Security Vulnerability Analyses of Large Language Models (LLMs) through Extension of the Common Vulnerability Scoring System (CVSS) Framework

Large Language Models (LLMs) have revolutionized Generative Artificial Intelligence (GenAI) tasks, becoming an integral part of various applications in society, including text generation, translation, summarization, and more. However, their widespread usage emphasizes the critical need to enhance their security posture to ensure the integrity and reliability of their outputs and minimize harmful effects. Prompt injections and training data poisoning attacks are two of the most prominent vulnerabilities in LLMs, which could potentially lead to unpredictable and undesirable behaviors, such as biased outputs, misinformation propagation, and even malicious content generation. The Common Vulnerability Scoring System (CVSS) framework provides a standardized approach to capturing the principal characteristics of vulnerabilities, facilitating a deeper understanding of their severity within the security and AI communities. By extending the current CVSS framework, we generate scores for these vulnerabilities such that organizations can prioritize mitigation efforts, allocate resources effectively, and implement targeted security measures to defend against potential risks.

基于E-Model的语音帧分组传输性能研究

voIP的语音帧分组大小是实时语音传输的关键参数。为提高网络效率和最大话路数,采用EModel的方法分析了RTP包中语音帧个数、语音长度、丢包概率和抖动缓冲区大小对语音质量的影响,给出了不同带宽时的最佳传输分组大小。仿真结果表明,在保证最基本的话音质量情况下,为不同链路确定合适的分组语音帧数能有效提高链路的最大话路数。

基于Model/View/Controller的电子商务研究

分析了传统电子商务系统的缺陷 ,电子商务发展趋势 ,分析了M/V/C(Model/View/Controller)技术 ,提出了基于M/V/C电子商务并且分析了其体系结构及框架结构 ,以及在此框架之上构建电子商务的方法。

引入包分析的E-Model语音质量评价模型改进

为了能够更加准确地评价语音包丢失对基于IP的语音传输(voice over internet protocol,Vo IP)的语音质量的损伤,对ITU-T G.107建议书提出的语音质量预测模型E-Model中计算丢包与编码造成的损伤Ie-eff的方法作出改进,在综合考虑语音包的内部特性和存在突发连续丢包情况后,提出利用在固定语音长度下,语音实际损失时间Tloss来衡量语音包丢失造成的语音损伤。仿真结果表明,相比原有模型,改进后的模型得到的语音质量评分同主观语音质量评估方法(perceptual evaluation of speech quality,PESQ)评分相比,皮尔森相关系数平均提高了0.045 8,均方根误差平均降低了0.053 4,改进后的E-Model模型在评价语音质量时与PESQ更具有一致性,可以更为准确地预测Vo IP通信的语音质量。

基于SEM-ANN的数字人民币使用意愿影响因素研究

数字人民币是重塑我国支付新格局、加速数字经济进程的重要载体,但在用户推广方面仍存在诸多阻力,从用户的视角探究数字人民币使用意愿的影响因素具有重要的意义。本文以数字人民币为研究对象,在UTAUT2模型的基础上结合数字人民币的特点,构建数字人民币使用意愿理论模型;进而,以数字人民币首批试点城市的用户数据为样本,综合运用PLS-SEM和SEM-ANN方法实证分析数字人民币使用意愿的影响因素。结果表明,基于SEM的数字人民币使用意愿模型具有较好的解释和预测能力;信任、习惯、价格价值和社会影响对数字人民币使用意愿具有显著正向影响,而绩效期望、努力期望和创新意识对数字人民币使用意愿的影响不显著;此外,在作为调节变量的个人特征方面,价格价值与数字人民币使用意愿的关系受性别因素的调节;经验对价格价值、习惯、社会影响、信任与用户使用意愿的关系均具有调节作用;将结构方程模型与人工神经网络相结合能够提升模型的预测精度,并且影响因素的重要性有所改变,习惯最为重要、信任次之,其次为社会影响和价格价值。

RCEP协定下跨境电商对贸易影响的时间差异性研究

为了拓宽双循环渠道,打开外循环新思路,以中国与RCEP成员国在2010年至2021年间进出口面板数据结合中国跨境电商交易额建立VAR模型,研究跨境电子商务发展对我国进出口贸易的动态影响。结果表明,在长期,跨境电商的发展使得发展中国家与我国双边贸易弹性系数高于发达国家,跨境电商的发展有利于我国同发展中国家进行贸易往来;在短期,跨境电商的发展对中国与韩国等部分国家的进出口存在逐渐增强的正向影响;跨境电商的发展对我国与多国贸易存在双向动态交互关系。

基于ADDIE模型的沉浸式电子商务教学实践探索

我国电子商务行业方兴未艾,其专业人才的需求旺盛,因而许多高职院校都开设有电子商务专业。但与此同时,高职电子商务专业的毕业生往往就业率偏低且专业不对口的问题一直存在。不少民营企业来校园招聘电子商务人才往往找不到匹配工作岗位的人才。本文分析了造成这样问题的原因,并提出了通过ADDIE模型进行沉浸式教学设计的应对措施。

载脂蛋白E联合临床相关指标预测阿尔兹海默病模型的建立与验证

目的 以载脂蛋白E(ApoE)为基础,结合阿尔茨海默病发病危险因素及临床常见指标,构建阿尔兹海默病发病风险的临床预测模型。方法 从南京市中医院大数据平台中,检索时间为2019年1月至2021年1月两年时间内,阿尔兹海默病患者61例,模糊匹配健康体检者111例。利用LASSO回归筛选危险因素,构建logistic回归预测模型,10折交叉进行区分度验证,bootstrap法进行校准度验证,临床决策曲线评判预测模型的临床指导性,最后以列线图可视化呈现临床预测模型。结果 筛选出12个变量,最终纳入4个危险因素:年龄、游离三碘甲状腺素(FT3)、性别、ApoE。全样本ROC曲线下面积为0.879,10折交叉9次验证后ROC曲线下平均面积为0.864;采用Bootstrap法抽样及Hosmer-Lemeshow校准度检验,结果χ^(2)=6.496,P=0.592>0.05。临床决策曲线阈值概率区间为1%~88.6%。结论 利用年龄、游离三碘甲状腺素、性别、 ApoE构建的临床预测模型对患者进行个体化评估,可以预警阿尔兹海默病,开展早期预防干预,减缓该病的发生发展。

贸易便利化对我国跨境电商发展的影响研究——基于RCEP成员国的分析

RCEP的生效标志着全球经贸规模最大、最具发展潜力的自由贸易区的正式落地,将为其成员国的外贸增长提供新动能。在疫情的冲击及贸易保护主义抬头的背景下,跨境电商仍然表现出强劲的增长韧性,但其作为新兴业态模式,仍面临着贸易非便利因素的阻碍。本文聚焦于贸易便利化以及各因素对跨境电商进出口发展的影响。运用主成分分析法建立贸易便利化综合评价体系,并对RCEP成员国2012—2019年的贸易便利化水平进行测度,比较成员国各项贸易便利化水平指标差异,随后基于修正后的引力模型对RCEP成员国2012—2019年的面板数据进行回归。研究表明,贸易便利化能够显著促进跨境电商进出口的发展,其效应要强于关税水平,且对出口端的影响更大;文化距离在跨境电商业态中的影响要强于地理距离。分指标回归的结果显示,在贸易便利化下的四个一级指标中,金融与电子商务对跨境电商发展的影响最大。基于以上实证结果,本文为中国推进RCEP贸易便利化建设提供新思路。

Numerical modeling of flow in continuous bends from Daliushu to Shapotou in Yellow River

The upper reach of the Yellow River from Daliushu to Shapotou consists of five bends and has complex topography. A two-dimensional Re-Normalisation Group （RNG） k-ε model was developed to simulate the flow in the reach. In order to take the circulation currents in the bends into account, the momentum equations were improved by adding an additional source term. Comparison of the numerical simulation with field measurements indicates that the improved two-dimensional depth-averaged RNG k-e model can improve the accuracy of the numerical simulation. A rapid adaptive algorithm was constructed, which can automatically adjust Manning＇s roughness coefficient in different parts of the study river reach. As a result, not only can the trial computation time be significantly shortened, but the accuracy of the numerical simulation can also be greatly improved. Comparison of the simulated and measured water surface slopes for four typical cases shows that the longitudinal and transverse slopes of the water surface increase with the average velocity upstream. In addition, comparison was made between the positions of the talweg and the main streamline, which coincide for most of the study river reach. However, deviations between the positions of the talweg and the main streamline were found at the junction of two bends, at the position where the river width suddenly decreases or increases.

Models for predicting hepatitis B e antigen seroconversion in response to interferon-α in chronic hepatitis B patients

AIM:To develop models to predict hepatitis B e antigen(HBe Ag)seroconversion in response to interferon(IFN)-αtreatment in chronic hepatitis B patients.METHODS:We enrolled 147 treatment-nave HBe Agpositive chronic hepatitis B patients in China and analyzed variables after initiating IFN-α1b treatment.Patients were tested for serum alanine aminotransferase(ALT),hepatitis B virus-DNA,hepatitis B surface antigen(HBs Ag),antibody to hepatitis B surface antigen,HBe Ag,antibody to hepatitis B e antigen(anti-HBe),and antibody to hepatitis B core antigen(anti-HBc)at baseline and 12 wk,24 wk,and 52 wk after initiating treatment.We performed univariate analysis to identify response predictors among the variables.Multivariate models to predict treatment response were constructed at baseline,12 wk,and 24 wk.RESULTS:At baseline,the 3 factors correlating most with HBe Ag seroconversion were serum ALT level>4×the upper limit of normal(ULN),HBe Ag≤500 S/CO,and anti-HBc>11.4 S/CO.At 12 wk,the 3 factors most associated with HBe Ag seroconversion were HBe Ag level≤250 S/CO,decline in HBe Ag>1 log10 S/CO,and anti-HBc>11.8 S/CO.At 24 wk,the 3 factors most associated with HBe Ag seroconversion were HBe Ag level≤5 S/CO,anti-HBc>11.4 S/CO,and decline in HBe Ag>2 log10 S/CO.Each variable was assigned a score of1,a score of 0 was given if patients did not have any of the 3 variables.The 3 factors most strongly correlating with HBe Ag seroconversion at each time point were used to build models to predict the outcome after IFN-αtreatment.When the score was 3,the response rates at the 3 time points were 57.7%,83.3%,and 84.0%,respectively.When the score was 0,the response rates were 2.9%,0.0%,and 2.1%,respectively.CONCLUSION:Models with good negative and positive predictive values were developed to calculate the probability of response to IFN-αtherapy.

Willingness of Agricultural Workers to Conduct E-commerce of Agricultural Products Based on GEM Model

At present,the development of e-commerce is slow for agricultural products in China. Taking agricultural workers as the research object,this paper analyzed factors influencing the implementation of e-commerce of agricultural products. Besides,from the enterprise status,market conditions,and groundings,with the aid of the GEM( Groundings-Enterprises-Markets) model,it evaluated the factors influencing the development of e-commerce of agricultural products. Then,using SPSS software,it analyzed factors and came up with improvement recommendations. The results show that 59% of the respondents are willing to conduct e-commerce,and the status of the enterprises,market conditions and groundings are main factors influencing the implementation of e-commerce of agricultural products. Therefore,it is required to increase industrial concentration,promote cooperation between small and medium-sized enterprises( SMEs),and strengthen infrastructure construction,so as to promote the development of e-commerce of agricultural products.

基于E-WOA与AnyLogic耦合的土石方调配机械配置优化

机械配置是土石方调配工程的核心,合理的机械配置是工程施工成本、进度和质量的有效保障。为了精确、高效地寻求出最优的机械配置方案,提出了增强型鲸鱼算法(E-WOA)与AnyLogic耦合的土石方调配机械配置优化方法。首先,通过系统分析土石方调配流程,建立总费用最小的优化模型;其次,采用AnyLogic仿真平台构建了基于多智能体的仿真模型,全面描述设备(挖掘机、自卸汽车、推土机、碾压机)、道路、平台(卸料平台、停车平台)等实体元素之间的交互关系和动态过程;最后,引入收敛速度快、全局性强的E-WOA算法与AnyLogic进行耦合,开发仿真控制器实现耦合模型对优化问题的求解,并结合工程实例进行了分析。结果表明该方法可以节省11.11%的时间和27.34%的费用,为土石方调配工程施工管理决策提供借鉴。

E-Coach健康教育管理模式在护理领域的应用进展

从E-Coach健康教育管理模式的概述、常见干预形式与干预周期、在疾病护理管理中的应用效果以及未来发展趋势与建议方面进行综述,以期为E-Coach健康教育管理模式在我国的应用、发展提供借鉴。

QoE-driven voice quality evaluation model of VoIP based on network simulation

The quality of experience（ QoE） evaluation model for voice over IP（ VoI P） service is studied to analyze the impact of network parameters on voice quality and monitor voice quality in real-time for operators.Firstly,the influence of some network parameters on the voice quality of VoI P is investigated. Then,a simulation platform for VoI P transmission is built to collect voice data under different network enviornments. According to the simulation results,a new mapping model between these arguments and VoI P voice quality is deduced. Finally,the accuracy of this voice quality evaluation model is examined and the results demanstrate that it has high reliability and feasibility.

A Study on the Application Model of B2B E-Commerce in the Agricultural Sector

There are two main application models of B2B e-commerce, which are best suitable for agricultural sector. One is the e-market intermediation model (EMIM), and the other is the Integrative content center model (ICCM). Based on the analysis of these two models in application field of agriculture, a conclusion is drawn that these two models will be the main application ones of agricultural e-commerce at present, while ICCM will be a transition from local e-commerce to integrative e-commerce. The future development of agricultural e-commerce will follow the direction of integrative e-commerce which is based on the supply chain model on the E-Hubs. And a new framework of integrative e-commerce is presented as a conclusion at last.

Study on the Recommended Model Based on Personal Information System

This paper classifies the scenario elements which affect the real-time information needs of mobile commerce users, and proposes a nomination model that integrates the user’s personalized context elements. In this model, the top K scenarios that have the greatest impact on each user’s instant information demands are calculated from the user’s current scenario and historical data, thereby constructing a user personalized situation and improving it as an input condition that existing scenario-based multi-dimensional information recommendation algorithm is used for project nomination. Result/Conclusion: The improved algorithm and other three algorithms were compared by Movie lens and MBook Crossing dataset. The experimental results show that the model has higher prediction accuracy and can effectively improve user satisfaction and more effectively and solve personalized nomination issues in a mobile commerce environment.

A Role-Based PMI Security Model for E-Government

We introduce the general AC( atlribure certificate), the role specificationAC and the rolt assignment AC We discuss the rolt-based PMI(Privilege Management Infrastructure)architecture. The role-based PMT(Public-Kty In-frastructure) secure model forE-govcrnment isresearehed by combining the role-bastd PMI with PKI architeclure (Public Key Infrastructure). Themodel has advantages of flexibility, convenience, less storage space and less network consumptionetc. We are going to ust iht secure modelin the E-govern-ment system.

Simulation of a Daily Precipitation Time Series Using a Stochastic Model with Filtering

After we modified raw data for anomalies, we conducted spectral analysis using the data. In the frequency, the spectrum is best described by a decaying exponential function. For this reason, stochastic models characterized by a spectrum attenuated according to a power law cannot be used to model precipitation anomaly. We introduced a new model, the e-model, which properly reproduces the spectrum of the precipitation anomaly. After using the data to infer the parameter values of the e-model, we used the e-model to generate synthetic daily precipitation time series. Comparison with recorded data shows a good agreement. This e-model resembles fractional Brown motion (fBm)/fractional Lévy motion (fLm), especially the spectral method. That is, we transform white noise Xt to the precipitation daily time series. Our analyses show that the frequency of extreme precipitation events is best described by a Lévy law and cannot be accounted with a Gaussian distribution.

A Research on the E-commerce Applied to the Construction of Marketing Model

The function of E-commerce is becoming more and more widely applied to many fields,which bring about some new challenges and opportunities for the construction of marketing model.It is proved that the more E-com- merce applied to the construction of marketing,the more precision of forecast for the enterprises can acquire,which is very helpful for the production and marketing of enterprises.Therefore,the research on the E-commerce applied to the construction of marketing is popular today.This paper applie...