Soil microorganisms alleviate the allelopathic effect of Eucalyptus grandis × E. urophylla leachates on Brassica chinensis

Soil microbes may be critical players in determining the allelopathic potential of some plants. Low levels of plant community biodiversity in Eucalyptus plantations have been attributed to the allelopathic potential of these tree species. The role of soil microbes in the allelopathic effect of leaf leachates of the hybrid tree Eucalyptus grandis x E. urophylla, was tested in Petri dish assays with Brassica chinensis as a receiver plant. Soils were collected from either a local garden (soil A) or a Eucalyptus plantation (soil B) and half of each soil was sterilized to remove microbes. These soils were then treated with E. grandis x E. urophylla leachates for 0-72 h. Seed germination of B. chinensis was significantly inhibited in soils treated with leaf leachates relative to untreated soils. The inhibitory effect of the leaf leachates was more pronounced in sterilized soils. Total phenolic content was obvious lower in nonsterile leachate-treated soils than in sterile soils. Biomass of B. chinensis was negatively correlated with the total phenolic content in soils. Our findings suggest that soil microbes can alleviate the allelopathic potential of Eucalyptus and thereby its negative impact on plant growth.

Comparative microsporogenesis and flower development in Eucalyptus urophylla×E.grandis

Microsporogenesis and flower development in Eucalyptus urophylla × E. grandis were examined using chromosome tableting to provide a method to predict the meiotic stages in this species. Although microsporogenesis was normal, cytokinesis during meiosis of pollen mother cells occurred simultaneously, with strong asynchronism observed in the two different lengths of stamens in a flower bud. In a single flower, the developmental period of microsporogenesis in anthers on the longer stamens was always ahead of those on the shorter stamens. Flower development was also asynchronous at different locations on a branch. Flower buds on the upper side of the branch were larger in diameter than those on the lower side. In addition, a correlation was observed between microsporogenesis development and flower bud diameter growth. The pachy- tene stage was first observed when the diameter of the flower buds increased to 3.0 mm, and the majority of the meiotic stages were observed when bud diameters ranged from 3.5 to 5.0 mm. This study showed that the developmental stages of microsporogenesis in Eucalyptus urophylla × E. grandis could be distinguished readily, which may be applicable to future breeding studies.

A comparative assessment on regeneration status of indigenous woody plants in Eucalyptus grandis plantation and adjacent natural forest

差异，密度和在桉树类下面的自然地改革的木本植物的种类作文宏大种植园和邻近的自然森林被调查并且比较。二十个阴谋，与 20 m ×的一个区域为各个的 20 m， E 在两个被建立。宏大独立地是种植园和邻近的自然森林。在每个阴谋，种类名字，丰富，直径和高度被记录。幼苗的数字在五次要情节被收集(在每个主要阴谋以内的 4 m 2) 。在种植园的 46 种类的一个总数，和自然森林里的 52 种类，它属于 36 个家庭被记录。种类(H′) 的差异在种植园是 2.19 并且 2.74 在自然森林里。密度在故事下面，木本植物在自然森林里是在种植园和 4122 stems/ha 的 3842 stems/ha。自然森林和种植园里的幼苗的密度分别地是 8101 stems/ha 和 4151 stems/ha。木质的种类作文的高类似在自然森林和种植园之间被发现。E。宏大种植园被发现比另外的在下面木质的种类以一个好一些的方法赞成 Millitia ferruginia 和 Coffea 阿拉伯咖啡的新生和生长。

EuPOD基因克隆与焦枯病菌胁迫表达分析

植物过氧化物酶是植物体内活性氧清除过程中的关键酶之一,在植物的抗逆性中发挥着重要作用。以对焦枯病菌高抗品系尾细桉为材料,克隆得到一个POD基因序列,并命名为Eu POD,通过实时荧光定量聚合酶链式反应(qRT-PCR)检验该基因在尾细桉叶片中的表达。结果表明该基因cDNA长999 bp,其编码蛋白由332个氨基酸组成;基于氨基酸序列的系统进化树分析表明,EuPOD在进化上与蓖麻、可可、苹果的同源基因亲缘关系较近,相似性达到了75%,与拟南芥的相似性达到65%,与水稻的相似性较低,只有48%。Eu POD在桉树焦枯病菌侵染后不同时间所受诱导表达量不同,在12 h的表达量达到高峰。

过表达EuCuZnSOD提高巨尾桉的耐寒性研究

铜锌超氧化物歧化酶(CuZnSOD)是一种清除超氧阴离子自由基的金属酶,与多种抗逆性相关。该研究利用CaMV35S启动子融合巨尾桉EuCuZnSOD1基因通过根癌农杆菌介导的叶盘转化法导入巨尾桉中,经卡那霉素初步筛选和PCR鉴定,得到10株转基因阳性植株。结果表明:通过-13.1℃暗处理5 h的抗寒性实验,发现40和41号植株在低温下无叶片萎蔫现象,组培室培养100 d后全株存活无白化叶片,说明这两株转基因巨尾桉的抗低温和冻害后恢复能力较强。在4℃低温胁迫下跟踪监测转基因温室苗的SOD酶活性发现,与对照相比转基因植株的SOD酶比活力无规律性且变化不大,但是相同条件下实时定量PCR检测结果表明抗寒性较强的40和41号植株在常温下EuCuZnSOD1的表达量较对照增加了约9倍,4℃处理36 h后EuCuZnSOD1的表达量相比对照植株分别增加了16倍和36倍,说明EuCuZnSOD1在低温胁迫下的表达量增加提高了巨尾桉的耐寒性。分析转基因组培苗全株的硫酸木质素含量,表明EuCuZnSOD1高表达不影响甚至降低了巨尾桉的木质素含量,40号植株的木质素含量与对照相同,而41号整株植株的木质素含量相比对照降低了56%,其他检测转基因植株的木质素含量均有不同程度的降低。该研究结果表明巨尾桉中大量表达EuCuZnSOD1基因可以提高巨尾桉的抗寒能力以及寒害后的恢复能力,不影响甚至可能是负调控了转基因巨尾桉的木质素生物合成。

Monoterpene hydrocarbons,major components of the dried leaves essential oils of five species of the genus Eucalyptus from Cote d’Ivoire

The chemical composition of the essential oils obtained from the dried leaves of five species of the genus Eucalyptus (E. camaldulensis, E. de-glupta, E. grandis, E. torelliana, E. urophylla) growing in C?te d’Ivoire, was analyzed by means of GC and GC/MS. The density and the refractive index were measured. The major components of all these oils are: α-pinene, β-pinene, α-phellandrene, limonene, γ-terpinene, p-cymene and β-caryo-phyllene. The particularity of these oils is their monoterpene hydrocarbons major components.

Influence of Planting Spacing on Mechanical Properties of Eucalyptus grandis × E. urophylla Planted in China

The objective of this study was to understand influence of planting spacing on mechanical properties of Eucalyptus grandis × E. urophylla planted as a potential species for solid wood products in China. Four trees at age of 13 were selected from each of 6 groups of planting spacing and a total of 24 sampling trees were selected from the Dongmen Forestry Center of Guangxi Province in China. Furthermore, a one-meter-long log from each tree was cut into small blocks for wood properties testing. MOE, MOR and compression strength parallel to wood grain were determined in accordance with Chinese standards. In addition, wood density and shrinkage properties were measured. Statistical analysis by SAS software indicated significant differences among the 6 groups of planting spacings on the air-dried density, radial shrinkage and bending MOR properties at the 0.05 level, and also on the compression strength at the 0.10 level. However, it was observed that there is no significant differences among shrinkages in tangential and volume, and MOE.

Growth Process of Eucalyptus urophylla × E.grandis Stand Based on Logistic Equation

Eucalyptus is the most valuable cultivated forest genus in the tropical and subtropical areas nowadays. It has been a challenge for foresters to model growth due to the genetic variations, management regimes, and multiple products generated from the plantations. In this paper, Logistic equation was used to study the stock growth process of E. urophylla × E. grandis plantation at age of 14 with 6 spacing treatments. And the biological interpretation of the parameters of Logistic equation was analyzed. The results show that it is flexible, precise and accurate to fit the growth process.

Study on Machining Properties of Eucalyptus urophylla×E. grandis:I. Planing and Sanding Properties

The research method in this paper is based on the standard of American Society for Testing andMaterials (ASTM). Planing and sanding are selected to study the machining properties of E. urophylla × E.grandis plantation wood. Moreover, the reasons for machining defects are analyzed. The results show E.urophylla × E. grandis planted in south China is a good species with a great potential for solid woodutilization.

Effect of Initial Moisture Content on Solar Drying Ratefor Eucalyptus grandis × E. urophylla

Wood drying is one of the most important process links in wood products processing.However, the existing drying methods mainly depend on heat to desiccate wood, which makes wooddrying consume roughly 40% - 70% of the total energy in the entire wood process. Using solar energyfor drying is greatly significant in two aspects of energy conservation and environment protection. Themoisture content (MC) of lumber affects not only the target value of wood drying, but also the heattransfer properties, moisture rate of expansion, etc., affecting dried lumber quality and drying rate.Eucalyptus grandis × E.urophylla lumbers were collected from Guangdong as test materials and dried inthe solar dryer with low temperature schedule and the effect of initial moisture content were primarystudied on drying rate. Experiments showed that solar drying was suitable for timber with high MC. Interms of drying rate and dried lumber quality, solar drying was as good as traditional steam drying withthe same schedule. And the solar dryer had distinct energy-saving effect.

Study on Machining Properties of Eucalyptus urophylla× E.grandis:Ⅱ.Shaping,Boring,Mortising and Turning

The research method of this paper is based on the standards of American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM). Four items that contain boring, mortising, shaping and turning are selected to study the machining properties of E. urophylla × E. grandis plantation wood. The reasons for machining defects are analyzed. The resultshows thatE. urophylla × E. grandis planted in South China isa good specieswith great potential for solid wood utilization.

短周期尾巨桉连栽林分生产力的研究

采用空间代替时间和定位观测相结合的方法对广西东门林场3．6年生尾巨桉林分生物量和生产力的连栽效应进行了研究。结果表明：林分平均单株生物量及林分生物量3代〉1代〉2代，不同代数尾巨桉器官生物量的大小顺序为干材〉干皮〉根蔸〉粗根〉光枝〉叶〉枯枝〉叶枝〉吸收根〉细根，地上与地下部分的比例分别为84．48％-84．75％和15．25％～15．52％；不同代数林分乔木层生产力为3代〉1代〉2代，连栽对尾巨桉林分生产力的影响有待进一步的研究。

尾巨桉幼苗根际土壤微生物分布特点及酶活性

通过不同肥料（氮肥,磷肥,钾肥,桉树专用肥）的正交试验设计对尾巨桉幼苗进行培育,研究尾巨桉幼苗根际土壤微生物数量及分布规律,土壤酶活性特点。结果表明：尾巨桉幼苗根际土壤微生物主要集中在0-20 cm的土层中,随土层的加深数量逐渐减少;蔗糖酶、脲酶、过氧化氢酶3种酶随土层深度的增加酶活性依次减弱,以0-20 cm土层的酶活性最大。施肥对土壤微生物影响的大小顺序为：细菌〉真菌〉放线菌,其中尿素是主要影响因子;施肥对土壤酶活性影响显著,4种肥料对蔗糖酶活性,脲酶活性,过氧化氢酶活性的影响顺序为：尿素〉钾肥〉桉树专用肥〉磷肥。

不同林龄尾巨桉人工林凋落物和土壤C、N、P化学计量特征

为正确认识桉树(Eucalyptus spp.)人工林凋落物和土壤C、N、P时空分配格局及两者间的关系,对5个林龄尾巨桉林分凋落物及土壤C、N、P含量及化学计量比进行测定分析。结果表明,凋落物的C含量均显著大于土壤,且不同林龄间凋落物C含量无显著差异,1年生人工林土壤表层(0~20 cm)的C含量显著小于3~7年生,其他土层C含量在不同林龄间差异不显著。凋落物的N含量均显著高于土壤,且1年生人工林显著大于其他林龄的,而土壤表层的N含量以7年生人工林最大,1年生的最小。凋落物的P含量除1年生人工林显著大于3年生外,其他林龄间均无显著差异,土壤的P含量在不同林龄间的差异均不显著。凋落物C∶N随林龄呈逐渐增大趋势,且显著大于土壤层。凋落物的C∶P和N∶P在不同林龄间的差异不显著,但均显著大于土壤层。凋落物的N含量与表层土壤的C、N含量呈极显著负相关,凋落物的C∶N与表层土壤的C∶P,N∶P呈显著正相关,表层土壤C、N积累受到凋落物N的制约。因此,在桉树人工林经营管理过程中如何降低凋落物分解的N限制性、提高养分传递效率及合理施肥显得十分重要。

巨桉种源试验及其在我国适生范围的研究

1987年在福建省长泰县和海南省琼海县进行了我国首次系统巨桉种源试验。参试种源来自澳大利亚的巨桉自然分布区、巴西的人工林和南非种子园。 当巨桉林龄18个月时,长泰试验点平均高4.51m,胸径4.2cm,种源间差异均不显著;琼海试验点平均高4.45m,胸径3.6cm,种源间差异显著。地点间平均树高几乎相同,但胸径差异显著。试验发现,基因型与环境之间的交互作用明显。巨桉的种群变异可能是不规则的。 应用GENSTAT统计程序进行的生物气候预测分析表明,巨桉在我国的适生范围大致始于温州,沿海岸与南岭平行至黔桂边界,向南经雷州半岛至海南岛东南,以及川、滇境内的一些不连续地区。

巨尾桉挥发油对真菌和昆虫的化感作用

对巨尾桉挥发油对真菌和昆虫的化感潜力及其化学成分进行了研究。结果表明,巨尾桉油乳液对真菌和昆虫均有抑制作用。随着巨尾桉油乳液浓度的增大,其对病原真菌(真菌粉蕉枯萎病菌、水稻稻瘟菌、香蕉胶胞炭疽菌和胡椒疫霉病菌)和有害昆虫(斜纹夜蛾和棉铃虫)的取食和化蛹的抑制作用明显增强。用GC/MS联用方法,对巨尾桉挥发油进行鉴定,相对百分含量在3%以上的化合物有:α-蒎烯(13·63%)、别罗勒烯(43·22%)、γ-萜品烯(5·49%)、(E)-3,7-二甲基-2,6-辛二烯醇(3·58%)、β-小茴香醇(4·58%)和2-氨基-3,5-二氰基-6-(4-甲氧基苯氧基)-吡啶(3·67%)。萜烯类化合物在巨尾桉挥发油对真菌和昆虫的抑制活性中起主要作用,巨尾桉人工林生物多样性较低可能与其化感活性有关。

气相色谱-质谱法分析巨桉叶的挥发性化感成分

使用水蒸气蒸馏法提取巨桉叶片中的挥发性化感物质,并用气相色谱-质谱联用技术分析鉴定,按峰面积归一化法确定各成分的相对含量。结果:鉴定出巨桉叶片中含26种挥发性的化学组分,以单萜和倍半萜为主要类别,含量共为85.32%,尤以α-蒎烯为最多(38.72%)。表明:巨桉叶片中的挥发性化感物质可能主要是α-蒎烯、斯巴醇、α-桉叶油醇等萜类,它们的化感作用有进一步的研究意义。

TDZ对巨尾桉(GL9)胚性愈伤组织诱导和再生的影响

The embryogenic callus induction and shoot regeneration were studied systematically in elite clone GL9 of Eucalyptus cultivated widely in south China.We investigated TDZ 0.02-0.05 mg·L-1 was the proper concentration.The callus induction rate was 92.9%—100%.When TDZ concentration was higher than 0.1 mg·L-1,the axillary bud germination was completely inhibited.TDZ 0.02 mg·L-1 with combinations of CoCl2 0.125 mg·L-1 could induct the embryogenic callus.The direct regeneration rate was 13.39%±1.03%,and with combinations of NAA 0.1mg·L-1 could not differentiate directly from callus,but higher regeneration rate(20.2%±13.3%) could be obtained by transferring callus onto regeneration medium.The size of callus can increase to 1.4 fold of its original size in the first subculture in modified MS+TDZ 0.02 mg·L-1 +NAA 0.1 mg·L-1medium and the average number of deep-pink-coloured masses of embryogenic cells on each callus was 8.4.In the second and third subculture,callus stopped growing further and the number of masses of embryogenic cells decreased gradually.Regeneration system could lay a good foundation for further transformation research.

巨尾桉光合特征与水分消耗的季节适应

使用Li-6400于旱季和雨季分别对云南省澜沧地区种植巨尾桉的净光合速率和蒸腾速率、气孔导度进行测定。研究发现:雨季巨尾桉光饱和点达1590μmol photon·m-2s-1,而旱季土壤水分不足时光饱和点仅867μmol photon·m-2s-1,光补偿点亦有下降。旱季气孔导度对蒸腾和光合的限制作用明显强于雨季。旱季巨尾桉气孔限制强度及蒸腾对光强变化的响应均与本地植物红木荷类似,而雨季巨尾桉的净光合速率远高于后者。巨尾桉具有与环境水分供应变化相协调的水分利用策略,旱季减少水分消耗以尽量节水,雨季则充分光合以获得更多生长。其类似本地植物季节变化的蒸腾特征和水分利用对策有利于维持群落地段的水分平衡。

不同林龄尾巨桉人工林生态系统生物量的研究

对闽南山区不同林龄(2、3、4、5、6年生)尾巨桉人工林生态系统的生物量进行了研究,其中林木生物量采用标准木法,林下植被和地被物生物量采用样方收获法。结果表明:乔木层生物量随着林龄的增加而逐渐增加,分别为45.14、69.22、92.20、111.82、175.09t/hm2,其中树干占的比例最大(44.5%～60.4%),细根最小(0.2%～0.6%);各林龄尾巨桉生产力依次为22.86、26.07、32.63、32.70、46.69t/(hm2·a),叶的生产力随林龄增长呈现先增加后减少的趋势;林下植被生物量依次为5308.83、7201.62、5676.47、4033.42、9183.13kg/hm2,其中灌木生物量在3年生时最大,为2121.89kg/hm2,而草本生物量在6年生时最大,达到1062.19kg/hm2;不同年龄尾巨桉地被物现存量大小表现为6年生>3年生>5年生>2年生>4年生,2～5年生时未分解层现存量小于分解层,6年生时则是分解层现存量小于未分解层。