A wind tunnel simulation of the dynamic processes involved in sand dune formation on the western coast of Hainan Island

The western coast of Hainan Island exhibits a savanna landscape. Many types of sand dunes, including transverse dune ridges, longitudinal dune ridges, elliptical dunes, coppice dunes, and climbing dunes, are widely distributed in the coastal zone. In winter, high-frequency and high-energy NE winds （dominant winds） are prevalent, with a resultant drift direction （RDD） of S35.6°W. In spring, low-frequency and low-energy SW secondary winds prevail, with a RDD of N25.1°E. Wind tunnel simulations revealed that the airflow over the dune surface is the main factor controlling the erosion and deposition patterns of dune surfaces and the morphological development of dunes. In the region＇s bidirectional wind environment, with two seasonally distinct energy levels, the airflow over the surface of elliptical dunes, barchan dunes, and transverse dune ridges will exhibit a transverse pattern, whereas the airflow over longitudinal dunes ridges exhibits a lateral pattern and that over climbing dunes exhibits a climbing-circumfluent pattern. These patterns represent different dynamic processes. The coastal dunes on the western coast of Hainan Island are influenced by factors such as onshore winds, sand sources, coastal slopes, rivers, and forest shelter belts. The source of the sand that supplements these dunes particularly influences the development pattern： when there is more sand, the pattern shows positive equilibrium deposition between dune ridges and dunes; otherwise, it shows negative equilibrium deposition. The presence or absence of forest shelter belts also influences deposition and dune development patterns and transformation of dune forms. Coastal dunes and inland desert dunes experience similar dynamic processes, but the former have more diversified shapes and more complex formation mechanisms.

Multinanoparticle Translocations in Phospholipid Membranes:Translocation Modes and Dynamic Processes

Multinanoparticles interacting with the phospholipid membranes in solution were studied by dissipative particle dynamics simulation.The selected nanoparticles have spherical or cylindrical shapes,and they have various initial velocities in the dynamical processes.Several translocation modes are defined according to their characteristics in the dynamical processes,in which the phase diagrams are constructed based on the interaction strengths between the particles and membranes and the initial velocities of particles.Furthermore,several parameters,such as the system energy and radius of gyration,are investigated in the dynamical processes for the various translocation modes.Results elucidate the effects of multiparticles interacting with the membranes in the biological processes.

The dynamic and thermodynamic processes dominating the reduction of global land monsoon precipitation driven by anthropogenic aerosols emission

Changes in monsoon precipitation have profound social and economic impacts as more than two-thirds of the world’s population lives in monsoon regions.Observations show a significant reduction in global land monsoon precipitation during the second half of the 20 th century.Understanding the cause of this change,especially possible anthropogenic origins,is important.Here,we compare observed changes in global land monsoon precipitation during 1948–2005 with those simulated by 5 global climate models participating in the Coupled Model Inter-comparison Project-phase 5(CMIP5)under different external forcings.We show that the observed drying trend is consistent with the model simulated response to anthropogenic forcing and to anthropogenic aerosol forcing in particular.We apply the optimal fingerprinting method to quantify anthropogenic influences on precipitation and find that anthropogenic aerosols may have contributed to 102%(62–144%for the 5–95%confidence interval)of the observed decrease in global land monsoon precipitation.A moisture budget analysis indicates that the reduction in precipitation results from reduced vertical moisture advection in response to aerosol forcing.Since much of the monsoon regions,such as India and China,have been experiencing rapid developments with increasing aerosol emissions in the past decedes,our results imply a further reduction in monsoon precipitation in these regions in the future if effective mitigations to reduce aerosol emissions are not deployed.The observed decline of aerosol emission in China since 2006 helps to alleviate the reducing trend of monsoon precipiptaion.

Separating method and dynamic processes of Nano-Al_(13)

In order to investigate the characteristics of pure Nano-Al_(13) ,Nano-Al_(13) was separated and purified from a series of poly-aluminum chloride(PAC)solutions which had the same Al_(13) percentage but different total Al concentrations,by using column chromatography,ethanol-acetone resolving and SO_(4)^(2−)/Ba^(2+)displacement.The Al_(13) species yield was characterized by Al-ferron timed complexation spectropho-tometry and 27Al-NMR(nuclear magnetic resonance).The coagulation efficiency of Nano-Al_(13) ,PAC and AlCl_(3) in synthetic water was also investigated by Jar tests.The dynamic process and aggregation state of kaolin suspensions coagulating with Nano-Al_(13) ,PAC and AlC_(13) were similarly investigated using a photometric dispersion analyzer 2000(PDA2000).The experimental results indicated that the ethanol-acetone resolving method was simple and could separate the PAC solution at different concentrations,while column chromatography could separate PAC solutions at low concentrations.The SO_(4)^(2−)/Ba^(2+)displacement method could separate PAC solutions at high concentrations.However,extra inorganic cation and anion could be added in the solution during separation.The coagulation efficiency and dynamic experimental results showed that Nano-Al_(13) with high positive-charged species was effective in removing turbidity and color.The dynamic process results showed that Nano-Al_(13) also had the best recovery capability after shearing compared with PAC and AlCl3 because the Nano-Al_(13) conformation is more effective in charge neutralization.

Dynamic soft sensor development based on Gaussian mixture regression for fermentation processes

The dynamic soft sensor based on a single Gaussian process regression(GPR) model has been developed in fermentation processes.However,limitations of single regression models,for multiphase/multimode fermentation processes,may result in large prediction errors and complexity of the soft sensor.Therefore,a dynamic soft sensor based on Gaussian mixture regression(GMR) was proposed to overcome the problems.Two structure parameters,the number of Gaussian components and the order of the model,are crucial to the soft sensor model.To achieve a simple and effective soft sensor,an iterative strategy was proposed to optimize the two structure parameters synchronously.For the aim of comparisons,the proposed dynamic GMR soft sensor and the existing dynamic GPR soft sensor were both investigated to estimate biomass concentration in a Penicillin simulation process and an industrial Erythromycin fermentation process.Results show that the proposed dynamic GMR soft sensor has higher prediction accuracy and is more suitable for dynamic multiphase/multimode fermentation processes.

Dynamics of Ore-Forming Processesof the Stratabound Skarn Copper Depositsof Tongling, Anhui Province

The skarn and ore bodies of the stratabound skarn copper deposits of Tongling, Anhui Province, are both controlled by definite stratigraphic horizons, and they are concordant with the strata. They occur as layers and layer-like bodies in permeable carbonate rocks of the Middle-Upper Carboniferous Huanglong and Chuanshan Formations which are underlain by impermeable shale or siliceous rocks of the Upper Devonian Wutong Formation. The authors study the dynamics of ore-forming processes of the ore deposits with the dynamic model of coupled transport and reaction, and the following results are obtained: The salinity gradient and flow rate of the ore-forming fluids can both promote the mixing and reaction of juvenile water and formation water, and the permeable strata are favourable sites for the intense transport-reaction of mixing and the formation of deposits. (2) As isothermal transport-reaction took place along the bedding of strata, the moving transport-reaction front formed at the contact between the ore-forming fluids and the rocks advanced slowly along the permeable strata, and then stratiform skarn and ore bodies concordant with the strata were formed. (3) The gradient transport-reaction taking place across the isotherms in the cross-bedding direction caused the mineralogical composition to alter gradually from magnesian skarn to sulphide ore bodies.

Dynamic chemical processes on ZnO surfaces tuned by physisorption under ambient conditions

The catalytic properties of non-reducible metal oxides have intrigued continuous interest in the past decades.Often time,catalytic studies of bulk non-reducible oxides focused on their high-temperature applications owing to their weak interaction with small molecules.Hereby,combining ambient-pressure scanning tunneling microscopy(AP-STM),AP X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy(AP-XPS)and density functional theory(DFT)calculations,we studied the activation of CO and CO_(2)on ZnO,a typical nonreducible oxide and major catalytic material in the conversion of C1 molecules.By visualizing the chemical processes on ZnO surfaces at the atomic scale under AP conditions,we showed that new adsorbate structures induced by the enhanced physisorption and the concerted interaction of physisorbed molecules could facilitate the activation of CO and CO_(2)on ZnO.The reactivity of ZnO towards CO could be observed under AP conditions,where an ordered(2×1)–CO structure was observed on ZnO(1010).Meanwhile,chemisorption of CO_(2)on ZnO(1010)under AP conditions was also enhanced by physisorbed CO_(2),which minimizes the repulsion between surface dipoles and causes a(3×1)–CO_(2)structure.Our study has brought molecular insight into the fundamental chemistry and catalytic properties of ZnO surfaces under realistic reaction conditions.

The normalizations and related dynamic processes for two power indexes

Here,we introduce the normalisations for the marginal index and the Banzhaf–Owen index,respectively.We show that there exists reduced games that could be adopted to characterise these two normalisations.Further,alternative formulations are also proposed by applying excess functions.Based on reduced games and excess functions,we provide different dynamic processes for these two normalisations.

Axiomatisations, alternative formulation anddynamic processes for the maximal self-consistentvalue under multicriteria decision situations

By considering multicriteria decision situations, we adopt excess functions to introduce alternativeformulation and related dynamic processes for the maximal self-consistent value. In orderto present the rationality, we provide several equivalent relations to characterise the maximalself-consistent value.

Deep structure of the Southeast Asian curved subduction system and its dynamic process

The deep structure,material circulation,and dynamic processes in the Southeast Asia have long been an elusive scientific puzzle due to the lack of systematic scientific observations and recognized theoretical models.Based on the deep seismic tomography using long-period natural earthquake data,in this study,the deep structure and material circulation of the curved subduction system in Southeast Asia was studied,and the dynamic processes since 100 million years ago was reconstructed.It is pointed out that challenges still exist in the precise reconstruction of deep mantle structures of the study area,the influence of multi-stage subduction on deep material exchange and shallow magma activity,as well as the spatiotemporal evolution and coupling mechanism of multi-plate convergence.Future work should focus on high-resolution land-sea joint 3-D seismic tomography imaging of the curved subduction system in the Southeast Asia,combined with geochemical analysis and geodynamic modelling works.

Investigation of Dynamic Multivariate Chemical Process Monitoring

Chemical process variables are always driven by random noise and disturbances. The closed-loop con-trol yields process measurements that are auto and cross correlated. The influence of auto and cross correlations on statistical process control (SPC) is investigated in detail by Monte Carlo experiments. It is revealed that in the sense of average performance, the false alarms rates (FAR) of principal component analysis (PCA), dynamic PCA are not affected by the time-series structures of process variables. Nevertheless, non-independent identical distribution will cause the actual FAR to deviate from its theoretic value apparently and result in unexpected consecutive false alarms for normal operating process. Dynamic PCA and ARMA-PCA are demonstrated to be inefficient to remove the influences of auto and cross correlations. Subspace identification-based PCA (SI-PCA) is proposed to improve the monitoring of dynamic processes. Through state space modeling, SI-PCA can remove the auto and cross corre-lations efficiently and avoid consecutive false alarms. Synthetic Monte Carlo experiments and the application in Tennessee Eastman challenge process illustrate the advantages of the proposed approach.

On the Kinematic Characteristics and Dynamic Process of Boundary faults of the Nansha Ultra-crust Layer-Block

Abstract The Nansha ultra-crust layer-block is confined by ultra-crustal boundary faults of distinctive features, bordering the Kangtai-Shuangzi-Xiongnan extensional faulted zone on the north, the Baxian-Baram-Yoca-Cuyo nappe faulted zone on the south, the Wan'an-Natuna strike-slip tensional faulted zone on the west and the Mondoro-Panay strike-slip compressive faulted zone on the east. These faults take the top of the Nansha asthenosphere as their common detachmental surface. The Cenozoic dynamic process of the ultra-crust layer-block can be divided into four stages: K2-E21, during which the northern boundary faults extended, this ultra-crust layer-block was separated from the South China-Indosinian continental margin, the Palaeo-South China Sea subducted southwards and the Sibu accretion wedge was formed; E22-E31, during which the Southwest sub-sea basin extended and orogeny was active due to the collision of the Sibu accretion wedge; E32-N11, during which the central sub-sea basin extended, the Miri accretion wedge was formed and “A-type” subduction of the southern margin of the north Balawan occurred; N12-the present, during which large-scale thrusting and napping of the boundary faults in the south and mountain-building have taken place and the South China Sea stopped its extension.

Analysis on the Dynamical Process of Donghekou Rockslide-Debris Flow Triggered by 5.12 Wenchuan Earthquake

Among the geo-hazards caused by the great Wenchuan Earthquake, the rapid and long runout rockslide-debris flow is of primary concern due to the large volume of displaced material and the resultant catastrophic impacts to the landscape and socioeconomic structure. In order to analyze the dynamical process of this kind of geo-hazard, the Donghekou rockslide-debris flow is given as an example in this paper. This event, which killed 780 people, initiated at an elevation of 1300 m with a total long run-out distance of more than 2400 m. The slide mass is mainly composed of dolomite limestone and siliceous limestone of Sinian system, together with carbon slate and phyllite of Cambrian. During the processes from slide initiation to the final cessation of slide movement, five dynamic stages took place, here identified as the initiation stage, the acceleration of movement stage, the air-blast effect stage, the impact and redirection stage and the long runout slidematerial accumulation stage. Field investigations indicate that due to the effects of the earthquake, the dynamics of the Donghekou rockslide-debris flow are apparently controlled by geologic and tectonic conditions, the local geomorphological aspects of the terrain, and the microstructural and macroscopic mechanical properties of rocks which compose the slide mass. These three main factors which dictate the Donghekou rockslide-debris flow dynamics are discussed in detail in this paper, and significant results of field investigations and tests of materials are presented. The above dynamical processes are analyzed in this paper, and some useful conclusions have been gained.

Numerical modeling dynamic process of multi-feed microwave heating of industrial solution media

The exothermic efficiency of microwave heating an electrolyte/water solution is remarkably high due to the dielectric heating by orientation polarization of water and resistance heating by the Joule process occurred simultaneously compared with pure water.A three-dimensional finite element numerical model of multi-feed microwave heating industrial liquids continuously flowing in a meter-scale circular tube is presented.The temperature field inside the applicator tube in the cavity is solved by COMSOL Multiphysics and professional programming to describe the momentum,energy and Maxwell's equations.The evaluations of the electromagnetic field,the temperature distribution and the velocity field are simulated for the fluids dynamically heated by singleand multi-feed microwave system,respectively.Both the pilot experimental investigations and numerical results of microwave with single-feed heating for fluids with different effective permittivity and flow rates show that the presented numerical modeling makes it possible to analyze dynamic process of multi-feed microwave heating the industrial liquid.The study aids in enhancing the understanding and optimizing of dynamic process in the use of multi-feed microwave heating industrial continuous flow for a variety of material properties and technical parameters.

PHOTOINDUCED BIREFRINGENCE AND NUMERICAL SOLUTION OF A NEW DYNAMIC MODEL IN AN AMORPHOUS COPOLYMER CONTAINING AZOBENZENE GROUPS

Photoinduced birefringence is investigated in a new amorphous copolymer containing azobenzene groups. The levels of birefringence signal are found to depend an the polarization angle between the pump beam and the probe beam, and on the ellipticity of the pump beam. Both the growth and decay processes of the birefringence signal can be described by known biexponential equations. The rate constants and the amplitudes associated with the growth process of the photoinduced birefringence are observed to display a linear dependence with the pump beam intensity. A new dynamic model of the photoinduced birefringence is presented taking into account the contributions of both the bans and cis isomers of azobenzene groups and the local polymer segments. The numerical treatment of this model shows good agreement with the experimental data in the whole writing-erasing processes of the photoinduced birefringence conducted in our polymer samples.

Numerical modeling and dynamic analysis of the 2017 Xinmo landslide in Maoxian County, China

A catastrophic landslide occurred at Xinmo village in Maoxian County, Sichuan Province,China, on June 24, 2017. A 2.87×106 m3 rock mass collapsed and entrained the surface soil layer along the landslide path. Eighty-three people were killed or went missing and more than 103 houses were destroyed. In this paper, the geological conditions of the landslide are analyzed via field investigation and high-resolution imagery. The dynamic process and runout characteristics of the landslide are numerically analyzed using a depth-integrated continuum method and Mac Cormack-TVD finite difference algorithm.Computational results show that the evaluated area of the danger zone matchs well with the results of field investigation. It is worth noting that soil sprayed by the high-speed blast needs to be taken into account for such kind of large high-locality landslide. The maximum velocity is about 55 m/s, which is consistent with most cases. In addition, the potential danger zone of an unstable block is evaluated. The potential risk area evaluated by the efficient depthintegrated continuum method could play a significant role in disaster prevention and secondary hazard avoidance during rescue operations.

Dynamic subduction process of local plate revealed by Ibaraki earthquake sequence of 1982 in Japan

The kinematics and dynamics of plate tectonics are frontal subjects in geosciences and the strong earthquake occurred along the plate boundary result directly from plate movement. By analyzing Ibaraki earthquake sequence, it has been found that the focal fault plane shows a special image of grading expansion along the direction of strike and adjustment along the dip direction respectively. With the consideration of strike, dip and slip directions of focal mechanism, we have confirmed that Ibaraki earthquake belongs to a thrust fault earthquake occurred under the Japan Trench. The cause of the earthquake sequence is discussed in the paper. The study on the temporal-spatial distribution of the earthquake sequence with a time-scale between the year-scale spatial geodetic data and the second-scale moment tensor of the strong earthquake has indicated the dynamic process of Pacific Plate subduction under the Eurasia Plate. According to the average slip distance of earthquake and the velocity of plate movement, it is predicted that a strong earthquake might occur in recent years.

Review of numerical simulation on the dynamics of Qinghai-Xizang plateau

In recent twenty years, much numerical simulation work has been done on the evolution of Qinghai-Xizang (Tibetan) plateau. In this paper some principal numerical models and results are reviewed and analyzed. The earlier plane stress or plane strain model has much discrepancy with the actual deformation of Qinghai-Xizang plateau, such as the thickening of Tibetan crust and the lateral extrusion of Tibet along strike-slip faults. The thin viscous sheet model and the thin-plate model may simulate the change of the crustal thickness and the deformation pro-duced by gravitational force. It is suitable for studying the large-scale and long-time deformation. The influence of faults on the deformation of Tibetan plateau should be further studied.

Molecular Dynamics Simulation on Stability of Insulin on Graphene

The adsorption dynamics of a model protein （the human insulin） onto graphene surfaces with different sizes was investigated by molecular dynamics simulations. During the adsorption, it has different effect on the stability of the model protein in the fixed and non-fixed graphene systems. The tertiary structure of the protein was destroyed or partially destroyed, and graphene surfaces shows the selective protection for some α-helices in non-fixed Systems but not in fixed systems by reason of the flexibility of graphene. As indicated by the interaction energy curve and trajectory animation, the conformation and orientation selection of the protein were induced by the properties and the texture of graphene surfaces. The knowledge of protein adsorption on graphene surfaces would be helpful to better understand stability of protein on graphene surfaces and facilitate potential applications of graphene in biotechnology.

Photo-induced doping effect and dynamic process in monolayer MoSe2

Dynamic processes of electron transfer by optical doping in monolayer MoSe2 at 6 K are investigated via measuring time resolved photoluminescence(PL)traces under different excitation powers.Time-dependent electron transfer process can be analyzed by a power-law distribution of t^−α withα=0.1-0.24,depending on the laser excitation power.The average electron transfer time of approximately 27.65 s is obtained in the excitation power range of 0.5 to 100μW.As the temperature increases from 20 to 44 K,the energy difference between the neutral and charged excitons is observed to decrease.