Experimental investigation of dynamic stall flow control using a microsecond-pulsed plasma actuator

To alleviate the performance deterioration caused by dynamic stall of a wind turbine airfoil,the flow control by a microsecond-pulsed dielectric barrier discharge(MP-DBD) actuator on the dynamic stall of a periodically pitching NACA0012 airfoil was investigated experimentally.Unsteady pressure measurements with high temporal accuracy were employed in this study,and the unsteady characteristics of the boundary layer were investigated by wavelet packet analysis and the moving root mean square method based on the acquired pressure.The experimental Mach number was 0.2,and the chord-based Reynolds number was 870 000.The dimensionless actuation frequencies F+ were chosen to be 0.5,1,2,and 3,respectively.For the light dynamic regime,the MP-DBD plasma actuator plays the role of suppressing flow separation from the trial edge and accelerating the flow reattachment due to the high-momentum freestream flow being entrained into the boundary layer.Meanwhile,actuation effects were promoted with the increasing dimensionless actuation frequency F+.The control effects of the deep dynamic stall were to delay the onset and reduce the strength of the dynamic stall vortex due to the accumulating vorticity near the leading edge being removed by the induced coherent vortex structures.The laminar fluctuation and Kelvin-Helmholtz(K-H) instabilities of transition and relaminarization were also mitigated by the MP-DBD actuation,and the alleviated K-H rolls led to the delay of the transition onset and earlier laminar reattachment,which improved the hysteresis effect of the dynamic stall.For the controlled cases of F+=2,and F+=3,the laminar fluctuation was replaced by relatively low frequency band disturbances corresponding to the harmonic responses of the MP-DBD actuation frequency.

Theoretical Analysis and Numerical Simulation of the Static and Dynamic Characteristics of Hydrostatic Guides Based on Progressive Mengen Flow Controller

The oil film thickness of oil hydrostatic guide with constant pressure supply based on capillary restrictor is greatly affected by load, and this kind of hydrostatic guide is usually applied to the machine tools with moderate load. The static and dynamic characteristics of the guide have been studied by using some theoretical, numerical and experimental approaches, and some methods and measures have been proposed to improve its performances. The hydrostatic guide based on progressive mengen（PM） flow controller is especially suitable for the heavy numerical control（NC） machine tools. However, few literatures about the research on the static and dynamic characteristics of the hydrostatic guides based on PM flow controller are reported. In this paper, the formulae are derived for analyzing the static and dynamic characteristics of hydrostatic guides with rectangle pockets and PM flow controller according to the theory of hydrostatic bearing. On the basis of the analysis of hydrostatic bearing with circular pocket, some equations are derived for solving the static pressure, volume pressure and squeezing pressure which influence the dynamic characteristics of hydrostatic guides with rectangle pocket. The function and the influencing factors of three pressures are clarified. The formulae of amplitude-frequency characteristics and dynamic stiffness of the hydrostatic guide system are derived. With the help of software MATLAB, programs are coded with C＋＋ language to simulate numerically the static and dynamic characteristics of the hydrostatic guide based on PM flow controller. The simulation results indicate that the sensitive oil volume between the outlet of the PM flow controller and the guide pocket has the greatest influence on the characteristics of the guide, and it should be reduced as small as possible when the field working condition is met. Choosing the oil with a greater viscosity is also helpful in improving the dynamic performance of hydrostatic guides. The research work has instructing significance for analyzing and designing the guide with PM flow controller.

Dynamic stall control over an airfoil by NS-DBD actuation

The wind tunnel test was conducted with an NACA 0012 airfoil to explore the flow control effects on airfoil dynamic stall by NS-DBD plasma actuation. Firstly, light and deep dynamic stall states were set, based on the static stall characteristics of airfoil at a Reynolds number of 5.8 × 105. Then, the flow control effect of NS-DBD on dynamic stall was studied and the influence law of three typical reduced frequencies (k = 0.05, k = 0.05, and k = 0.15) was examined at various dimensionless actuation frequencies (F+ = 1, F+ = 2, and F+ = 3). For both light and deep dynamic stall states, NS-DBD had almost no effect on upstroke. However, the lift coefficients on downstroke were increased significantly and the flow control effect at F+ = 1 is the best. The flow control effect of the light stall state is more obvious than that of deep stall state under the same actuation conditions. For the same stall state, with the reduced frequency increasing, the control effect became worse. Based on the in being principles of flow separation control by NS-DBD, the mechanism of dynamic stall control was discussed and the influence of reduced frequency on the dynamic flow control was analyzed. Different from the static airfoil flow separation control, the separated angle of leading-edge shear layer for the airfoil in dynamic stall state is larger and flow control with dynamic oscillation is more difficult. The separated angle is closely related to the effective angle of attack, so the effect of dynamic stall control is greatly dependent on the history of angles of attack.

Experimental study on dynamic stall control based on AC-DBD actuation

To explore AC-DBD's ability in controlling dynamic stall,a practical SC-1095 airfoil of a helicopter was selected,and systematic wind tunnel experiments were carried out through direct aerodynamic measurements.The effectiveness of dynamic stall control under steady and unsteady actuation is verified.The influence of parameters such as constant actuation voltage,pulsed actuation voltage,pulsed actuation frequency and duty ratio on dynamic stall control effect is studied under the flow condition of k=0.15 above the airfoil,and the corresponding control mechanism is discussed.Steady actuation can effectively reduce the hysteresis loop area of dynamic lift,and control the peak drag and moment coefficient.For unsteady actuation,there is an optimal duty ratio DC=50%,which has the best effect in improving the lift and drag characteristics,and there is a threshold of pulsed actuation voltage in dynamic stall control.The optimal dimensionless frequency will not be found;different F+have different control advantages in different aerodynamic coefficients of different pitching stages.Unsteady actuation has obvious control advantages in improving the lift-drag characteristics and hysteresis,while steady actuation can better control the large nose-down moment.

Active Flow Control of a Low Reynolds Number S809 Wind Turbine Blade Model under Dynamic Pitching Maneuvers

A low Reynolds number wind turbine blade model based on the S809 airfoil was tested in a subsonic wind tunnel to study the structural vibration of the blade under dynamic pitching maneuvers. Piezoelectric-based synthetic jet actuators were embedded inside the blade and activated with a synthetic jet momentum coefficient, Cμ of 2.30 × 10-3. Structural vibration was quantified for a range of unsteady angles undergoing “pitch up and down” and “sinusoidal pitch” maneuvers at a Reynolds number of 5.28 × 104. The blade tip deflection amplitude and frequency were acquired utilizing a pair of strain gauges mounted at the root of the model. Using active flow control vibration reduction was more effective during the pitch up portion of the blade motion cycle compared to the pitch down portion. This effect is due to dynamic stall, where a leading edge vortex is shed during the pitch up motion and contributes to higher lift compared to static angles of attack and lower lift when the blade is pitched down. Dynamic stall was measured with phase-locked stereoscopic particle image velocimetry (SPIV), where global mean flow measurements reveal a shift in location and reduction in the size of a recirculating flow structure near the suction surface of the blade during the pitch up motion compared to the pitch down.

Numerical studies of undulation control on dynamic stall for reverse flows

The delayed detached-eddy simulation with adaptive coefficient(DDES-AC)method is used to simulate the baseline and leading-edge undulation control of dynamic stall for the reverse flow past a finite-span wing with NACA0012 airfoil.The numerical results of the baseline configuration are compared with available measurements.DDES and DDES-AC perform differently when predicting the primary and secondary dynamic stalls.Overall,DDES-AC performs better owing to the decrease of grey area between the strong shear layer and the fully three-dimensional separated flow.Moreover,the effects of the undulating leading-edge on the forces,lift gradients,and instantaneous flow structures are explored.Compared with the uncontrolled case,the lift gradient in the primary dynamic stall is reduced from 18.4 to 8.5,and the secondary dynamic stall disappears.Therefore,periodic unsteady air-loads are also reduced.Additionally,the control mechanism of the wavy leading edge(WLE)is also investigated by comparison with the straight leading edge(SLE).No sudden breakdown of strong vortices is the main cause for WLE control.

Parametric analyses on dynamic stall control of rotor airfoil via synthetic jet

The effects of synthetic jet control on unsteady dynamic stall over rotor airfoil are investigated numerically. A moving-embedded grid method and an Unsteady Reynolds Averaged Navier-Stokes（URANS） solver coupled with k-x Shear Stress Transport（SST） turbulence model are established for predicting the complex flowfields of oscillatory airfoil under jet control. Additionally, a velocity boundary condition modeled by sinusoidal function has been developed to fulfill the perturbation effect of periodic jet. The validity of present CFD method is evaluated by comparisons of the calculated results of baseline dynamic stall case for rotor airfoil and jet control case for VR-7 B airfoil with experimental data. Then, parametric analyses are conducted emphatically for an OA212 rotor airfoil to investigate the effects of jet control parameters（jet location, dimensionless frequency, momentum coefficient, jet angle, jet type and dual-jet） on dynamic stall characteristics of rotor airfoil. It is demonstrated by the calculated results that efficiency of jet control could be improved with specific momentum coefficient and jet angle when the jet is located near separation point of rotor airfoil. Furthermore, the dual-jet could improve control efficiency more obviously on dynamic stall of rotor airfoil with respect to the unique jet, and the influence laws of dual-jet＇s angles and momentum coefficients on control effects are similar to those of the unique jet. Finally,unsteady aerodynamic characteristics of rotor via synthetic jet which is located on the upper surface of rotor blade in forward flight are calculated, and as a result, the aerodynamic characteristics of rotor are improved compared with the baseline. The results indicate that synthetic jet has the capability in improving aerodynamic characteristics of rotor.

比例式变推力固体姿控发动机非稳态特性研究

为了研究比例式变推力固体姿控发动机的内流场非稳态特性,建立了比例针栓推力器的二维轴对称计算模型,基于动网格技术模拟入口压强随喉部面积变化而变化的推力器工作模式,得到了内流场各性能参数的变化规律。结果表明:在非稳态工作过程中,内流场会出现典型的亚音速回流区、斜激波和流动分离等特征,入口压强、针栓壁面及喷管壁面压强均随针栓靠近喉部而增大,推力器推力逐渐上升,实现了推力连续调节。开关频率会加剧针栓前进过程中头部压强波动。针栓头部收敛角越大,其头部回流区越小。当喉部面积一定时,燃速压强指数越高,发动机压强与推力变化范围越大,为实现预设的推力调节范围,需要选择合适的燃速压强指数。

Numerical investigation of dynamic stall suppression of rotor airfoil via improved co-flow jet

The decrease in aerodynamic performance caused by the shock-induced dynamic stall of an advancing blade and the dynamic stall of a retreating blade at low speed and high angles of attack limits the flight speed of a helicopter.However,little research has been carried on the flow control methods employed to suppress both the dynamic stall induced by a shock wave and the dynamic stall occurring at high angles of attack.The dynamic stall suppression of a rotor airfoil by Co-Flow Jet(CFJ)is numerically investigated in this work.The flowfield of the airfoil is simulated by solving Reynolds Averaged Navier-Stokes equations based on the sliding mesh technique.Firstly,to improve the effect of a traditional CFJ on suppressing rotor airfoil shock-induced dynamic stall,an improved CFJ—a CFJ-sloping slot is proposed.Research shows that the CFJsloping slot suppresses the shock-induced dynamic stall more effectively than a traditional CFJ.Moreover,the improved CFJ can also suppress the dynamic stall of rotor airfoil at low speed and high angles of attack.The improved CFJ proposed in this paper is an effective flow control method that simultaneously suppresses the dynamic stall of the advancing and retreating blades.The mechanism of the improved CFJ in suppressing the dynamic stall of the rotor airfoil is studied,and a comparison is made between the improved CFJ and the traditional CFJ in terms of dynamic stall suppression at high and low speed.Finally,the effect of improved CFJ parameters(the jet momentum coefficient,the position of the injection/suction slot,and the size of the injection/suction slot)on shock-induced dynamic stall suppression is analyzed.

On the hydrodynamics of hydraulic machinery and flow control

Hydraulic machinery mainly includes turbine and pump, which is closely related to national economy and people＇s livelihood involving aerospace industry, marine engineering, hydropower engineering, petroleum industry, chemical industry, mining industry, biomedical engineering, environmental engineering, agricultural water-soil engineering, etc.. The internal flow of hydraulic machinery is extremely complex, and its characteristics can be summarized as high Reynolds number, multi-scales, inhomogeneous and vortex-dominant unsteady turbulence which interact with the rotating dynamic boundary（rotor blade）. Based on the analysis of the internal flow characteristics of hydraulic machinery, the author and his research team successively proposed a rotation correction model, a curvature corrected filter-based model, a scalable detached eddy simulation method, and a non-linear hybrid RANS/LES turbulence model to capture unsteady flow structures and then predict hydraulic performance and dynamic characteristics more accurately. According to the analysis on the internal flow, the corresponding flow control measures were put forward. It was verified by experiments that these methods could significantly improve the hydraulic performance, anti-cavitation performance and dynamic characteristics（pressure pulsation and vibration） of hydraulic machinery in a certain range of operating conditions. In addition, the mechanism how flow control measures influence internal flow was analyzed in depth, aiming at finding a feasible and effective way to improve hydraulic performance, anti-cavitation performance and dynamic characteristics of hydraulic machinery.

旋启式止回阀关闭过程瞬态流固耦合特性研究

某核电厂重要厂用水系统止回阀的内部流动特性不明,缺少相应的应力应变分析,同时也较难对其进行试验研究。为此,采用动网格方法,建立了流固耦合计算模型,并进行了仿真计算,对核电厂重要厂用水系统旋启式止回阀关闭过程的流固耦合特性进行了研究。首先,针对某核电厂止回阀原型,建立了阀门及水体模型,并进行了网格无关性验证,确定了其最终的计算模型;然后,使用profile编写了阀板运动控制规则,设置了动网格模型,利用ANSYS单向流固耦合方法,设置了其交界面与约束条件,对止回阀瞬态关闭过程进行了仿真计算;最后,对关阀过程中不同开度的流场速度压力分布和结构场应力变形变化进行了分析。研究结果表明:在止回阀的关闭过程中,阀内流场最大速度在关闭初期为17.87 m/s,并逐步降低至0 m/s;止回阀的最大等效应力和最大变形量分别出现在转轴与阀体连接处以及阀板的最下部,分别为1.5474×108 Pa和4.74 mm,并随开度减小而增大。依据计算结果得到了该止回阀关闭工况的流场变化与阀门应力、变形响应特性,提高了设备运行的可靠性,可以为设备的优化设计提供参考。

旋翼动态失速与反流流动控制研究进展

直升机在大载荷高速前飞时,旋翼桨叶桨距变化较大,易发生动态失速;后行桨叶内段旋转线速度较低,在来流叠加下形成反流区,导致桨叶气动效率降低,由此产生的桨叶疲劳失效和升力下降问题阻碍直升机性能的进一步提升。流动控制方法在改善翼型气动特性方面具有较大潜能,是提升旋翼气动效率、保障直升机安全的有效路径之一。本文阐述了旋翼反流区和动态失速的形成机理及非定常流动特征,综述了2种特殊气动现象的研究成果。对比分析了优化翼型几何构型、添加表面机械结构、吹气控制、等离子体控制、合成射流控制和后缘小翼控制等流动控制方法对旋翼动态失速及反流控制的机理,总结了控制参数和流场参数对控制效果的影响规律,分析了各种方法在应用中存在的问题,对发展方向进行了展望。

基于后缘小翼的翼型反流动态失速主动控制试验研究

针对直升机旋翼反流区因反流动态失速导致的非定常载荷、阻力激增以及负升力等问题,开展了基于后缘小翼的翼型反流动态失速主动控制试验研究.采用动态压力测量结合翼型表面压力积分的方法,重点分析了后缘小翼不同的振荡相位差、幅值和减缩频率对反流动态失速控制的影响规律,对比了后缘小翼动态偏转和固定偏转的差异,试验雷诺数Re=3.5×105.结果表明,当后缘小翼与翼型以相同的频率正弦振荡运动,且二者的相位差为0°时,能改善反流动态失速过程中钝几何前缘的流动分离,并在反流状态下实现了翼型负升力系数下降21.2%,阻力系数下降37.5%,俯仰力矩系数迟滞环面积下降44.6%的控制效果;动态偏转的后缘小翼对翼型反流动态失速的控制效果随后缘小翼振荡幅值的增加而增加,但进一步增加振荡幅值对于控制效果的提升有限;当减缩频率增加时,动态偏转的后缘小翼对反流状态下翼型阻力的控制效果会更加明显;后缘小翼的动态偏转与固定偏转都能有效改善翼型在反流中的动态气动性能,但是动态偏转对于不同翼型迎角的适应能力优于固定偏转,并取得了更好的非定常载荷控制以及更好的阻力和负升力改善效果.

变流量空调水系统管网热力动态响应特性

在结构复杂的变流量空调水系统管网中,工质流量、温度等参数的传递具有明显的滞后特性,其滞后时间尺度对管网的优化调控具有较高的参考价值。本文主要针对管网的热力动态响应特性进行建模及仿真,深入研究热力动态响应特性与管网本构参数的关系。通过实验对仿真模型进行了验证,结果表明,动态仿真模型具有较高的准确性,可用于变流量空调水系统管网热力动态响应特性的仿真,能够为后续的控制周期优化、解耦控制等工作提供理论支撑。

组合式吹吸气控制翼型动态失速数值模拟研究

改善翼型气动特性的关键问题之一是解决动态失速。提出利用翼型前缘吸气、后缘吹气的组合式吹吸气控制翼型动态失速的方法,研究俯仰振荡条件下其对翼型动态失速特性的影响和控制作用。选取NACA0012翼型为研究对象,基于转捩SST湍流模型求解非定常雷诺平均Navier-Stokes(URANS)方程,计算不同射流动量系数下的翼型气动特性,评估控制过程中的经济性。结果表明:在马赫数0.109,减缩频率0.1,平均攻角14.84°,攻角振幅9.89°条件下,当射流动量系数为0.006 5时与无吹吸气控制对比,翼型无明显失速现象,平均升力系数提高59%,平均阻力系数下降40%,负俯仰力矩峰被消除,使用组合式吹吸气进行流动控制可以抑制动态失速,改善翼型气动特性。

基于动态事件触发机制的电弧炉弧流参数建模及控制

国内冶金工业交流电弧炉弧流参数控制存在很大局限性,大多依据经验设定电抗器、变压器和弧流参数等工作点,缺乏全流程弧流参数智能化控制。为解决铍铜合金冶炼全流程弧流参数控制问题,本文从能量角度建立电弧炉冶炼过程多目标优化模型,并在弧流控制全流程引入动态事件触发机制(Dynamic Event-triggered Mechanism,DETMs)对模型进行优化,在电气特性和工艺指标的约束下,制订具有弧流、弧压和电抗协同作用的冶炼控制策略。研究结果表明:①从能量传导角度搭建多目标优化模型符合铍铜合金冶炼过程特点,温度约束条件较为容易观测,在一定程度上反映电弧电阻的动态变化;②引入DETMs解决了模型多个局部弧流变化阶段间的衔接问题,改善了目标值变化滞后导致冶炼时间延长问题;③FCPs触发弧流目标值的效果优于人工\时序触发机制,组成了具有较强的跟踪能力和鲁棒性能的弧流控制系统,实现了弧流目标值超前变化、局部稳态阶段耗时缩短。

基于定常吸气的翼型动态失速特性研究

翼型动态失速过程易在吸力面产生大尺度涡脱落,导致发生失速造成气动性能急剧下降。采用滑移网格及SST k-ω湍流模型对S809翼型开展数值模拟,研究前缘定常吸气对其动态失速流动控制效果及气动特性的影响。结果表明:吸气可有效抑制动态失速涡脱落,增大翼型吸/压力面两侧压差,并提高其气动性能;距翼型前缘0.05c处进行定常吸气可获得最大平均升力系数,吸气位置靠近前缘时,修正阻力系数减小;当吸气动量系数为0.025、吸气距前缘0.15c时,修正升阻比在所研究攻角内较原始翼型提升最大;吸气耗能与吸气动量系数成正相关,且随吸气缝距前缘位置减小而增大。

Numerical investigation of aerodynamic flow actuation produced by surface plasma actuator on 2D oscillating airfoil

Numerical simulation of unsteady flow control over an oscillating NACA0012 airfoil is investigated. Flow actuation of a turbulent flow over the airfoil is provided by low current DC surface glow discharge plasma actuator which is analytically modeled as an ion pressure force produced in the cathode sheath region. The modeled plasma actuator has an induced pressure force of about 2 k Pa under a typical experiment condition and is placed on the airfoil surface at 0% chord length and/or at 10% chord length. The plasma actuator at deep-stall angles(from 5° to 25°) is able to slightly delay a dynamic stall and to weaken a pressure fluctuation in down-stroke motion. As a result, the wake region is reduced. The actuation effect varies with different plasma pulse frequencies, actuator locations and reduced frequencies. A lift coefficient can increase up to 70% by a selective operation of the plasma actuator with various plasma frequencies and locations as the angle of attack changes. Active flow control which is a key advantageous feature of the plasma actuator reveals that a dynamic stall phenomenon can be controlled by the surface plasma actuator with less power consumption if a careful control scheme of the plasma actuator is employed with the optimized plasma pulse frequency and actuator location corresponding to a dynamic change in reduced frequency.

基于PM流量控制器的双锥液体静压轴承静动态特性分析

基于PM流量控制器的双锥轴承结构可在较小尺寸下同时承受轴向力和径向力,承载性能更大,且外置节流器的方式结构简单,易于调节性能,降低回转误差。设计了基于PM控制器的双锥轴承,建立轴承平均分布五油腔的静动态特性模型,分析了轴承设计与节流器主要参数对承载能力的影响规律。研究表明,轴承总刚度、承载力与锥半角呈递增关系,轴向刚度、承载力递增更显著,但径向变化不大;增大供油压力、减小初始液阻比,可提高油膜刚度与承载力;增加节流器的比流量与初始流量,减小供油压力,可缩短过渡时间,提高动态性能。根据设计指标匹配轴承和节流器的关键参数,可在同等条件下实现轴承性能优化。

汽轮机调节阀内流动特性的试验研究

介绍了最常用的G-I型调节阀内的动态压力测量方法及其各关键部位的流动特性,尤其是引起不稳定流动的主要因素即气流的压力脉动特性。测试结果表明,调节阀处于不稳定工作状态即阀杆振动工况取决于脉动压力与阀杆固频率是否同频,并非其脉动压力值大小;调整阀杆固有频率是消除调节阀振动最简便和有效的方法。