基于ECHAM5模式预估2050年前中国旱涝格局趋势

利用ECHAM5/MPI-OM气候模式输出的2001—2050年逐月降水量资料,考虑IPCC采用的3种排放情景(A2:温室气体高排放情景;A1B:温室气体中排放情景;B1:温室气体低排放情景),计算其标准化降水指数,分析了中国2050年前3种排放情景下的旱涝格局。结果表明:3种情景下旱涝趋势空间分布不同,其中A2情景下旱涝格局同1961—2000年观测到的旱涝格局相似,均存在一条由东北向西南的干旱带;而A1B和B1情景下旱涝格局则发生了很大的变化,尤其B1情景下出现了"北涝南旱"的格局。未来50a干旱面积在A2情景下呈略增加趋势;A1B和B1情景下为减少趋势。3种情景下干旱频率的空间分布也各不相同。

基于ECHAM5模型预估2050年前海河流域气候变化时空格局

通过分析EcHAM5气候模式输出的海河流域2001-2050年气温和降水数据，得出海河流域2050年前气候变化时空分布特征，结果表明：2050年前三种情景下海河流域全流域继续升温。其中A1B情景下升温最快，相对于1961-1990年平均气温,2040s温度距平值可达2．4℃；降雨时空变化都有比较明显的特征。A2情景降雨趋于减少。A1B和B1情景降雨有增加趋势。但主要集中在海河流域西南部，A2情景下2010s、2030s年是少雨期，A1B情景下2000s、2010s、2020s和2030s是少雨期,B1情景下从2010s贡始都为多雨期。

Comparisons of Low-Level Circulation Characteristics between ECHAM5/MPI-OM Results and NCEP/NCAR Re-Analysis Data in East Asia

Regional climate models(RCMs) can provide far more precise information than general circulation models(GCMs).However,RCMs depend on GCM results or re-analysis products providing boundary conditions,especially for future climate scenarios.Meanwhile,the capacity of RCMs to reproduce precipitation is strongly connected to its performance on circulation and moisture transport simulations in the low troposphere,which is the key problem with RCMs at present.In the Regional Climate Model Inter-comparison Project for East Asia(RMIP III),the results of ECHAM5/MPI-OM(the European Centre-Hamburg model version 5/Max Planck Institute Ocean Model,simplified as E5OM here) are used to drive RCMs for the past(1978?2000) climate simulation and future(2038?70) climate scenarios.Therefore,it is necessary to test E5OM's ability to represent atmospheric circulation,which defines the large-scale circulation for RCMs.Here,comparisons between the E5OM results and NCEP/NCAR(simplified as NCEP) re-analysis data in the low troposphere for the years 1978 to 2000 are performed.The results show that E5OM results can generally reproduce atmospheric circulations in the low troposphere.However,differences can be detected in East Asian summer and winter monsoon simulations.For summer,there is an anti-cyclone circulation for the difference of wind vector at 850 hPa in Southeast China,the Indo-China Peninsula,the South China Sea,and the northwestern Pacific.For winter,due to the weaker northwesterly wind in Northeast Asia,the northeasterly wind from the Indo-China Peninsula to Taiwan in E5OM extends northward with greater intensity than that in NCEP.These differences will have a considerable influence on the low level atmospheric circulation and water vapor transport as well as the location and intensity of the precipitation.Therefore,when E5OM results are to be used as initial and boundary conditions to drive RCMs,the differences between NCEP and E5OM should be considered.

Simulation of the Interface between the Indian Summer Monsoon and the East Asian Summer Monsoon:Intercomparison between MPI-ESM and ECHAM5/MPI-OM

The time-mean and interannual variability of the interface between the Indian summer monsoon and East Asian summer monsoon （IIE） was assessed using both Max-Planck-Institute Earth System Model （MPI-ESM） and ECHAM5/MPI-OM and by calculating diagnostics and skill metrics around the IIE area. Progress has been made in modeling these aspects by moving from ECHAM5/MPI-OM to MPI-ESM. MPI-ESM is more skillful than ECHAM5/MPI-OM in modeling the time-mean state and the extreme condition of the IIE. Though simulation of the interannual variability significantly deviates to some extent in both MPI-ESM and ECHAM5/MPI-OM, MPI-ESM-LR shows better skill in reflecting the relationship among sea surface temperature anomalies over the Pacific, circulation anomalies over East Asia, and liE variability. The temperature becomes warmer under the RCP2.6 and RCP8.5 scenarios in comparison with the historical experiments, but the position of the liE and the key physical process in relation to the IIE variability almost remains the same, suggesting that the Indian summer monsoon tends to change in phase with the East Asian summer monsoon under each RCP scenario. The relatively realistic description of the physical processes modulated by terrain in MPI-ESM may be one of the most important reasons why MPI-ESM performs better in simulating the liE.

ENSO combination mode and its influence on seasonal precipitation over southern China simulated by ECHAM5/MPI-OM

对东亚气候年际变率的研究仍存在许多值得探寻之处。已有研究表明,产生于ENSO年际变率和暖池年循环相互作用的C-mode与东亚气候异常变化的关系密切,特别是自20世纪90年代以来,ENSO对中国南方降水的贡献减弱,而C-mode的影响则在2000年后凸显出来。本文利用600年长时间模拟结果评估了气候模式ECHAM5/MPI-OM对C-mode及其对华南季节降水影响的模拟。结果表明该模式能够再现C-mode的时空特征以及热带海气对其的非对称响应。同时也能较好地抓住C-mode影响华南冬春季降水异常的时空结构。这将有助于进一步利用ECHAM5/MPI-OM来模拟和预测与C-mode相关的华南季节降水异常变化。

基于ECHAM5的21世纪北极涛动的变化特征

基于德国马普气象研究所(Max Planck Institute for Meteorology),由政府间气候变化专门委员会第五次评估报告得出的地球数值模拟系统大气模式分量ECHAM5的输出结果,对RCP2.6、RCP4.5和RCP8.5三种情景下未来21世纪北极涛动(AO)的变化特征进行探究,同时对21世纪冬季北纬20度以北的海平面气压距平场做EOF分解发现:在RCP4.5情景下,北极涛动模态北大西洋正距平中心强度明显高于其他两种情景下的强度,且方差贡献率也最大;RCP8.5情景下,负气压距平区域出现了两个负中心,一个偏向于东半球,另一个偏向于西半球。同时,借助经验正交函数(EOF)分解、功率谱分析、交叉谱分析分析了我国西北地区冬季气温与冬季北极涛动(AO)的年代际特征及其关系。结果表明:冬季北极涛动指数具有明显的年代际变化特征;并且北极涛动指数与西北地区冬季温度具有一致的上升(下降)趋势。

ECHAM5-Simulated Impacts of Two Types of El Nio on the Winter Precipitation Anomalies in South China

The authors used an atmospheric general circulation model(AGCM) of European Centre Hamburg Model(ECHAM5.4) and investigated the possible impacts of eastern Pacific(EP) and central Pacific(CP) El Nio on the winter precipitation anomalies in South China.A composite analysis suggested much more rainfall during the mature phase of EP El Nio than in the case of CP El Nio,and their corresponding observed wet centers to be located in the southeast coast and the region to the south of the Yangtze River,respectively.Results obtained on the basis of model-sensitive run imply that the modelsimulated rainfall anomalies agree well with the observation,and the magnitude of simulated rainfall anomalies were found to be reduced when the amplitude of sea surface temperature anomaly(SSTA) forcing of EP and CP El Nio was cut down.These results imply that the rainfall anomaly in South China is very sensitive not only to the type of El Nio but also to its intensity.

ENSO Variability Simulated by a Coupled General Circulation Model:ECHAM5/MPI-OM

The accurate simulation of the equatorial sea surface temperature(SST) variability is crucial for a proper representation or prediction of the El Ni?o-Southern Oscillation(ENSO). This paper describes the tropical variability simulated by the Max Planck Institute(MPI) for meteorology coupled atmosphere-ocean general circulation model(CGCM). A control simulation with pre-industrial greenhouse gases is analyzed, and the simulation of key oceanic features, such as SST, is compared with observations. Results from the 400-yr control simulation show that the model's ENSO variability is quite realistic in terms of structure, strength, and period. Also, two related features(the annual cycle of SST and the-phase locking of ENSO events), which are significant in determining the model's performance of realistic ENSO prediction, are further validated to be well reproduced by the MPI climate model, which is an atmospheric model ECHAM5(which fuses the EC for European Center and HAM for Hamburg) coupled to an MPI ocean model(MPI-OM), ECHAM5/MPI-OM.

Coupling the Common Land Model to ECHAM5 Atmospheric General Circulation Model

The ECHAM5 model is coupled with the widely used Common Land Model(CoLM). ECHAM5 is a state-of-theart atmospheric general circulation model incorporated into the integrated weather and climate model of the Chinese Academy of Meteorological Sciences(CAMS-CSM). Land surface schemes in ECHAM5 are simple and do not provide an adequate representation of the vegetation canopy and snow/frozen soil processes. Two AMIP(Atmospheric Model Intercomparison Project)-type experiments using ECHAM5 and ECHAM5-CoLM are run over 30 yr and the results are compared with reanalysis and observational data. It is found that the pattern of land surface temperature simulated by ECHAM5-CoLM is significantly improved relative to ECHAM5. Specifically, the cold bias over Eurasia is removed and the root-mean-square error is reduced in most regions. The seasonal variation in the zonal mean land surface temperature and the in situ soil temperature at 20-and 80-cm depths are both better simulated by ECHAM5-CoLM. ECHAM5-CoLM produces a more reasonable spatial pattern in the soil moisture content, whereas ECHAM5 predicts much drier soils. The seasonal cycle of soil moisture content from ECHAM5-CoLM is a better match to the observational data in six specific regions. ECHAM5-CoLM reproduces the observed spatial patterns of both sensible and latent heat fluxes. The strong positive bias in precipitation over land is reduced in ECHAM5-CoLM, especially over the southern Tibetan Plateau and middle–lower reaches of the Yangtze River during the summer monsoon rainy season.

过去(1958-2007)和未来(2011-2060)50年淮河流域气候变化趋势分析

根据淮河流域1958-2007年观测资料和ECHAM5/MPI-OM模式对该流域2011-2060年气候变化的预估结果,分析淮河流域1958-2007年平均气温、极端高(低)温、农业界限温度和年降水量变化,并对2011-2060年气温和降水量变化趋势进行预估。结果表明:(1)淮河流域年平均气温,20世纪90年代以前以降温为主,90年代中后期增温显著;季节变化上,春秋两季气温呈波动增加趋势,冬季增温速率较高,夏季则呈下降趋势,极端气温事件出现次数和温度变化幅度均减小。淮河流域热量资源的时间变化以增温趋势为主,各界限温度初日提前,终日推迟,持续日数和累积温度增加。从区域分布上,流域东部增温趋势强于西部。1958-2007年年降水量和极端降水等无突变性的增加或减少趋势;季节变化上,流域夏季降水量变幅较大。(2)3种排放情景下淮河流域年平均气温升高趋势一致,且SRES-A1B情景升温幅度大于其它两种情景且约在2040年突变增温,3种情景下季节平均气温均为冬季升高最快;未来年降水量有微弱增加,但M-K检测均无显著变化趋势,未来50a淮河流域季节降水仍以春、夏季降水为主,约占全年降水量的70%。

1960-2005年长江流域降水极值概率分布特征

根据1960-2005年长江流域147个气象站逐日降水观测资料和ECHAM5/MPI-OM气候模式20世纪试验期(1941-2000年)79个格点逐日降水模拟资料,建立年最大强降水AM(annual maximum)序列及汛期日降水量<1.27mm的最长干旱持续天数MI(Munger index)序列,分析了长江流域降水极值序列的时空分布特征和概率分布模式。结果表明:1)长江流域强降水事件的强度和概率最大的地区位于岷沱江流域中游、洞庭湖湖区、长江中下游干流区与鄱阳湖东南部支流等地区,干旱事件强度和概率最大的地区位于金沙江流域中下游与嘉陵江流域;2)气候模式模拟的长江流域AM事件的多年平均值普遍高于观测值,但离差系数普遍低于观测值;3)气候模式模拟结果与观测的降水极值空间分布有一定的差异,但对气候模式和实际观测的降水极值概率分布的拟合,均证明Wakeby分布函数能够较好地拟合降水极值的概率分布。

2009/2010年冬季中国气温异常及其对海表温度的遥响应

基于1958/1959~2009/2010年冬季全球海表温度（HadISST）和中国160站地面月平均温度等资料,利用广义平衡反馈分析方法（GEFA）,分析了中国地区2009/2010年冬季气温异常型态与SST异常的关系。结果表明,热带中东太平洋El Ni o型和热带大西洋＂三极型＂对2009/2010年冬季中国地区西南暖东北冷的异常型态（简称LN型）影响显著。为了验证统计结果的可靠性,利用MPI（Max Planck Institute for Meteorology）全球大气环流模式ECHAM5进行气温异常型态对关键海盆SST变化响应的敏感性试验,结果表明西南地区气温异常对热带太平洋El Ni o模态强迫的增暖响应在0.5°C左右;对热带大西洋＂三极型＂强迫的增暖响应在0.6°C左右,增暖中心的云贵高原一带最大增温幅度达到1°C。对El Ni o模态、热带大西洋＂三极型＂的强迫,东北绝大部分地区表现出冷的响应,气温异常下降分别在0.6°C和0.45°C左右,中国东部地区气温异常型态是热带大西洋＂三极型＂海温异常和热带太平洋El Ni o模共同强迫的结果。这两种海温异常型态使中高纬度地区西风加强,阻挡了来至高纬度地区的冷空气向南方输送,导致西南地区较常年偏暖,而东北偏冷。同时,西太平洋地区出现的海平面气压反气旋式环流异常可能削弱了东亚冬季风。

长江流域降水极值的变化趋势

依据1960-2005年长江流域147个气象站逐日降水,ECHAM5/MPI-OM气候模式模拟的长江流域79个格点20世纪实验期(1941-2000年)以及未来3种排放情景(SRES-B1,A1B,A2)下21世纪前50年逐日降水数据,建立年最大强降水和汛期<1.27 mm/d的最长干旱持续天数序列。运用广义极值分布,广义帕雷托分布,广义逻辑分布与韦克比分布等4种分布函数定量拟合了长江流域降水极值的概率分布。研究表明:韦克比分布函数能够较好地拟合长江流域降水极值的概率分布。在3种排放情景下,未来降水极值的重现期呈现不同的空间分布特征。长江流域,尤其是中下游大部地区,1951-2000年间的50年一遇强降水和干旱事件,在2001-2050年间发展成为25年一遇降水极值事件。未来气候变暖条件下,降水极值重现期出现的这种变化趋势,将会对水资源趋势产生重大的影响。

中国旱涝格局演变(1961―2050年)及其对水资源的影响

利用中国气象局提供的483个气象站1961―2000年月降水数据以及ECHAM5/MPI-OM气候模式输出的1961―2050年月降水数据,分别计算其月SPI值,分析中国过去40年来及未来3种排放情景(A2:温室气体高排放情景;A1B:温室气体中排放情景;B1:温室气体低排放情景)下旱涝格局的演变;同时分析了8个水文站径流变化百分率与对应流域SPI平均值的相关关系。结果显示:过去40年来中国有一条由东北向西南延伸的干旱趋势带,A2情景下,这条干旱带将持续存在,A1B情景下,贯穿中国中部及南部沿海区域呈湿润化趋势,B1情景下,中国东部将出现"北涝南旱"的旱涝格局。研究认为:SPI指数与径流量变化百分率有较好的相关关系,可以对中国未来水资源的研究提供一定的参考。

两个模式对平流层温度模拟的比较与分析

利用第5代欧洲中心—汉堡大气环流模式ECHAM5全球大气环流谱模式和中国气象局自主研发的GRAPES全球同化与预报模式分别对2010年1月1—6日全球平流层温度进行了模拟分析,结合相应时段的全球最终分析资料FNL,对比评估了两个模式对平流层温度的模拟效果,并对较为显著的误差现象进行了分析与探讨。结果表明:对于50 h Pa高度上的温度,ECHAM5模式模拟的温度与FNL资料的结果在研究时段内随时间的变化很小,而GRAPES模式模拟的结果在南半球随时间变化显著偏暖。进一步将ECHAM5和GRAPES模式所用的温度初始场进行对比研究表明,两者的分布形态非常形似,尤其是在南半球地区,大部分差值接近于零。将ECHAM5采用的全球臭氧廓线应用于GRAPES模式中,对比发现南半球平流层异常增温的现象仍然存在。因此,温度初始场和臭氧廓线的选取不是造成GRAPES模式模拟出现南半球平流层异常增温的主要原因,需要对GRAPES模式中其他动力及物理过程或参数选取做进一步的深入分析,以弄清其在平流层温度模拟中出现较大偏差的原因。

赤道中太平洋海表温度异常对西南地区春季降水年际变化的影响

基于1961—2010年中国西南地区26站春季月平均降水资料、NCEP/NCAR再分析资料和Hadley全球海表温度(SST)资料,分析了西南地区春季降水年际变化特征及其与海温异常(SSTA)的关系。利用全球大气环流模式ECHAM5进行降水异常对关键海域SSTA响应的敏感性试验。结果表明,西南春季降水年际变化特征十分明显,与同期赤道中太平洋海温有显著的负相关,与中纬度太平洋海温有显著的正相关。数值模式研究显示,当春季赤道中太平洋处于SSTA冷位相时,局地降水减少,其西北侧产生副热带反气旋和中纬度西太平洋地区的气旋式环流异常的响应,我国西南地区对流层低层的东北侧受西太平洋异常气旋环流西部的东-东北风影响。赤道西太平洋海洋大陆区域降水增加,其西北侧的气旋式环流异常,使孟加拉湾低槽增强,西南地区南侧的偏南气流加强了向西南地区的水汽输送,该异常暖湿气流与从东北侧进入西南地区的异常冷空气相交绥,使西南地区春季降水增多。在年际时间尺度上,中纬度太平洋SSTA对西南地区春季降水异常的直接影响不明显,这与中纬度太平洋SSTA受赤道中太平洋SSTA的影响有关,其自身可能是对赤道中太平洋SSTA引起的大气异常的一种反馈。

近20a孟加拉湾海表温度变化对南海夏季风爆发早晚的影响

基于美国NOAA现代极高分辨率辐射仪（Advanced Very High Resolution Radiometer）提供的1993—2012年逐日海表温度（SST）资料,利用季节经验正交函数（S-EOF）和相关分析等统计方法,研究了孟加拉湾海表温度变化对南海夏季风爆发的影响。结果表明,孟加拉湾的（6~14°N,85~95°E）海区海表温度变化对南海夏季风爆发早晚具有重要指示意义,该海区海表温度异常（SSTA）与南海夏季风的爆发日期存在密切的正相关,通过了0.05信度的显著性检验,即当孟加拉湾海表温度正（负）异常时,南海夏季风晚（早）爆发。应用德国马普气象研究所的ECHAM5全球大气环流模式在孟加拉湾关键海区进行了敏感性数值试验,发现在关键海区降低其5月海表温度02℃的情况下,南海夏季风爆发日期相应提前5 d左右,而在升高02℃情况下,南海夏季风推后10 d左右爆发。在孟加拉湾5月海表温度降低的情况下,促使80~100°E的越赤道气流增强,南海区域西风分量增强,进而促使南海夏季风提前爆发。

Synergistic Contribution of Precipitation Anomalies over Northwestern India and the South China Sea to High Temperature over the Yangtze River Valley

This study explores the characteristics of high temperature anomalies over eastern China and associated influencing factors using observations and model outputs.Results show that more long-duration（over 8 days） high temperature events occur over the middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River Valley（YRV） than over the surrounding regions,and control most of the interannual variation of summer mean temperature in situ.The synergistic effect of summer precipitation over the South China Sea（SCS） region（18°–27°N,115°–124°E） and the northwestern India and Arabian Sea（IAS） region（18°–27°N,60°–80°E） contributes more significantly to the variation of summer YRV temperature,relative to the respective SCS or IAS precipitation anomaly.More precipitation（enhanced condensational heating） over the SCS region strengthens the western Pacific subtropical high（WPSH） and simultaneously weakens the westerly trough over the east coast of Asia,and accordingly results in associated high temperature anomalies over the YRV region through stimulating an East Asia–Pacific（EAP） pattern.More precipitation over the IAS region further adjusts the variations of the WPSH and westerly trough,and eventually reinforces high temperature anomalies over the YRV region.Furthermore,the condensational heating related to more IAS precipitation can adjust upper-tropospheric easterly anomalies over the YRV region by exciting a circumglobal teleconnection,inducing cold horizontal temperature advection and related anomalous descent,which is also conducive to the YRV high temperature anomalies.The reproduction of the above association in the model results indicates that the above results can be explained both statistically and dynamically.

An ensemble-based SST nudging method proposed for correcting the subsurface temperature field in climate model

An ensemble-based assimilation method is proposed for correcting the subsurface temperature field when nudging the sea surface temperature(SST) observations into the Max Planck Institute(MPI) climate model,ECHAM5/MPI-OM. This method can project SST directly to subsurface according to model ensemble-based correlations between SST and subsurface temperature. Results from a 50 year(1960–2009) assimilation experiment show the method can improve the subsurface temperature field up to 300 m compared to the qualitycontrolled subsurface ocean temperature objective analyses(EN4), through reducing the biases of the thermal states, improving the thermocline structure, and reducing the root mean square(RMS) errors. Moreover, as most of the improvements concentrate over the upper 100 m, the ocean heat content in the upper 100 m(OHT100 m)is further adopted as a property to validate the performance of the ensemble-based correction method. The results show that RMS errors of the global OHT100 m convergent to one value after several times iteration,indicating this method can represent the relationship between SST and subsurface temperature fields well, and then improve the accuracy of the simulation in the subsurface temperature of the climate model.

THE EFFECT OF EQUATORIAL CENTRAL PACIFIC SSTAS ON THE INTERANNUAL VARIATION OF PRECIPITATION OVER SOUTHWEST CHINA DURING SPRING

The interannual variations of rainfall over southwest China(SWC) during spring and its relationship with sea surface temperature anomalies(SSTAs) in the Pacific are analyzed, based on monthly mean precipitation data from 26 stations in SWC between 1961 and 2010, NCEP/NCAR re-analysis data, and Hadley global SST data. Sensitivity tests are conducted to assess the response of precipitation in SWC to SSTAs over two key oceanic domains, using the global atmospheric circulation model ECHAM5. The interannual variation of rainfall over SWC in spring is very significant.There are strong negative(positive) correlation coefficients between the anomalous precipitation over SWC and SSTAs over the equatorial central Pacific(the mid-latitude Pacific) during spring. Numerical simulations show that local rainfall in the northwest of the equatorial central Pacific is suppressed, and a subtropical anticyclone circulation anomaly is produced, while a cyclonic circulation anomaly in the mid-latitude western Pacific occurs, when the equatorial Pacific SSTAs are in a cold phase in spring. Anomalous northerly winds appear in the northeastern part of SWC in the lower troposphere. Precipitation increases over the Maritime Continent of the western equatorial Pacific, while a cyclonic circulation anomaly appears in the northwest of the western equatorial Pacific. A trough over the Bay of Bengal enhances the southerly flow in the south of SWC. The trough also enhances the transport of moisture to SWC. The warm moisture intersects with anomalous cold air over the northeast of SWC, and so precipitation increases during spring. On the interannual time scale, the impacts of the mid-latitude Pacific SSTAs on rainfall in SWC during spring are not significant, because the mid-latitude Pacific SSTAs are affected by the equatorial central Pacific SSTAs; that is,the mid-latitude Pacific SSTAs are a feedback to the circulation anomaly caused by the equatorial central Pacific SSTAs.