An Analysis of the Shi Clan Connections in the Wei-Jin and North-South Dynasties Based on the Character Network of Shishuoxinyu

Shishuoxinyu is a collection of anecdotal stories about the words and deeds of Wei and Jin characters. In this paper, we build a complex network with characters in Shishuoxinyu to analyze the scholarly connections in the Wei-Jin and North-South dynasties. The ER random graph, WS small-world network, BA scale-free network, and experimental network are constructed for comparison. The network properties of the experimental network were analyzed using the average degree, average clustering coefficient, and average path length. Degree centrality, mesoscopic centrality, and proximity centrality were selected to understand the importance of the experimental network nodes, and it was found that the king guide had the highest importance in the whole experimental network. Then, through the observation of network degree distribution, this experimental network is considered as a scale-free network with robustness and vulnerability, which is in line with the political characteristics of the Wei-Jin and Northern Dynasties. Finally, ten larger-scale Shi clans are selected to construct a new network for inter-clan linkage analysis. This study helps to uncover the reasons for the rise and fall of the Shi clans during the Wei-Jin and North-South dynasties.

Reacting to Epidemics:The Innovative Imperial Public Health System during the Late Northern Song Dynasty

Song China was a period in which China experienced a great increase in its population.Concurrently,the Song dynasty also experienced a rise in the frequency of epidemics and two major wars with the Western Xia and Liao dynasties during the 1000s and 1040s.The consequences of these changes were exacerbated by the increased geographical mobility of certain social groups such as traders and examinees attending civil service examinations.Thus,casualties of wars,epidemics,or disease,especially of people whose families were far away and could not care for them were left without care and“their corpses often lay bare along the roads.”This new social environment created a need for general relief.The Northern Song government(960-1127 CE),especially during the reign of Emperor Huizong,established an innovative public health system to address this issue.The public health system included poorhouses,public hospitals,and pauper’s cemeteries.The first were more of charity organizations,whereas the latter two promoted public health by providing medical services for the poor and burial for those that nobody cared for.In terms of rationale behind these institutions,on the one hand,they constituted an attempt to get the poor and homeless off the streets while providing them relief or burial.On the other hand,it seems that Huizong’s deep concern with medicine propelled him to design and implement a comprehensive public health system oriented to prevent contagion and outbreak of epidemics.This article depicts the background,the organization,and the functions of the system.The article also discusses the conditions and reasons that gave rise to such a unique undertaking by the Northern Song government.

Functions of Karez to Xinjiang Agriculture in the Qing Dynasty from the Perspective of Historical Documents

Desertification is increasingly serious in Xinjiang,and the construction of water conservancy is a precondition for the development of agriculture.The main project for the development of agriculture and water conservancy in Xinjiang is to build Karez,which played a vital role in the development of Xinjiang agriculture in the Qing Dynasty.It has been recorded many times in historical documents of the Qing Dynasty,such as Lin Zexu s Diary,Tao Baolian s Diary,Xinjiang Atlas and Zuo Zongtang s Memorial to the Emperor,etc.,which recorded the situation and historical origin of Karez.Karez made a significant contribution to the development of agriculture in the Qing Dynasty.It increased the cultivated land in Xinjiang at that time,and increased the types and yields of crops.It is conducive to the stability and development of Xinjiang s economy.Until today,Karez is still an important water source for agricultural irrigation in Xinjiang.

Looking up Prescriptions to Treat Infectious Disease:Anti-epidemic Books of Medical Formularies and Epidemic Prevention and Control in the Qing Dynasty

Copying,compiling,publishing,disseminating,and referencing anti-epidemic books of medical formularies were common activities during the outbreak of epidemics in the Qing dynasty.Its emergence,motivated by epidemic disease again and again,was important component parts of epidemic prevention and control.They played a unique role as media on affairs such as treating patients suffering from infectious diseases,mobilizing peoples to make contributions to anti-epidemic activities,integrating and popularizing knowledge of epidemic prevention.Anti-epidemic books of medical formularies were important to link peoples,things,and substances related with epidemic prevention and control,and were a kind of motivation to actively deal with the infectious disease,control the epidemic,and maintain health.Compared to other common measures,anti-epidemic books of medical formularies participated in many prevention and control practices deeply,which actually built a low cost,spontaneous,dispersed and non-institutional system to respond to epidemic,and the system had characteristics of stronger conductibility,bigger coverage area,and better external benefits.

Identification of 13th-14th Century Chinese Handmade Paper Fibers Collected in Yuan Dynasty Paper Currencies

The earliest paper currencies in existence in China were handcrafted during the Yuan dynasty.These currencies were scientifically excavated from different ruins or tombs,whereas scientific analyses of the papers are rare.This study used optical and scanning electron microscopy to examine the fibers collected in Yuan dynasty paper currencies in conjunction with the Herzberg staining method.Despite differences in circulation period,paper fibers in both Zhi Yuan Tong Xing Bao Chao(two Guan)and Zhong Tong Yuan Bao Jiao Chao(one Guan and 500 Wen,issued in Zhi Zheng period)were identified as similar papermaking materials,bast fibers of mulberry bark.The results indicate that mulberry bark,a durable papermaking material used since ancient times,was mainly utilized as a raw material in these Yuan dynasty paper currency.This fiber identification work solved the critical problem of papermaking material in the Yuan dynasty paper currency and provided important information for conserving these precious cultural relics.

A New Inquiry Into the Contents of the Late Qing Dynasty Pictorial News Publication-The Core of “Entertainment Life” in Dianshizhai Pictorial

After the opening of ports in the late Qing Dynasty,Western culture was introduced into China.The local entertainment life presented the phenomenon of the coexistence of the East and the West.A large number of folk entertainment activities were recorded in the Dianshizhai Pictorial which have the function of cultural choice and value dissemination as well as current affairs.This research attempts to use literary analysis and case study to collate the entertainment life in the Dianshizhai Pictorial,combing the characteristics of the late Qing dynasty,and summarizing the value of entertainment in Dianshizhai Pictorial publishing.

A Study on the“Social Behavior”of Zen Poetry Culture:A Case Study of the Sui and Tang Dynasties

During the Sui and Tang dynasties,Buddhism and Zen poetry underwent great development.Zen poetry is diverse in form,strong in personality,and high in achievement.Among the types of Zen poetry are poems,lyrics,and prose,some of which have social attributes closely related to the development of Chinese Buddhism.An analysis reveals that the viewpoints and information conveyed in these poems,lyrics,and prose are positively correlated with the attitudes of the emperors towards Buddhism.When the attitude of the emperor towards Buddhism reached its peak of positivity during the Tang dynasty,there was a change towards a negative correlation with the viewpoints expressed in poetry.

On the Aesthetic Wonder and Unity at the Peak of Literary Theory in the Six Dynasties Key

The study found that the classics born during the turbulent Six Dynasties period,starting from Cao Pi’s“The Classics”to“Wen Fu”,“Wen Xin Diao Long”,“Shipin”and other classics,can all be analyzed to have a common origin.Attributes,that is,the philosophical strategy of dualistic isomorphism of explicit and implicit,is also a pattern;it can be proven that this is the philosophical key to interpreting and studying the classics of the Six Dynasties.It not only governs many aesthetic principles and aesthetic methods,but also emphasizes the need to transcend the appearance of current existence,transcend the current utilitarianism,and pay attention to the hidden and non-existent,just like paying attention to dark matter and antimatter in the universe.Pay attention to the origin of Shipin and expand aesthetic horizons;this philosophical secret not only exists in the classics of the Six Dynasties,it has its unity,graphics and vitality,as well as its historical inheritance and continuous operation.Its trajectory marks the context of literary theory and aesthetics;the modern construction of contemporary literary theory must be based on its operating trends.Only by transcending all utilitarianism can we better demonstrate the natural characteristics of Chinese tradition such as nationality.Otherwise,literary theory,aesthetics,and philosophy will not be self-consistent.

Review of Dietary Therapy Development in Ming and Qing Dynasties

In the Ming and Qing Dynasties,with the development of politics,economy and culture,the development of health maintenance of traditional Chinese medicine entered a heyday.Food therapy is an important part of the health theory of traditional Chinese medicine.In the 5,000 years of Chinese civilization,you can see the record of food therapy everywhere.It can be said that food therapy of traditional Chinese medicine develops together with traditional Chinese medicine.As a treasure in the treasure-house of Chinese medicine,food therapy has a long history and rich practice.Based on the current research,further research on relevant theories remains to be carried out.Focusing on the historical period of Ming and Qing dynasties,this paper takes the works related to food,nutrition and therapy(including general works and monographs on diet),the health thoughts and practice characteristics of representative health practitioners as the research perspective,and sorts out the above research contents in the past 20 years,analyzes the research overview and trend.It is found that in the study of food nourishing in Ming and Qing dynasties,there are few studies on the contents of diet nourishing in the general works.This suggests that when we study the development of diet nourishing in Ming and Qing Dynasties,we should not only study the monograph of diet nourishing and the thoughts of doctors,but also pay attention to the diet nourishing thought reflected in the general works.The study of diet monographs in Ming Dynasty mainly focused on the textual research of wild plants,and the study of diet monographs in Qing Dynasty mainly focused on the application.The study on the health care thought of doctors in Ming and Qing Dynasties mainly focused on the views of food nourishing and personal health care.These studies are summarized in order to provide reference for further theoretical research and provide reference for contemporary research on food nourishing diet.

Contribution and Modern Public Debt:On the Nature of Patriotic Public Debt in the Late Qing Dynasty and the Early Republic of China

There are different opinions about the first modern domestic debt in China.The theorists judge whether a certain public debt has modernity according to whether it has modern public debt form,ignoring the inconsistency between form and content,institutional provisions and actual implementation.The modern nature of public debt must have both the form and content of modern public debt.Based on the analysis of the issuing background,system design,collection and repayment of patriotic bonds in the late Qing Dynasty and the early Republic of China,it is considered that the part of patriotic bonds subscribed by the Qing royal family is still the nature of donation and return,while the part subscribed by ordinary businessmen and people in the early Republic of China has a modern nature.The dual nature of patriotic bonds is closely related to the social background when the bonds are issued.

南宋和元代龙泉窑粉青瓷釉色比较研究

为了研究南宋与元代龙泉粉青瓷釉呈色机理,采用colorimeter,XRF,XRD,Raman spectrometer,XPS等对南宋和元代龙泉粉青瓷釉进行对比分析。结果表明,南宋粉青瓷L*值大于元代,而a*、b*值小于元代粉青瓷。南宋粉青瓷的烧成温度低于元代。龙泉粉青瓷乳浊如玉的质感主要是受釉层内小而密集气泡与大量石英晶体对光的影响所致。Fe2O3的化学色主导了龙泉青瓷的呈色,且南宋粉青瓷的Fe2+与Fe3+的比值高于元代粉青瓷,是南宋粉青瓷偏蓝而元代粉青瓷偏绿的主要原因。

《碛砂藏》随函音义甾思韵考

《碛砂藏》的随函音义作于宋初,其中止摄开口精、庄组字改良切下字,比例超过90%(少数特殊情况除外),而且完全不作其他字的切下字,反映甾思韵已经独立。甾思韵的性质大概是舌尖元音,有?、?两个条件变体,分别出现在精、庄组声母之后。甾思韵进一步发展,则为《韵会》的赀字母韵,演变路径与《中原音韵》的支思韵不同。

唐朝初期中原与吐蕃佛教交融依存语境解读

吐蕃与唐朝因中原佛教结缘,而双方的交融依存发端于唐朝重启了儒家孟子性善论仁道思想,摒弃了过去天赋神权论的儒家思想。儒学扬弃之后在唐朝初期强调“仁”道,唐朝因“仁”和合吐蕃,佛教的中国化也在唐朝初期有了新的面目:“提倡众生平等”。儒学的“仁”转化为佛学的“众生平等”理念,形成了吐蕃与中原的基本交往范式,即以佛教为抓手,而以借鉴唐朝的基本思想为内容的事实。这也说明佛教在唐朝真正开始中原化了,而佛教在吐蕃还远未开始吐蕃化,文成公主入藏意味着吐蕃与中原启动了交往交流交融的加速模式。

夏代王朝体制的建立与内外服制的形成

尧舜禹时代洪水迫使长江、黄河、淮河、济河下游的人群向中原迁徙,奠定了中原的中心地位。在治水的过程中,人们逐渐建立起跨地域跨血缘的政治联盟,并向早期国家发展。禹和启在早期国家的基础上,经过强化天下共主观念,建立起中央王朝。早期中央王朝缺乏强制力和控制力,只能依据地域和融合程度确定中央与地方的关系,由此形成了内外服制。

明代文化及其历史定位

明代物质文化与精神文化双峰并峙,共开繁花。正德时期是明代文化变迁的分水岭。明代文化的动态变迁分为三个时期:一是程朱理学一统与明初文化的保守期;二是王学崛起与市民文化的形成期;三是“实学”思潮兴盛与知识阶层的内在反思期。明代堪称最有活力、多样性且具解放精神的时代,文化呈现出多元纷呈的景象,进而形塑成以个性张扬、人文主义、市民文化为主要表征的“明型文化”。在近代化的历史进程中,明代文化不但是中国文化近代化的起始,有着与世界文化进程合辙的面向;而且有不同于他者文化的独特个性,在近代化进程中展现出本土化的特色。

17世纪以降中日“脱夷”思想的形成与影响

明清鼎革之后,中日两国围绕着“华夷之辨”而展开“脱夷”思想的建构。一方面,清统治阶层通过构建“华夷一家”而消弭“华夷之辨”的紧张性,为其统治中国提供了学理依据;一方面,日本江户学人则视中国内地发生了“华夷变态”,并由此塑造“日本为中华”的优越论。这两种似同实异的“脱夷”思想更间接影响了西方“民族观”在近代中日的传播与演变。换言之,近代中日两国对西方“民族”观念的不同接受历程,正是明清鼎革后中日“脱夷”思想在近代的回响。

阳关:西汉经敦煌郡与西域间交流交往的关隘——基于史籍与出土文献的考察

西汉敦煌郡阳关、玉门关的命名与设置布局应是仿照中原关隘布局而来的,即复制或者移植了中原地区的关隘名称与布局。而悬泉汉简所载“敦煌塞”很可能就是指阳关一带的边塞,也即阳关都尉所辖边塞。阳关是西汉中原前往西域地区使用最多的关隘。西汉敦煌郡九置组成的邮驿系统向东可通达长安,向西从最西端的龙勒置就近经由阳关出塞,又经文候鄣可抵达鄯善国伊循城,至此连接西域南道。这条阳关通道相对玉门关通道更便于通行,因而,阳关通道是文书传送之路,也是戍卒、施刑士来往之路,还是西汉与西域间通使、通商之路。因此,阳关应当是为了与西域诸国通使通商需要而设置的关隘,此后成为西汉中原与西域交流交往交融的一扇大门。

唐朝“大一统”的空间叙事——基于《新唐书·地理志》的研究

“大一统”是中国学术界的重要议题,但对唐朝“大一统”的讨论,现有研究主要是从思想阐释层面展开,从空间叙事角度表达唐朝“大一统”历史形态的研究不多。《新唐书·地理志》对唐朝疆域范围、交通道路、户数人口、政区沿革等方面的详细记载为我们解释唐朝“大一统”提供了空间维度的观察路径与文献基础。唐朝“郡县天下-羁縻府州-文化边疆”的空间结构不仅改变了秦汉以来的“大一统”空间叙事,而且在具体实践上,唐朝所形成的“大一统”是沟通中央与地方、维系中心与边疆、涵盖中国境内与域外世界的整体性叙事。正是基于“大一统”的空间叙事,使得中国疆域具有了超越具体朝代的稳定性,成为现代中国疆域叙事体系的重要内容之一。

论秦朝对东北地区的统治及影响

公元前221年秦灭六国,建立起我国历史上第一个中央集权的王朝。秦始皇废封建,立郡县,统一了文字和度量衡等。秦朝对东北地区的统治和管理虽然仅15年左右,但因为继承了燕国原已奠定的基础,遂能以其强大的国家施政能力,把东北地区更紧密地纳入到我国多民族国家的统一整体中,为后世东北地区政治、经济、文化的发展奠定了坚实基础,也为中原文化的东传拓宽了传播的渠道。

晚清国人对机器制茶的认知与接受

晚清时期,国人对机器制茶的认知经历了由浅入深的过程,对机器制茶的接受程度也由低到高。19世纪80年代后期,华茶贸易危机初现,国人开始了对机器制茶的探讨,此时国人对这一新的生产方式认识尚浅,意见存在分歧。19世纪末,报刊媒体的介绍使国人对机器制茶的认识有所深化,对机器制茶的倡导成为中国茶业改良思想的一个重要部分,政府和商人开始了机器制茶的尝试,但不少人仍对机器制茶存有疑虑。20世纪初的清朝新政时期,对国外的考察进一步增强了国人对机器制茶的认知,机器制茶被视为振兴茶业、挽回利权的必要手段。虽然出于种种原因,晚清机器制茶的实践十分有限,但国人对机器制茶的认知与接受过程反映了其对待新的外来科技积极开放与谨慎理性的双重态度,为中国茶业的近代化发展奠定了一定的基础。