的平均回收率为65.3%~137%,相对标准偏差(RSD)为0.90%~24%。通过对实际样本的检测,发现在北京所采集的室内灰尘中有22种LCMs的检出率在50%以上,表明室内环境已普遍存在LCMs污染。该方法操作简单,溶剂消耗少,灵敏度和稳定性良好,可用于大规模室内环境污染监测。

华阳一矿掘进工作面喷浆机制浆降尘技术研究

为解决锚网喷工作面喷浆作业产尘量较大的问题,通过理论分析、实验研究、工业实践等方法进行喷浆机降尘技术研究,设计采用刮板输送机控制下料期间的粉尘,采用控尘罩控制制浆期间的粉尘,通过实验确定最佳抽吸参数;分析影响湿式除尘器除尘效率的因素,得到了过滤网孔径、喷雾气水比等最佳参数。将设计的喷浆机控尘系统在华阳一矿81214掘进工作面进行了工业应用,总体除尘效率在96%以上,应用效果良好。

基于FLUENT的综掘工作面粉尘质量浓度变化规律模拟

我国煤矿粉尘危害严重,综掘工作面是重要产尘地点。通过应用fluent对辛安煤业有限公司1402综掘工作面粉尘进行数值模拟,得出了该工作面粉尘的运移规律。研究显示,综掘工作面的粉尘质量浓度最大,综掘机附近粉尘质量浓度不稳定,掘进机以后粉尘质量浓度随离工作面距离的增加而减小。提出了在掘进机附近设喷雾降尘的技术措施。

基于科氏质量流量计的微米级煤尘和岩尘颗粒分类方法

【目的】岩尘的粒径比煤尘的小得多,更容易被吸入到肺中,危害较大。为了解决煤尘和岩尘混合颗粒的分类问题,提出一种微米级煤尘和岩尘混合颗粒的测量方法。【方法】首先采用环形静电传感器进行前端流体流量的测定,根据科氏质量流量计的测量原理,研究测量管两侧的时间差和流体的质量流量的关系;其次采用ANSYS有限元软件进行双向流固耦合,验证对煤尘和岩尘混合颗粒进行分类的可行性;最后对测量管进行静力学分析以及数值模拟分析,实现科氏质量流量计对微米级煤尘和岩尘混合颗粒的分类判别。【结果】在科氏质量流量计的同一个测量管道入口处,颗粒的流入速度与测量时间差正相关;谐振式U型管的激振频率应为二阶振型对应的固有频率113.11 Hz;当煤尘和岩尘颗粒混合粒径不同时,静力学参数和时间差随着煤尘的体积分数的增大而减小,并且全岩尘和全煤尘的时间差明显与混合颗粒的不同;当煤尘和岩尘混合颗粒粒径相同时,时间差随着煤尘的体积流量增大而增大,关系曲线的陡度也随着增大。当煤尘体积分数<50%时,煤尘和岩尘的混合颗粒的粒径越大时间差越大;当煤尘体积分数≥50%时,煤尘和岩尘的混合颗粒的粒径越大时间差越小。【结论】煤尘颗粒和岩尘颗粒具有鲜明且不同的分类判别特征,微米级煤尘和岩尘混合颗粒分类具有可行性,可实现科氏质量流量计对煤尘和岩尘混合颗粒的实时在线精确分类。