Design of Cold-Junction Compensation and Disconnection Detection Circuits of Various Thermocouples and Implementation of Multi-Channel Interfaces Using Them-A Secondary Publication

Cold-junction compensation(CJC)and disconnection detection circuit design of various thermocouples(TC)and multi-channel TC interface circuits were designed.The CJC and disconnection detection circuit consists of a CJC semiconductor device,an instrumentation amplifier(IA),two resistors,and a diode for disconnection detection.Based on the basic circuit,a multi-channel interface circuit was also implemented.The CJC was implemented using compensation semiconductor and IA,and disconnection detection was detected by using two resistors and a diode so that IA input voltage became-0.42 V.As a result of the experiment using R-type TC,the error of the designed circuit was reduced from 0.14 mV to 3μV after CJC in the temperature range of 0°C to 1400°C.In addition,it was confirmed that the output voltage of IA was saturated from 88 mV to-14.2 V when TC was disconnected from normal.The output voltage of the designed circuit was 0 V to 10 V in the temperature range of 0°C to 1400°C.The results of the 4-channel interface experiment using R-type TC were almost identical to the CJC and disconnection detection results for each channel.The implemented multi-channel interface has a feature that can be applied equally to E,J,K,T,R,and S-type TCs by changing the terminals of CJC semiconductor devices and adjusting the IA gain.

Research on dynamic error compensation for an armored K type thermocouple

A new method was proposed, in which a high-power CO2 laser modulated by high frequency was used as the driv- ing source to heat up a surface-temperature sensor. The continual beam and the pulsed beam sent out by the same laser could be used in the same system to carry on the static calibration of the radiation thermometer and the dynamic calibration of the temperature sensor to be checked. The frequency-response characteristics of high-speed radiation thermometer surpassed that of the temperature sensor, therefore it could be used as the reference value to calibrate the latter and let system error be cor- rected. Differences in the environment of the sensor installing and the error caused by the change of thermo-physical proper- ty could be avoided. Thus, the difficult problem of traceable dynamic calibration of temperature was solved. In experiment, to obtain the frequency characteristics of the thermocouple and the dynamic performance of the K type thermocouple, which could compensate the dynamic characteristics of the sensor, the sensor was dynamically corrected by using the method, and then the mathematical model was established.

Research on measuring time constant of NANMAC thermocouple

The theory for measuring the time constant of thermocouple was introduced, and the method for measuring the time constant of NANMAC thermocouple by using dynamic calibration system of transient surface temperature sensor was proposed. In this system, static and dynamic calibrations were conducted for infrared detectors and thermocouples, and then both temperature-time curves were obtained. Since the frequency response of infrared detector is superior to that of calibrat- ed thermocouple, the values measured by infrared detectors are taken as true values. Through dividing the values measured with thermocouples by those with infrared detectors, a normalized curve was obtained, based on which the time constant of thermocouple was measured. With this method, the experiments were carried out with NANMAC thermocouple to obtain its time constant. The results show that the method for measuring the time constant is feasible and the dynamic calibration of thermocouples can be achieved at microsecond and millisecond level. This research has a certain reference value for research and application of NANMAC thermocouple temperature sensor.

Dynamic Calibration of the Cutting Temperature Sensor of NiCr/NiSi Thin-film Thermocouple

In high-speed cutting, natural thermocouple, artificial thermocouple and infrared radiation temperature measurement are usually adopted for measuring cutting temperature, but these methods have difficulty in measuring transient temperature accurately of cutting area on account of low response speed and limited cutting condition. In this paper, NiCr/NiSi thin-film thermocouples（TFTCs） are fabricated according to temperature characteristic of cutting area in high-speed cutting by means of advanced twinned microwave electro cyclotron resonance（MW-ECR） plasma source enhanced radio frequency（RF） reaction non-balance magnetron sputtering technique, and can be used for transient cutting temperature measurement. The time constants of the TFTCs with different thermo-junction film width are measured at four kinds of sampling frequency by using Ultra-CFR short pulsed laser system that established. One-dimensional unsteady heat conduction model is constructed and the dynamic performance is analyzed theoretically. It can be seen from the analysis results that the NiCr/NiSi TFTCs are suitable for measuring transient temperature which varies quickly, the response speed of TFTCs can be obviously improved by reducing the thickness of thin-film, and the area of thermo-junction has little influence on dynamic response time. The dynamic calibration experiments are made on the constructed dynamic calibration system, and the experimental results confirm that sampling frequency should be larger than 50 kHz in dynamic measurement for stable response time, and the shortest response time is 0.042 ms. Measurement methods and devices of cutting heat and cutting temperature measurement are developed and improved by this research, which provide practical methods and instruments in monitoring cutting heat and cutting temperature for research and production in high-speed machining.

Improving the Quality of Thermocouple Wire Made of Platinum-rhodium Alloys

For the manufacture of S-type thermocouple the so-called thermocouple wire of platinum and platinum-rhodium alloy is used.One of the main technical requirements for the quality of the wire,according to State Standard of Russia(GOST 10821),is the uniformity of its largest thermoelectric force(Thermo-emf) in the length different sections.It was found that a determining impact on the uniformity of the wire thermo-emf is the distribution of rhodium along the length of the wire.The impact of platinum-rhodium melt crystallization conditions on the inhomogeneity of wire manufactured from it.It was suggested that the chemical inhomogeneity of the wire is related to the liquation phase of platinum-rhodium alloy.

EMF CHANGES MADE BY COLD DRAWING AND HEATING TREATMENT IN TYPE K HEAVY-GAUGE SHEATHED THERMOCOUPLE CABLES

The electromotive force (EMF) changes in type K heavy gauge sheathed thermocouple cables was investigated. To cope with this discrepancy owing to EMF steep reduction and understand the difference between type K heavy gauge sheathed thermocouple cables and small ones, the affects of EMF from sheath pipe, drawing times, annealing temperature, annealing time and annealing way were mainly studied and appropriately analyzed. The results show the change in the thermal EMF is related with the residual stress and crystal defects, which are imparted by cold work during manufacture. The affects of cold work can be removed by annealing. Finally, a feasible way of fabricating heavy gauge sheathed thermocouples was suggested according to practical situation.

The Linearized Design Of Thermocouple Sensor

There are large errors of linear measurement when the thermocouple measure temperature as temperature sensor.In order to improve the measurement precision,the sensor cold junction compensation and nonlinear compensation are usually needed.For the circumstances that the cold junction’s temperature is determinate,there is biggish nonlinear between thermoelectric power and temperature signals of the thermocouple sensor’s output.In order to solve the problem,this paper proposed a practical method of linear compensation,introduced the principle of linear compensation and gave the corresponding compensation circuit and circuit analysis.This circuit has the characteristic of simpleness,high reliability,small linear error and so on.

THERMOCOUPLE USED FOR TEMPERATURE MEASUREMENT OF ALUMINIUM CELLS BY DYNAMIC METHOD

ＴＨＥＲＭＯＣＯＵＰＬＥＵＳＥＤＦＯＲＴＥＭＰＥＲＡＴＵＲＥＭＥＡＳＵＲＥＭＥＮＴＯＦＡＬＵＭＩＮＩＵＭＣＥＬＬＳＢＹＤＹＮＡＭＩＣＭＥＴＨＯＤ￥Ｙｕ，Ｘｕｅｂｉｎ（ＩｎｓｔｉｔｕｔｅｏｆＣｏｍｐｏｓｉｔｅＭａｔｅｒｉａｌ，ＪｉａｏＴｏｎｇＵｎｉｖｅ...

Erosion thermocouple temperature acquisition system

Aiming at high requirements of temperature measurement system in high temperature,high pressure,highly corrosive and other special environments,a temperature acquisition system based on field-programmable gate array(FPGA) which is the controller of the system is designed.Also a Flash memory is used as the memory and an erosion thermocouple is used as sensor of the system.Compared with the traditional system using complex programmable logic device(CPLD)and microcontroller unit(MCU)as the main body,this system has some advantages,such as short response time,small volume,no loss of data once power is off,high precision,stability and reliability.And the sensor of the system can be reused.In this paper,boiling water experiment is used to verify accuracy of the system.The millisecond level signal from firecrackers is for verifying the stability and fast response characteristics of the system.The results of experiment indicate that the temperature measurement system is more suitable for the field of explosion and other environments which have high requirements for the system.

Proposal and Verification of Simultaneous Measurement Method for Three Thermoelectric Properties with Film-Type Thermocouple Probe

A new simultaneous measurement method for the measurement of the three thermoelectric properties with a film-type thermocouple probe was proposed. Seebeck coefficient was measured using the steady-state condi-tion of the differential method. The electrical resistivity was measured us-ing the four-probe method and the thermal diffusivity is measured using the periodic heating method. The effectiveness of the proposed method was verified using constantan as a reference material. After describing the effectiveness of the method, the measurement of three thermoelectric properties of Bi0.3Sb1.7Te3, which is a thermoelectric material, was per-formed.

Lonicera japonica-induced inhibition of interleukin-1 beta thermogenesis and E-type prostaglandin receptor-3 expression in the preoptic area of rabbits

BACKGROUND： It has been shown that interleukin-1β（IL-1β） can induce fever by activating vascular endothelial cells and macrophages of the supraoptic crest to generate prostaglandin E2, which binds with receptors of the thermo-sensitive hypothalamic neurons. Lonicera japonica is one of the medicinal plants used widely in Asia for its antipyretic properties. However, these mechanisms have not yet been intensively studied. OBJECTIVE： To investigate the antipyretic effect and mechanisms of Lonicera japonica on IL-1β- induced febrile New Zealand rabbits by observing expression changes of E-type prostaglandin receptor-3 （EP3） mRNA in the preoptic anterior hypothalamus （POAH）. DESIGN： A randomized controlled study. SETTING： Electrophysiological Laboratory at the Department of Pathophysiology, Medical College of Jinan University; Department of Orthopaedics, First Hospital Affiliated to Medical College of Jinan University. MATERIALS： The experiment was performed from April to December 2005, using a total of 32 New Zealand white rabbits of both sexes, weighing 1.5 2.0 kg. All the animal experiments were performed according to the internationally accepted ethical guidelines. Lonicera japonica injection was purchased from Huanghe pharmaceutical factory of Xi＇an, China. IL-1βwas purchased from Sigma, USA. METHODS： A total of 32 rabbits were divided randomly into four groups： ① Normal saline （NS） control group;② Lonicerajaponica treatment group; ③ IL-1βtreatment group; and ④Lonicerajaponica plus IL-1βtreatment group. In the first 3 groups, the rabbits were given separate intravenous （i.v.） injections of l mL NS, l mL Lonicera japonica, and 100 ng IL-l β （dissolved in 0.9% NS without pyrogen）. In the Lonicerajaponica plus IL-1βgroup each rabbit was given i.v. injections of l mL NS and, 30 minutes later, 100 ng IL-1 β. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES： Colonic temperature of each rabbit was measured at 0, 10, 20, 30, 40, 50, 60, and 70 minutes after injection and the maximum temperature rise （ A T） and the temperature response index after l hour （TRII） was calculated. Subsequently, in situ hybridization （ISH） was done with an ISH kit, EP3 mRNA expression in the POAH of all groups was measured （number of positive cells and average gray scale value）. RESULTS： A total of 32 rabbits were included in the result analysis, without any loss, （i） A T and TRII： there was no significant difference between the Lonicera japonica group and NS group （P 〉 0.05）. The IL-1β group was significantly greater compared to NS group （P 〈 0.01）. The Lonicera japonica plus IL-1β group was significantly less than the IL-1β group （P 〈 0.05）. ② In the NS and Lonicera japonica groups, the EP3 mRNA expression was negative （no coloration） or only weakly positive （only a few brown yellow particles in the cytoplasm cells could not be identified）. The number of positive cells and the average gray scale value were not significantly different between the two groups （P 〉 0.05）. In the IL-1β group, the number of positive cells was remarkably higher and the average gray scale value was lower than the NS group （P 〈 0.0 l）. In the Lonicera japonica plus IL-1β group, the number of positive cells was significantly less than the IL-1β group （P 〈 0.05）. However, the average gray scale value was greater than the IL-1β group （P 〈 0.05）. CONCLUSION： Lonicera japonica has obvious antipyretic effects on IL-1β-induced febrile rabbits and acts by inhibiting expression of EP3 mRNA in the POAH.

经典神作 史上最优美的汽车 捷豹E-TYPE ZERO重生

捷豹于前段时间正式发布了E-TYPE ZERO车型,用电动化复活了曾经被恩佐·法拉利先生誉为全世界最美丽的跑车。新车基本上延续了E-TYPE的经典复古造型,最重要的是该车以纯电驱动,让一代经典复古跑车做到了零排放,打通了过去和未来的界限,可谓是古典之美与现代科技的完美结合。此外捷豹官方还表示,2020年起所有新车型均将实现电动化。

连续热电偶检定炉的设计与研制

连续热电偶是基于塞贝克效应制成的一种新型温度传感器。在校准连续热电偶时,热电偶检定炉是较为重要的热源之一。该研究在传统检定炉的基础之上设计四温区检定炉,通过对炉体和温度控制的改造,对多种控温模式的设计,研制出能够适用连续热电偶等多种高温传感器校准的热源。

NADCAP热处理认证高温测量技术研究

NADCAP认证是国际航空工业范围内一致认可的审核标准,取得NADCAP认证资质是企业进军国际航空市场,加入航空供应链的必备条件,基于NADCAP热处理认证要求,结合自身NADCAP认证项目工作经验,深入论述了AMS2750G高温测量技术,首先介绍了AMS2750G高温测量法对于热处理设备的等级分类要求和6种不同类型的仪表配置,然后展示了8种标准热电偶的材料成分和热电特性,归纳总结出了不同用途下廉金属热电偶和贵金属热电偶的校准周期、允差要求,其次解析了高温测量的基本方法,包括温度均匀性测试中传感器的布置要求、测试温度点的选择方法,最后介绍了系统精度测试的原理、技术要求和过程注意事项,该研究为冶金热处理行业和高温测量技术人员提供了思路,为航空制造业国际贸易往来提供了技术基础。

旋转部件温度参数同步无线测量技术研究

针对旋转部件温度参数原位同步测量和数据无线传输应用需求,研究了电能无线传输技术和空间光通信技术,设计了一套8通道小型温度参数遥测系统。该系统通过热电偶和铂电阻传感器实现8路温度参数的高精度准确测量,采用电磁感应和红外光通信技术实现电能和采集数据的同步无线传输。系统分析软件完成数据的实时存储、解析和可视化显示。搭建了20000 r/min的模拟旋转环境测试平台,进行系统功能和性能验证。系统温度采集精度优于0.15%,无线传输距离为15 mm,电能传输输出峰值功率可达5 V/400 mA,实测通信速率为10 Mbit/s,8通道同步采样速率为56 kHz。该系统实现了温度参数的分布式、高精度获取,为旋转部件的研制和维护提供了准确的温度依据。

高精度NiCr/NiSi薄膜热电偶高温测试系统

针对航空发动机涡轮叶片和燃烧室内壁等高温恶劣环境下对温度测量的迫切需求,提出了一种基于薄膜热电偶的高精度测温方法。采用磁控溅射法在SiC衬底上制备了NiCr/NiSi薄膜热电偶。完成了薄膜热电偶的设计与制备,并设计了一套高精度温度数据采集系统,主控芯片采用STM32,数据采集芯片采用16位高精度芯片ADS1118,实现了对高温恶劣环境下温度数据的实时采集。结果表明:设计制备的NiCr/NiSi薄膜热电偶能够实现-40~1000℃温度区间稳定测温,高精度测温系统与标准温度测量系统相比误差优于±0.4%,为高温恶劣环境下温度测量提供了有效且可靠的解决方法。

连续热电偶的计量特性

通过研制四温区测量炉组成热电偶校准装置,对连续热电偶进行校准及不确定度评定,了解和掌握该型传感器的计量特性。最终得出连续热电偶对K型分度表的整体偏移修正为+28℃,扩展不确定度为3.2℃,均匀性为5~8℃,为使用人员和研究人员修正提供技术依据。

高温测量降本增效实践与研究

旨在研究高温测量过程降本增效的关键策略:聚焦加热炉测温优化、热偶使用管理降本方法、计量过程数据高效处理。在探究这些策略的过程中,炉顶穿孔引导测温方法、热偶维修技术以及帆软数据分析展示模块成为实现高温测量过程降本增效目标的重要手段。穿孔引导测温方法操作便捷,不仅提升了测温效率,还提升了测温过程的稳定性和准确性。同时,针对热电偶使用,开发出了热电偶维修裁剪工艺,增加了热电偶循环利用率,减少了热电偶使用成本。在数据处理方面,帆软数据报表模块的应用彰显了其在实现计量过程数据高效处理上的优势。通过该平台,生产数据可以更为直观、清晰地呈现,同时也提供了对数据进行深入分析的功能。通过实际生产案例的验证,这些优化措施显著提高了生产效率、降低了成本。更重要的是,这些策略的实施对于冶金行业的可持续发展和提升竞争力具有重要意义。

火星探测器进入过程防热层温度测量方法

火星探测器进入过程中的防热层烧蚀温度是防热结构设计和气动热环境辨识的关键参数之一。为了满足防热层温度在轨测量的需求,提出采用柱塞式结构大底分层测温探头和U形结构背罩测温探头,与电缆和多通道温度变换器共同组成温度传感器进行在轨测温的方法。设计内容包括测温探头热电偶元件选取、结构形式和安装方式,以及信号集中放大变换和自动冷端补偿等。开展全量程标定和风洞专项试验验证,证明所设计的温度传感器可以实现1300℃以下烧蚀温度变化全过程测量,测量精度达到0.28%。该温度传感器已在我国首次火星探测任务“天问一号”探测器的着陆巡视器上成功应用,可为进/再入航天器烧蚀温度在轨测量的实施提供借鉴和参考。

基于匹配法的不同种类煤和矸石发射率测量研究

煤和矸石的种类、表面纹理结构、变质和发育程度等因素都会对其发射率产生较为显著的影响,精准的发射率参数设置对红外热像仪测温及煤和矸石红外图像的识别至关重要。提出了一种基于匹配法的煤和矸石发射率测量方法,即采用表面热电偶与红外热像仪相结合的方式测量煤和矸石发射率。用密闭的电热炉对被测煤和矸石进行均匀加热,待被测煤和矸石均匀受热且稳定后,用表面热电偶对被测煤和矸石的选定区域进行真实温度测定(标定为t1),然后用红外热像仪对同一区域进行温度测定(标定为t2),最后对红外热像仪的发射率进行调试,当t2=t1时,得出的发射率即为被测煤和矸石在该温度下的真实发射率。实验结果表明:(1)等温条件下,煤和矸石表面越粗糙,其发射率数值越大,表明煤和矸石表面的粗糙度是导致二者产生不同发射率的内在因素。(2)4种不同种类煤和矸石发射率随温度的增大呈幂函数降低,且拟合函数相关系数R2达0.98以上,验证了匹配法应用于煤和矸石发射率测量的可行性。(3)采用反代法得出在不同温度条件下实测值与理论值的误差率均小于3%,验证了实验中测量的煤和矸石发射率的准确性。