Intranasal administration of stem cell-derived exosomes for central nervous system diseases

Exosomes,lipid bilayer-enclosed small cellular vesicles,are actively secreted by various cells and play crucial roles in intercellular communication.These nanosized vesicles transport internalized proteins,mRNA,miRNA,and other bioactive molecules.Recent findings have provided compelling evidence that exosomes derived from stem cells hold great promise as a therapeutic modality for central nervous system disorders.These exosomes exhibit multifaceted properties including antiapoptotic,anti-inflammatory,neurogenic,and vasculogenic effects.Furthermore,exosomes offer several advantages over stem cell therapy,such as high preservation capacity,low immunogenicity,the ability to traverse the blood-brain barrier,and the potential for drug encapsulation.Consequently,researchers have turned their attention to exosomes as a novel therapeutic avenue.Nonetheless,akin to the limitations of stem cell treatment,the limited accumulation of exosomes in the injured brain poses a challenge to their clinical application.To overcome this hurdle,intranasal administration has emerged as a non-invasive and efficacious route for delivering drugs to the central nervous system.By exploiting the olfactory and trigeminal nerve axons,this approach enables the direct transport of therapeutics to the brain while bypassing the blood-brain barrier.Notably,exosomes,owing to their small size,can readily access the nerve pathways using this method.As a result,intranasal administration has gained increasing recognition as an optimal therapeutic strategy for exosomebased treatments.In this comprehensive review,we aim to provide an overview of both basic and clinical research studies investigating the intranasal administration of exosomes for the treatment of central nervous system diseases.Furthermore,we elucidate the underlying therapeutic mechanisms and offer insights into the prospect of this approach.

Reinforcing of Citizen’s Trust in E-Government: The Cameroon’s Case

The embracing of ICTs and related technologies has enhanced different approaches for governments worldwide to deliver services to their citizens in a smart way. However, the usage of e-government services by common citizens is recognized as one of the major setbacks of e-government development in both developed and developing countries. Moreover, government agencies in these countries are facing great challenges in keeping the citizens motivated enough to continue to use e-government services. This research aims to investigate the factors that influence citizens’ trust towards continue use of e-government services in Cameroon. The proposed research model consisted of three main constructs including technological, governmental, risk factors as well as six demographic characteristics (age, gender, educational level, income, internet experience and cultural perception). A five-point Likert scale questionnaire was designed to collect data physically and electronically, 352 valid questionnaires were retrieved. Simple and Multiple regression analysis methods were applied to build an adequate model based on the verification of hypotheses proposed. Based on results obtained, four demographic characteristics (age, education, occupation and income) have influence on citizens’ trust in e-government meanwhile gender and cultural affiliation have no influence. Furthermore, technological factors and governmental factors positively influence trust level in e-government, whereas risk factors have a negative influence on trust level. Deducing from the results, a list of recommendations is proposed to the government of Cameroon in order to reinforce citizens’ trust in e-government services.

The Development Trend of Enterprise Business Administration and the Innovation of Management Mode

In the context of the new period,the continuous growth of social and economic levels and the rapid update of information technology have significantly impacted the business management of Chinese enterprises,presenting substantial challenges.The intensification of market competition exerts development pressure on many enterprises,and coupled with the unstable strength of some businesses,numerous problems in business management arise.These issues hinder the smooth execution of various business activities.Therefore,it is crucial to ensure effective business administration to conduct different business activities in an orderly manner,promptly avoid adverse risks,and strengthen control over multiple factors.The innovation and improvement of business administration are of great significance for enhancing the management level and market competitiveness of modern enterprises,accelerating their healthy development,and creating numerous opportunities.Consequently,this paper analyzes and explores the development trends of enterprise business administration and the innovation of management models for reference.

Exploring Corporate Tax Compliance in the Era of Digital Tax Collection and Administration:Insights from the“Golden Tax Phase Four”Project

This article primarily examines the current state of tax collection and management,alongside other associated issues.It integrates insights from China’s“14th Five-Year Plan”and anticipates the imminent implementation of the“Golden Tax Phase Four.”With this backdrop,the article offers recommendations for advancing the reform of the tax collection and management system,fostering the development of intelligent taxation,and accelerating the modernization of tax collection and management in China.

America’s Policy towards China under Two Administrations in the Context of Great Changes: Difference, Influence and Enlightenment

Under the great changes unseen in a century,comprehensive containment and suppression of China in the name of strategic competition has become a crossparty consensus in the United States,with the Republican Trump administration initiating the process of containing and suppressing China and the Democratic Biden administration continuing and developing such a strategy.In the process of implementing this strategy,there are some diff erences in the goals and means of the two American administrations.The Trump administration was trying to“crush China”with the super strength of the United States,with more extreme and tougher means,being more unilateralist and even going so far as to launch a“new Cold War”against China.The Biden administration,on the other hand,emphasizes long-term competition with China,and focuses on“managing competition”while suppressing China,accustomed to being double-handed and using both carrot and stick.When it comes to addressing global challenges,the Republican Party completely lacks the will to cooperate with China,while the Democratic Party has a certain need for cooperation and action.

Application of Information Technology in Institutions and Challenges of Human Resources-Case Study: Administration of the Municipality of Ferizaj

This study aims to investigate how information technology is applied in the administration of the municipality of Ferizaj and what are the challenges with human resources, the work was carried out through a case study in the municipality. This paper highlights that the use of information technology provides higher efficiency for the performance of daily work in the municipality, thus also the provision of better services to citizens. However, the level of use of information technology in the Municipality of Ferizaj leaves much to be desired in terms of efficiency because a significant number of employees have not attended adequate training for the effective and efficient use of various IT applications and have not are still adapted to the digital environment in the municipality. Therefore, the recommendation derived from this paper is that the information technology environment in the municipality of Ferizaj needs to be improved by providing staff with adequate qualifications, while for those who are currently engaged in the municipality and who do not have adequate qualifications, training should be provided in a way that all users of IT applications are fully integrated into the digitized environment in order to be effective and efficient in providing services to citizens. This simultaneously gives the municipal staff job security and motivation for better services for citizens. Also, information technology enables a better control over the activity of the municipality because every action is recorded as data which can then be used to analyze the performance of the municipality.

Succession Plan for Nursing Academic Program Administrators

Leadership succession in nursing academic programs poses a significant challenge, primarily due to the limited availability of professionals with the competencies required for effective leadership [1]. This study aims to address this gap by investigating the critical factors in succession planning for nursing program administrators. The research objectives include identifying the competencies necessary for academic administrators, assessing the experience of current administrators, and developing a comprehensive succession plan framework. The research uses qualitative methods, including literature review, interviews with nursing administrators, and analysis of existing succession models. Results highlight the importance of integrating strategic planning into succession processes to ensure smooth transitions and organizational stability. Conclusions suggest that a formalized succession plan, incorporating mentorship and leadership development, can mitigate leadership gaps in nursing academia [2].

Formalizing Land Administration through E-Governance Mechanism in Sri Lanka

This paper proposes a comprehensive and practical approach to implement a land administration act in Sri Lanka followed by setting up a Land Administration Commission (LAC), which is a separate entity to maintain a Land Administration Database Management System in support of the land information collected and maintained by stakeholders who deal with matters related to land and its decision-making under e-governance concept. Also, It describes the operations of the four core functions: land tenure, land valuation, land use, and land development in land administration under a single sustainable national land policy, underpinned by spatial information under the e-Governance mechanism. Further, the paper identifies the stakeholders and their main responsibilities in each of the four core functions with the current issues in sharing information across stakeholders. Finally, the paper describes setting up a Land administration entity thereby empowering the LAC and introduces spatial information layers at different resolution levels in a centralized land administration spatial database to keep track of all land transactions carried out by each stakeholder. This approach will enable the top-level decision-making authority (the central level) to manage all land-related activities under one platform to contribute towards the sustainable land development of the country. It is proposed to implement this approach as a pilot activity in the district of Colombo and expand it in the entire country gradually with its output.

Status, Transition, and Impact of the Yoon Suk-yeol Administration’s Trade Policy with China

China is Korea’s main trade partner in East Asia and one of its key economic and trade partners worldwide.The two countries have complementary industrial structure and a long history of trade exchanges.However,against the backdrop of a return to global trade protectionism and the politicization of international affairs with Yoon Suk-yeol coming to power,South Korea has undertaken a strong trade shift toward the United States(US),triggering a change in the pattern of economic cooperation in East Asia and challenging the regional trade structure.A review of the trade policy agenda of the Yoon Suk-yeol administration toward the US and China,along with a comparative review of Korea’s foreign trade stance under Moon Jae-in,allows for an analysis of the turnaround and characteristics of Yoon’s trade policy toward China during his tenure.The implications for global trade governance and regional security are further analyzed with an aim of finding a Nash equilibrium in trade cooperation among East Asian countries.

Adjustment of Administrative Divisions and Upgrading of Industrial Structure in Hefei Metropolitan Area:Taking"Partitions of Chaohu"as a Quasi-natural Experiment

Administrative regions are an important environment for the operation of China's market economy.The relevant economic subjects cannot predict the policy of adjustment of administrative divisions and carry out conscious migration behavior,adjustment of administrative divisions can be regarded as a quasi-natural experiment.The three cities of Hefei,Wuhu,and Ma'anshan,which are directly related to the adjustment of the administrative division of Chaohu,are taken as the treatment group,and the seven adjacent cities of Lu'an,Huainan,Chuzhou,Bengbu,Anqing,Chizhou,and Tongling are taken as the control group.Differences-in-Differences method and relevant control variables affecting the upgrading of industrial structure are used to test.The test results show that"Partitions of Chaohu"has a significant industrial structure upgrading effect by promoting the optimization of spatial layout,the cross-regional flow of production factors and the effective management of Chaohu Lake Basin.At the same time,the increase of total retail sales of consumer goods,urban fixed assets investment,public utility expenses in science,education,culture and health,and population plays a significant positive role in promoting the upgrading of industrial structure,while foreign direct investment plays a certain inhibition role in the upgrading of industrial structure.In order to meet the ever-developing space demands and enhance the impact on surrounding areas,the Hefei metropolitan area should be driven by technological innovation,strengthen the integration of industrial chains,improve the business environment and transportation network,and continuously promote the upgrading of industrial structure and the formation and development of new productive forces.

Design of an E-Administration Platform and Its Cryptography-Based Security Model

E-administration is performing administrative works via computer and its associated technologies such as the Internet. It is administrative efforts that center on the exchange of information and providing services to people and the business sector at high speed and low cost through computers and networks with the assurance of maintaining information security. It is based on the positive investment in information technology and communication in administrative practices. This paper presents the design of the e-administration platform that adopts the concept of cryptography for identity management. The architectural framework of the platform comprises subcomponents for service and forms identification, business process redesign, service architecture, amalgamation, and deployment. The cryptography model for securing the platform was designed based on the combination of authentication criteria presented in the Rijndael-Advanced Encryption Standard (AES), Lattice-based cryptography (LBC), and Secure Hash Algorithm (SHA512). It is required that a record be encrypted prior to its commitment to the database via a double encryption method. The AES algorithm-based encryption’s output will form the input to the LBC algorithm to obtain the final output.

E-government maturity model and its evaluation

In order to ensure e-government construction healthily,rapidly and orderly develop,an e-government maturity model（EGMM）is proposed based on a software capability maturity model （CMM）and a project management maturity model（PMMM）. Five levels of maturity in e-government development process are constructed,which include network infrastructure,information serving,information interactive,information sharing and comprehensive integrating.An index system of e-government maturity is put forward,and then an e-government maturity levels evaluation method is presented,which can provide clear,detailed and efficient decision information and investment directions of e-government for decision-makers.The EGMM and its maturity evaluation method are helpful for improving the construction of e-government.

Effects of Oral Administration of Propylene Glycol and Ca-P-Mg Mixture on Milk Quality and SCC of Dairy Cows after Birth

In order to further study the postpartum care technology of dairy cows,the effects of oral administration of propylene glycol or Ca-P-Mg mixture and compound oral rehydration salts on milk quality and SCC of dairy cows after birth were investigated. The results showed that the milk fat and dry matter contents in the dairy cows administered with Ca-P-Mg mixture and compound oral rehydration salts were higher than those in the dairy cows administered with propylene glycol（P 〈0.05）. However, there were no significant differences in milk sugar and protein contents and SCC between the two administration groups.

Administration与Government文化语义辨析及其翻译

本文分析了英语（尤其是美国英语）中administration与government的文化语义差异，认为administration的词义核心是“行政分芰”，将administration翻译为汉语的“政府”不够妥当，该词的恰当汉译为“行府”，而government的汉译是“政府”

“行政”(administration)义考

"行政"一词是行政学的核心概念。作为一个学科,概念梳理和界定是一项基础性工作,如果概念特别是核心概念不清,学科发展必然会受到影响。本文从文字构成、词源、中英文对照的比较视角以及学科发展脉络对"行政"的含义进行考证和梳理。

Approach for analyzing,extracting and modeling e-government ontology

Taking the knowledge-intensive characteristics of governmental processes into account, an approach to analyzing, extracting and modeling e-government ontology by using both the IDEF5 ontology capture method and the web ontology language （OWL）, is presented. First, both knowledge-intensive activities and knowledge items can be identified by the analysis of governmental processes. Secondly, the IDEF5 ontology capture method is utilized to extract concepts, terms and statements from these knowledge items, which act as a starting point for ontology refinement and validation. To describe precisely the semantics of the ontologies, the OWL language is employed in our project to formally model these e-government ontologies with the help of Prot6ge-OWL tools. Finally, a case study about applying for social security cards （SSCs） in Shanghai local government is illustrated to demonstrate the effectiveness of the presented approach.

Current Issues and Development Strategies of Building the Discipline of Pharmacy Administration at Pharmacy Schools in China

The history and current status of Pharmacy Administration discipline atpharmacy schools in China are illustrated. Several current issues are explored including: (1)insufficient teaching organizations and curriculum, (2) faculty deficiency both in quantity andquality, and (3) much improvement needed in the scope, methodology, and sophistication of research.Several development strategies are formulated such as (1) integrating native education resources inorder to better foster quality professionals, (2) accelerating inter-university cooperation both inteaching and research, and (3) studying the regularites of discipline development and enhancinginternational exchange.

建立自主PKI 推进e-Government

文章通过对 PKI运行机理的安全性技术分析 ,针对 e Government的安全需求详细地阐述了构建自主 PKI的相关策略 ,并设计了一个 PKI的应用方案以供参考。

基于作者共被引的公共行政研究状况图谱分析——以《Public Administration Review》为研究对象

一门学科的发展离不开优秀专家学者的倾力支持,在公共行政学的形成和发展过程中,同样有一批优秀的公共行政学者推动了公共行政不同分支领域的衍生与发展。运用作者共被引和信息可视化方法,对权威期刊《公共行政评论》(Public Administration Review)于1975—2008年间发表的论文引文中被引频次前50名的学者进行分析。研究结果展现了公共行政领域的主要学术流派,并验证了公共行政研究确实是在沿着范式转移的轨迹更迭交替着。而这种变迁是相对的,大部分时间内,不同范式之间以及和其他学术流派之间是共存、互动甚至交融的。研究还发现,网络化治理正凭借其多中心和网络化的组织基础以及服务治理的先进理念迅速崛起,它将成为公共行政新的研究范式,而基于网络理论的公共行政理论大整合也将很有可能成为公共行政未来的研究热点。此外,实证结果与公共行政范式分类的高度相似性也充分表明了作者共被引和信息可视化方法的科学和有效,它的确为学科范式研究提供了一条定量研究的新思路和一个宏观分析的新视角。

A Comparative Analysis of the Administration of Oral Hypoglycemic Drugs in Second Affiliated Hospital of Guiyang Medical College during 2012-2014

[Objective] This study aimed to analyze the application and administration of oral hypoglycemic drugs in Second Affiliated Hospital of Guiyang Medical College,aiming at providing guidance and reference for clinical medication for treatment of diabetes.[Method] The main types,dosages and prices of oral hypoglycemic drugs in Second Affiliated Hospital of Guiyang Medical College during 2012-2014 were compared and analyzed using the computer network system.[Result] During 2012-2014,sales quantity and sales amount of oral hypoglycemic drugs in Second Affiliated Hospital of Guiyang Medical College demonstrated an upward trend.[Conclusion] Integrative medicine can significantly improve symptoms of diabetes complications.Certain achievements have been made in diabetes treatment by Second Affiliated Hospital of Guiyang Medical College.