你也许注意到人力-电动混合型自行车的数量在增加。找出一个合适的名称来区分不同类型的自行车变得越来越困难。至此,你已听到电动自行车(electric bicycles),电动车(e-bikes),电动助力自行车(electric Power Assisted Cycles缩写为EPA...你也许注意到人力-电动混合型自行车的数量在增加。找出一个合适的名称来区分不同类型的自行车变得越来越困难。至此,你已听到电动自行车(electric bicycles),电动车(e-bikes),电动助力自行车(electric Power Assisted Cycles缩写为EPACs)及电控自行车(Electronic Bike)。你能说出它们之间的区别吗?展开更多
There are obstacles to the widespread use of small electric vehicles(EVs)in Rwanda,including concerns regarding the battery range and lifespan.Lithium-ion batteries(LIBs)play an important role in EVs.However,their per...There are obstacles to the widespread use of small electric vehicles(EVs)in Rwanda,including concerns regarding the battery range and lifespan.Lithium-ion batteries(LIBs)play an important role in EVs.However,their performance declines over time because of several factors.To optimize battery management systems and extend the range of EVs in Rwanda,it is essential to understand the influence of the driving profiles on lithium-ion battery degradation.This study analyzed the degradation patterns of a lithium-ion battery cell that propels an E-bike using various real-world E-bike driving cycles that represent Rwandan driving conditions under deep discharge(>80%).By being aware of these variables,battery failure can be slowed and improved battery performance can be achieved to promote the transition to cleaner transportation in Rwanda for the productive use of energy.The analyzed parameters that affect battery performance are temperature,driving cycles,and state of charge.It was found that the higher the temperature,the higher was the rate of fading.On the other hand,the EVs that operate in the region with higher elevation(hilly region)combined with a flat surface where the riders use their physical forces to propel the E-bike and their batteries lose their capacity rapidly compared to those operating in regions where the energy from the lithium-ion battery assists for the entire mileage.By draining the battery to 10%and charging it to 90%of its initial capacity,the capacity fading decreased by 5%.展开更多
Sustainable and practical personal mobility solutions for campus environments have traditionally revolved around the use of bicycles, or provision of pedestrian facilities. However many campus environments also experi...Sustainable and practical personal mobility solutions for campus environments have traditionally revolved around the use of bicycles, or provision of pedestrian facilities. However many campus environments also experience traffic congestion, parking difficulties and pollution from fossil-fuelled vehicles. It appears that pedal power alone has not been sufficient to supplant the use of petrol and diesel vehicles to date, and therefore it is opportune to investigate both the reasons behind the continual use of environmentally unfriendly transport, and consider potential solutions. This paper presents the results from a year-long study into electric bicycle effectiveness for a large tropical campus, identifying barriers to bicycle use that can be overcome through the availability of public use electric bicycles.展开更多
Objectives:Electric bikes(e-bikes)are widely used for commuting and delivery in China.With the rapid increase in e-bikes on the road,related accidents have become crucial issues threatening the public.This research ai...Objectives:Electric bikes(e-bikes)are widely used for commuting and delivery in China.With the rapid increase in e-bikes on the road,related accidents have become crucial issues threatening the public.This research aims to explore the protective effect of helmet-wearing regulation and to investigate some factors influencing head injury with reference to two case cities in China,obtaining information to protect e-bike riders.Methods:The traffic police-reported crash data cover the periods before and after the implementation of helmet-wearing regulations in Taizhou(with data from 2017 to 2019)and Nanning(with data in 2020)of China.Preliminary statistical analysis,logistic regression and chi-square test with a Bonferroni correction were applied in the research.Results:A lack of helmets was common among victims in the context of a high helmet-wearing rate among general e-bike riders in Taizhou,indicating that fatality could be avoided to some extent by wearing helmets.Specifically,helmet wearing could reduce the probability of suffering fatal head injury by 6.4%.After the regulation implementation in Taizhou,the proportion of fatal head injuries decreased from 89%to 79%,remaining at a high level,which indicates that other measures in addition to helmet-wearing regulations should be taken.According to the results from Nanning,mandatory regulation worked more effectively than encouraged regulation in terms of reducing head injury.Conclusions:Mandatory helmet-wearing regulations are highly recommended to policymakers to reduce head injury among e-bike riders.Measures in addition to helmet-wearing regulation,e.g.enhancing law-abiding awareness and improving road infrastructure,should be considered to further protect e-bike riders.展开更多
The rapid development of the delivery industry brings convenience to modern society.However,the high rates of crashes and the survival of electric bicycle(e-bike)riders in the delivery industry raise concerns.The prim...The rapid development of the delivery industry brings convenience to modern society.However,the high rates of crashes and the survival of electric bicycle(e-bike)riders in the delivery industry raise concerns.The primary objective of this study is to explore the factors affecting delivery e-bike riders’stressful work pressure and crash involvement in China.Data were collected by a questionnaire survey administered in the city of Ningbo,China.A bivariate ordered probit(BOP)model was developed to simultaneously examine the factors associated with both the working conditions of delivery e-bike riders and their involvement in crashes.The marginal effects for the contributory factors were calculated to quantify their impacts on the outcomes.The results showed that the BOP model can account for commonly unobserved characteristics of the working conditions and crash involvement of delivery e-bike riders.The BOP model results showed that the stressful working conditions of delivery e-bike riders were affected by the number of orders and delivery time and rider age and risky riding behaviors.Delivery rider involvement in crashes was affected by the number of orders,strength of the punishment for traffic violations,and familiarity with traffic regulations.It was also found that stressful working conditions and crash involvement were strongly and positively correlated.The findings of this study can enhance our understanding of the factors that affect the working conditions and delivery rider crash involvement.Based on the results,some suggestions regarding public policy,risky riding behaviors,safety promotion,and stronger corporate governance rules were discussed to increase the targeted safety-related interventions for delivery ebike riders in Ningbo,China.展开更多
基金supported by the Global Challenges Research Fund(GCRF)through the Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council UK under project RENGA(EP/R030235/1)It was also funded by the African Center of Excellence in Energy for Sustainable Development(ACE-ESD)under the University of Rwanda,College of Science and Technology.
文摘There are obstacles to the widespread use of small electric vehicles(EVs)in Rwanda,including concerns regarding the battery range and lifespan.Lithium-ion batteries(LIBs)play an important role in EVs.However,their performance declines over time because of several factors.To optimize battery management systems and extend the range of EVs in Rwanda,it is essential to understand the influence of the driving profiles on lithium-ion battery degradation.This study analyzed the degradation patterns of a lithium-ion battery cell that propels an E-bike using various real-world E-bike driving cycles that represent Rwandan driving conditions under deep discharge(>80%).By being aware of these variables,battery failure can be slowed and improved battery performance can be achieved to promote the transition to cleaner transportation in Rwanda for the productive use of energy.The analyzed parameters that affect battery performance are temperature,driving cycles,and state of charge.It was found that the higher the temperature,the higher was the rate of fading.On the other hand,the EVs that operate in the region with higher elevation(hilly region)combined with a flat surface where the riders use their physical forces to propel the E-bike and their batteries lose their capacity rapidly compared to those operating in regions where the energy from the lithium-ion battery assists for the entire mileage.By draining the battery to 10%and charging it to 90%of its initial capacity,the capacity fading decreased by 5%.
文摘Sustainable and practical personal mobility solutions for campus environments have traditionally revolved around the use of bicycles, or provision of pedestrian facilities. However many campus environments also experience traffic congestion, parking difficulties and pollution from fossil-fuelled vehicles. It appears that pedal power alone has not been sufficient to supplant the use of petrol and diesel vehicles to date, and therefore it is opportune to investigate both the reasons behind the continual use of environmentally unfriendly transport, and consider potential solutions. This paper presents the results from a year-long study into electric bicycle effectiveness for a large tropical campus, identifying barriers to bicycle use that can be overcome through the availability of public use electric bicycles.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant No.71871123)the Global Road Safety Partnership(GRSP)(Grant No.CHNXX-RD16-1188).
文摘Objectives:Electric bikes(e-bikes)are widely used for commuting and delivery in China.With the rapid increase in e-bikes on the road,related accidents have become crucial issues threatening the public.This research aims to explore the protective effect of helmet-wearing regulation and to investigate some factors influencing head injury with reference to two case cities in China,obtaining information to protect e-bike riders.Methods:The traffic police-reported crash data cover the periods before and after the implementation of helmet-wearing regulations in Taizhou(with data from 2017 to 2019)and Nanning(with data in 2020)of China.Preliminary statistical analysis,logistic regression and chi-square test with a Bonferroni correction were applied in the research.Results:A lack of helmets was common among victims in the context of a high helmet-wearing rate among general e-bike riders in Taizhou,indicating that fatality could be avoided to some extent by wearing helmets.Specifically,helmet wearing could reduce the probability of suffering fatal head injury by 6.4%.After the regulation implementation in Taizhou,the proportion of fatal head injuries decreased from 89%to 79%,remaining at a high level,which indicates that other measures in addition to helmet-wearing regulations should be taken.According to the results from Nanning,mandatory regulation worked more effectively than encouraged regulation in terms of reducing head injury.Conclusions:Mandatory helmet-wearing regulations are highly recommended to policymakers to reduce head injury among e-bike riders.Measures in addition to helmet-wearing regulation,e.g.enhancing law-abiding awareness and improving road infrastructure,should be considered to further protect e-bike riders.
基金supported by Zhejiang Provincial Philosophy and Social Sciences Planning Project(21NDJC163YB,22NDJC166YB)Natural Science Foundation of China(No.52002282,52272343)Natural Science Foundation of Zhejiang Province(LY21E080010)。
文摘The rapid development of the delivery industry brings convenience to modern society.However,the high rates of crashes and the survival of electric bicycle(e-bike)riders in the delivery industry raise concerns.The primary objective of this study is to explore the factors affecting delivery e-bike riders’stressful work pressure and crash involvement in China.Data were collected by a questionnaire survey administered in the city of Ningbo,China.A bivariate ordered probit(BOP)model was developed to simultaneously examine the factors associated with both the working conditions of delivery e-bike riders and their involvement in crashes.The marginal effects for the contributory factors were calculated to quantify their impacts on the outcomes.The results showed that the BOP model can account for commonly unobserved characteristics of the working conditions and crash involvement of delivery e-bike riders.The BOP model results showed that the stressful working conditions of delivery e-bike riders were affected by the number of orders and delivery time and rider age and risky riding behaviors.Delivery rider involvement in crashes was affected by the number of orders,strength of the punishment for traffic violations,and familiarity with traffic regulations.It was also found that stressful working conditions and crash involvement were strongly and positively correlated.The findings of this study can enhance our understanding of the factors that affect the working conditions and delivery rider crash involvement.Based on the results,some suggestions regarding public policy,risky riding behaviors,safety promotion,and stronger corporate governance rules were discussed to increase the targeted safety-related interventions for delivery ebike riders in Ningbo,China.
