华南滇东地区震旦(Ediacaran)系顶部Longfengshaniaceae藻类化石的发现及意义

本文报道了在中国云南东部晋宁、江川地区的震旦(Ediacaran)系顶部渔户村组旧城段新发现的龙凤山藻科(Longfengshaniaceae)化石,与华北燕山地区新元古代青白口系长龙山组及北美中元古代小达尔群产出的Longf engshania化石明显不同,叶状体形态更为多样,呈梭形、枣核形、铲形、长条带形或球囊形等,拟茎较粗壮,与叶状体的接合很平缓,部分可见盘状、短茎状、披针状固着构造和叶状体萌生现象。依据形态记述了2属6种,包括1新属2新种3相似种,讨论和修订了龙凤山藻的科、属特征。华南滇东地区这些宏体藻类化石的发现进一步表明震旦(Ediacaran)纪末期也存在后生植物的多样化发展,可能为早寒武世“澄江生物群”的爆发性演化奠定了生态基础。

Octoradiate Spiral Organisms in the Ediacaran of South China

Shales of the Ediacaran Doushantuo Formation of South China contain a new disc-shaped macrofossil, Eoandromeda octobrachiata, characterized by eight spiral arms that were probably housed within an outer membrane. Although the presence of eight radiating structures entails a resemblance to cnidarian octocorals as well as to ctenophores, direct homologies with these extant groups are unlikely. Instead we bring attention to the helicospiral morphology of newly reported embryos from the Doushantuo Formation, suggesting that the long-sought adults of the Ediacaran embryonic metazoans have finally been found.

Organic Carbon Isotopic Evolution during the Ediacaran-Cambrian Transition Interval in Eastern Guizhou,South China: Paleoenvironmental and Stratigraphic Implications

Secular variations of carbon isotopic composition of organic carbon can be used in the study of global environmental variation, the carbon cycle, stratigraphic delimitation, and biological evolution, etc. Organic carbon isotopic analysis of the Nangao and Zhalagou sections in eastern Gnizhou reveals a negative excursion near the Precambrian-Cambrian boundary that correlates with a distinct carbonate carbon isotopic negative excursion at this boundary globally. Our results also demonstrate that several alternating positive and negative shifts occur in the Meishucunian, and an obvious negative anomaly appears at the boundary between the Meishucunian and Qiongzhusian. The isotope values are stable in the middle and lower parts but became more positive in the upper part of the Qiongzhusian. Evolution of organic carbon isotopes from the two sections in the deepwater facies can be well correlated with that of the carbonate carbon isotopes from the section in the shallow water facies. Integrated with other stratigraphic tools, we can precisely establish a lower Cambrian stratigraphic framework from shallow sheff to deep basin of the Yangtze Platform.

Acanthomorph Biostratigraphic Succession of the Ediacaran Doushantuo Formation in the East Yangtze Gorges,South China

Large acanthomorphic acritarchs have been found in chert of the Ediacaran Doushantuo Formation at several localities in South China, including the East Yangtze Gorges of Hubei Province,Weng＇an area of Guizhou Province, and elsewhere. However, their potential for biostratigraphic subdivision and correlation of Ediacaran successions is limited by facies control, taphonomic biases,and taxonomic problems. In the Yangtze Gorges, the Doushantuo Formation is generally subdivided into four lithologic members. However, in the Weng＇an area, the Doushantuo Formation comprises just a lower and upper part separated by a mid-Doushantuo erosional surface. In the Yangtze Gorges at the Zhangcunping section, the Doushantuo succession is similar to that at Weng＇an. So far, the correlation between the Yangtze Gorges and Weng＇an area, and elsewhere has been an issue of debate. To resolvethe debate, we selected eight sections in the Yangtze Gorges area and systemically sampled chert nodules of the Doushantuo Formation, focusing in particular on the upper Doushantuo Formation. Our data confirm two different assemblages appearing separately in the second and third members, which are separated by a negative δ13C excursion （EN2）. The lower assemblage is characterized by Tianzhushania and a diverse suite of large acanthomorphic acritarchs. The upper assemblage is distinguished from the lower assemblage, by （1） absence of Tianzhushania; （2） occurrence of abundant,100-150 μm, smooth-walled spherical microfossils; （3） occurrence of highly diverse acanthomorphic acritarchs including species extending from the second member and new forms in this member; （4）occurrence of unnamed new forms of protist; and （5） occurrence of the tubular microfossil Sinocyclocylicus guizhouensis. Since the Tianzhushania-dominated assemblage is not present in Australia, it seems that only the upper acanthomorph assemblage is present and thus the lower Doushantuo acanthomorph assemblage is missing in Australia.

A New Diverse Macrofossil Lagersttte from the Uppermost Ediacaran of Southwestern China

A new macrofossil Lagerstatte was discovered from the uppermost Ediacaran Jiucheng Member at Jinning and Jiangchuan of the eastern Yunnan, yielding numerous diverse well-preserved thallophyte macrofossils. These include the previously-known representatives of vendobionts, Vendotaenia and Tyrasotaenia, and the biggish multicellular benthos such as Chuaria-like and Tawuia- like fossiis, as well as Longfengshaniaceaens with diverse holdfast structures. There are still some other problematic macrofossils with peculiar configurations as well as uncertain relatives. The distinct dominance of the giant, unbranching thallophytes occasionally with holdfast structures distinguishes this assemblage from the other Ediacaran macrofossil Lagerstattes in the Doushantuo Formation at Miaohe, Wenghui and Lantian, and the contemporary assemblage in the Shibantan Member of Dengying Formation, Yangtze Gorges area. This paper outlines the characteristics of some of the multicellular macrofossils from the Jiucheng Member at Jiangchuan. They include some macrofossils with different types of holdfast structure, larger Chuaria-like and Tawuia-like morphology and questionable affinities as well. The discovery of greater diverse macrofossil assemblages from the Jiucheng Member of eastern Yunnan has further indicated that an important diversification and evolutionary radiation of metaphytes took place in the latest Ediacaran time. This radiation of largescale, benthic metaphyte along with phytoplankton was likely important contributors to the early Cambrian explosion of metazoans.

Evolution of the Ediacaran Doushantuoian Meta-Paleo-Community in Northeast Guizhou,South China

Macroscopic organisms lived in the Yangtze Sea of South China during the Late Doushantuo period of the Ediacaran.The results of the specimen collections and statistics within each meter show that the macroscopic biota from the Ediacaran Doushantuo Formation in northeast Guizhou,South China,can be subdivided into Globusphyton,Cucullus,Sectoralga-Longifuniculum, Beltanelliformis,and Baculiphyca-Gesinella paleo-communities.The paleo-community evolution indicates the relationship not only between biota and environment,but also between metaphytes and metazoans.From the Globusphyton paleo-community,through to the Sectoralga-Longifuniculum paleo-community,to the Cucullus paleo-community,the increase in the abundance and diversity of metaphytes（especially the branching macroalgae）and metazoans implies that the oxygen content in the seawater increased gradually.Both the Beltanelliformis and Baculiphyca-Gesinella paleo-communities could be related to a deteriorated environment and fragile ecosystem.The emergence,abundance,and diversity of macroscopic metaphytes,which were closely connected with the environmental microchanges,accelerated the process,improving the environment and increasing oxygen,and established an important platform for the development of macroscopic metazoans.

Megascopic Symmetrical Metazoans from the Ediacaran Doushantuo Formation in the Northeastern Guizhou,South China

In South China, various megascopic symmetrical metazoan fossils were found in the upper Doushantuo （陡山沱） Formation of the Neoproterozoic Ediacaran. The worm-like fossil is characterized by modern taxological annelid, for many metameres, parapodia, one possible tentale, an alimentary canal, and a dorsal vessel. The triradiate discoidal fossils belong to Trilobozoa, and the octaradiate discoidal fossil might be Ctenophora. All these fossils indicate that the megascopic metazoans have appeared in the Doushantuoian of Eidacaran and imply that the symmetrical metazoans must have originated at least 550 Ma ago.

New Data of Phosphatized Acritarchs from the Ediacaran Doushantuo Formation at Weng'an,Guizhou Province,Southwest China

Abundant phosphatized acritarchs are preserved in the late Precambrian （Ediacaran） Doushantuo Formation at Weng＇an, Guizhou Province, southwest China. Most of them are large with various spinous ornaments and multilayered outer walls. The general characters of these fossils are quite similar to those found from the homochronous deposits of the Yangtze Gorges, southern China. Therefore the Doushantuo Formation in the Weng＇an area can be correlated directly with the Doushantuo Formation of the Yangtze Gorges. Four species in four genera, including two new genera, two new species and one uncertain species are systematically described for the first time from the studied locality. The taxa are Bacatisphaera baokangensis Zhou, Brasier et Xue, 2001, Taeniosphaera doushantuoensis gen. et sp. nov., Rugospinasphaera speciosa gen. et sp. nov. and Meghystichosphaeridium sp. The new data enriches the famous Weng＇an biota, especially the marine microplankton flora in the Ediacaran Doushantuo Formation.

The Trace Element Distribution Patterns of Ediacaran-Early Cambrian Black Shales and the Origin of Selenium in the Guangning Area, Western Guangdong Province, South China

The Ediacaran and early Cambrian black shales are widespread across the South China Craton （Yangtze and Cathaysia blocks）. However, the trace element distribution patterns of the Ediacaran and early Cambrian black shales in the Cathaysia Block are still unclear. In this study, thirty- four black shale samples in the Lechangxia Group （Ediacaran） and thirteen black shale samples in the lower Bacun Group （early Cambrian） from Guangning area, western Guangdong Province, South China, were analyzed for major and trace elements concentrations. Compared to the upper continental crust, the Ediacaran black shales exhibit strongly enriched Se, Ga, and As with enrichment factor values （EF） higher than 10, significantly enrichedBi and Rb （10〉EF〉5）, weakly enriched Mo, Ba, Cs, V, In, Be, TI, and Th （5〉EF〉2）, normal U, Cr, Cd, Sc, Pb, Cu, and Li （2〉EF〉0.5）, and depleted Ni, Zn, Sr, and Co. Early Cambrian black shales display strongly enriched Se, Ga, and As, significantly enriched Ba, Bi, and Rb, weakly enriched Mo, Cs, Cd, V, U, Be, In, and TI, normal Sc, Th, Cr, Li, Cu, Ni, and Pb and depleted Co, Zn, and Sr. Moreover, Se is the most enriched trace element in the Ediacaran and early Cambrian black shales： concentrations vary from 0.25 to 30.09 ppm and 0.54 to 5.01 ppm, and averaging 4.84 and 1.72 ppm, with average EF values of 96.87 and 34.32, for the Ediacaran and early Cambrian shales respectively. The average concentration of Se in the Ediacaran black shales is 2.8 times higher than that of early Cambrian black shales. Se contents in the Ediacaran and early Cambrian black shales exhibit significant variation （P = 0.03）. Provenance analysis showed that Se contents of both the Ediacaran and early Cambrian black shales were without detrital provenance and volcanoclastic sources, hut of hydrothermal origin. The deep sources of Se and the presence of pyrite may explain the higher Se contents in the Ediacaran black shales. Similar with the Se-rich characteristics of the contemporaneous black shales in the south Qingling Mountain and Yangtze block, the Ediacaran and early Cambrian black shales in Guangning area, Cathaysia, are also enriched in Se, which may provide a clue for looking for the selenium-rich resources in western Guangdong Province.

Shuram-Wonoka carbon isotope excursion:Ediacaran revolution in the world ocean's meridional overturning circulation

The late Ediacaran Shuram-Wonoka excursion, with δ^(13)C_(carb) values as low as-12‰(PDB) in marineshelf deposits and spanning up to 10 Myr, is the deepest and most protracted δ^(13)C_(carb) negative anomaly recognised in Earth history. The excursion formed on at least four continents in low(≤32°) palaeolatitudes, and in China is associated with a major phosphogenic event. Global and intrabasinal correlation, magnetostratigraphy, isotope conglomerate tests and further geochemical data are consistent with a primary or syn-depositional origin for the excursion. Continental-margin phosphorites are generated by oceanic upwelling driven by surface winds, and δ^(13)C_(carb) negative anomalies are explicable by oceanic upwelling of 13 C-depleted deep oceanic waters, arguing that a feature common to these exceptional Ediacaran events was unprecedented perturbation of the world ocean. These events occurred during the transition from an alien Proterozoic world marked by low-palaeolatitude glaciation near sea level and strong seasonality to the familiar Phanerozoic Earth with circum-polar glaciation and temperate climate, suggesting that the Shuram-Wonoka excursion is related to this profound change in Earth's climate system. Of various hypotheses for Proterozoic low-palaeolatitude glaciation, only the high obliquity(>54°) hypothesis, which posits secular decrease in obliquity to near the present-day value(23.5°) during the Ediacaran, predicts an unparalleled revolution in the Ediacaran world ocean. The obliquity controls the sense of the world ocean's meridional overturning circulation, which today is driven by the sinking of cold, dense water at the poles and upwelling driven by zonal surface winds.When the decreasing obliquity passed the critical value of 54° during the Ediacaran the meridional temperature gradient reversed, with the equator becoming warmer than the poles and Hadley lowlatitude(<30°-35°) atmospheric zonal circulation reversing. This reversal of the temperature gradient is unique to the Ediacaran Period and caused reversal of the oceanic meridional overturning circulation,with upwelling of anoxic, 13 C-depleted deep oceanic waters producing a deeply negative and protractedδ^(13)C_(carb) signature on late Ediacaran marine-shelf deposits.

Redox history of the Three Gorges region during the Ediacaran and Early Cambrian as indicated by the Fe isotope

The Ediacaran-Cambrian transition is characterized by numerous events such as the emergence of large multi-cellular metazoans and surface environmental disturbances.Based on geological evidence,it has been proposed that this transition coincided with the increase in the atmospheric oxygen level that was key to the evolution of life.Even though ancient redox conditions can be inferred from the composition of sedimentary iron mineral species,this method is not necessarily applicable to all rocks.In the Earth system,the cycling of iron is of considerable interest owing to its sensitivity to redox conditions.Information regarding the paleo-oceanic iron cycle is revealed in the iron isotopic composition of ironbearing minerals.Unfortunately,only limited iron isotopic data exists for Ediacaran-to Cambrianperiod oceans.To circumvent this deficiency,we drilled a fossiliferous Ediacaran to Early Cambrian sedimentary succession in the Three Gorges region,South China.We analyzed the iron isotope ratios(δ^(56/54)Fe)of pyrite grains in the drill cores using laser ablation multi collector inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry.The results demonstrate large variations inδ^(56/54)Fe,from-1.6 to 1.6‰,and positive iron isotope ratios are observed in many successions.The presence of positiveδ^(56/54)Fe in pyrite indicates that the ferrous iron in the seawater was partially oxidized,suggesting that seawater at Three Gorges was ferruginous during the Ediacaran and Early Cambrian periods.However,aggregated pyrite grains in organic carbon-rich black shales at Member 4 of the Doushantuo Formation and the base of the Shuijingtuo Formation yield near-zeroδ^(56/54)Fe values;this suggests that the ocean was transiently dominated by sulfidic conditions during these periods.Notably negativeδ^(56/54)Fe values,lower than-1‰,can be interpreted as a signature of DIR.The DIR also might contribute in part to the re-mineralization of organic matter during the largest negative carbon isotope anomaly in the Ediacaran.

New Data of Macrofossils in the Ediacaran Wenghui Biota from Guizhou,South China

The abundance and diversity of macrofossils in the Ediacaran have attracted much attention.The upper Doushantuo macrobiotas in South China,including the Miaohe biota from Hubei and the Wenghui biota from Guizhou,are mainly preserved as the carbonaceous compressions and dominated by macroscopic algae and metazoans.Here,we describe 10 genera and 10 species（including 6 new genera and species） of macrofossils from the Wenghui biota.At present,the Wenghui biota yields macrofossils in more than 31 genera and 33 species,excluding those given no image and established on a few unascertained specimens.Based on the occurrence and distribution of macrofossils in both Miaohe and Wenghui areas,the middle-late Ediacaran（back shales of the upper Doushantuo Formation） in South China can be subdivided into two assemblage biozones in biostratigraphy：（i） the Protoconites-Linbotulitaenia-Eoandromeda Anomalophton assemblage biozone characterized by abundant and diverse macrofossils and by the ranges of Protoconites,Linbotulitaenia and Anomalophton;and（ii） the Baculiphyca-Gesinella-Cucullus-Beltanelliformis assemblage biozone characterized by the acme of the longer macrofossils Baculiphyca and Gesinella,and by few shorter and discoidal macrofossils.

Carbon Isotopic Evolution of the Late Ediacaran Gaojiashan Biota on the Northern Yangtze Platform,South China

Metazoan fossils in the Gaojiashan Biota are famous for being well preserved and may provide new insights into the early evolution and skeletonization of Metazoans. We are studying the isotopic compositions of organic and carbonate carbon from a sequence of sedimentary rocks at the Gaojiashan section, northern Yangtze Platform, Shaanxi Province of China. Organic carbon isotope values display a range between -30.8%0 and -24.7%0 with clear stratigraphic variations. Carbonate carbon isotope data vary between 0.1%o and ＋6%0. Positive j13C values from sediments with Gaojiashan biota reflect temporal variations in carbon turnover, i.e. an increasing in photosynthetic carbon fixation followed by an increasing subsequent fractional organic carbon burial, and that related to bio- radiation such as increasing algae, bacteria, and original creatures productivity in biomass. These secular variations are interpreted to reflect perturbations of the regional carbon cycle, specifically changes in the fractional burial of organic carbon, and discuss the relationship between Gaojiashan biota and paleoenvrionmental variation.

Ediacaran Discs from the Jodhpur Sandstone, Marwar Supergroup, India: A Biological Diversification or Taphonomic Interplay?

The noncarbonaceous Ediacaran discs of variable morphologies from the Jodhpur Sandstone Formation of the Marwar Supergroup, western Rajasthan, suggest different biologic affinities of plant and animal kingdom. These discs are commonly preserved on the bedding surfaces of siliciclastic sandstone and shale in strong positive relief and appear to possess a flexible to rigid body. Discs assignable to Aspidella, Cyclomedusa, Nimbia and Heimalora;all possibly inclining towards cnidarian affinity are being reported from the sandstone beds in Sursagar area. Variable morphologies among discs preserved in siliciclastic shale beds from the Artiya Kalan area support scyphozoan affinity (earlier named Marsonia from the same locality) and cnidarian affinity for small discs comparable with Funisia (considered being the first animals having sexual reproduction). Disc’s morphologies also suggest ephyra stage of Aurilia (a cnidarian form) or budding stages of some fungi, like Germinosphaera (multicellular benthic fungal fossils) and noncarbonaceous discs with well preserved wrinkles and folds like in Chuaria. Discs from the Jodhpur Sandstone, may at times display taphonomic interplay, but consistency and repetition in morphology support variable biological affinities representing diverse assemblage and advance ecosystem prevailing during Ediacaran period. A degree of genetic variability can be expected within any taxa, and this may be compounded by preservation factors affecting the Jodhpur Ediacaran discs. Sudden increase in size or gigantism is a common feature of Ediacaran life, which is evident in case of Jodhpur discs also. On the basis of fossil assemblage, the Jodhpur Group (the Marwar Supergroup) is regionally correlated with the Bhander Group of the Vindhyan Supergroup and Krol Group of Lesser Himalaya. Globally, the assemblage is comparable with the Long Mynd Group, Shropshire, UK, Fermuse Formation Newfoundland, South Australia, Russia and Norway.

Types,Petrophysical Properties and Pore Evolution of Late Ediacaran Microbial Carbonates,Tarim Basin,NW China

The Upper Ediacaran microbial carbonates of the Tarim Basin are potential reservoir geobodies for future hydrocarbon exploration with rising interest in exploration for deeply-buried reserves.However,little knowledge has been acquired on the types of microbial carbonates that are present,the properties of the reservoir and the pore evolution,hampering predictions of high-quality reservoirs in these carbonates.Integrated with petrography and in-situ U-Pb dating geochronology analyses,this study aims to clarify the types of microbial carbonates present and to reconstruct the pore evolution processes of the potential reservoir rocks.The Upper Ediacaran microbial carbonates of the Tarim Basin can be divided into four types,based on their features in terms of different scales(macro-to micro-):microbial laminite,stromatolite,spongiomicrobialite and microbial-peloidal wackestone/mudstone.Petrophysical properties show that all these microbial carbonates have low porosity and very low permeability with poor connectivity.These carbonates were subject to long-term and complex diagenetic processes,mainly consisting of dissolution,compaction,pervasive dolomitization,cementation and fracturing.The most important reservoir spaces are contributed by vugs and dissolution-enlarged pores,which are likely to have been associated with the widespread uplift of the Aksu area in the terminal Ediacaran.In contrast,the cementation of the fine-to-medium crystalline dolomite greatly reduced the pre-existing pores.Pore types are closely related to different microbial fabrics,which played an important role in the pore evolution of the microbial carbonates.

Largest Ediacaran discs from the Jodhpur Sandstone, Marwar Supergroup, India: Their palaeobiological significance

Ediacaran discs from the Jodhpur Sandstone of the Marwar Supergroup, Rajasthan, exhibit a wide size ranging from a few millimetres to 75 cm in diameter. Exceptionally large size of the discs in these rocks represent the largest reported so far from any Ediacaran assemblage. Although, larger medu-soid discs have been reported from USA, they are from the middle Cambrian and even younger rocks. Presence of microbial mats and weed-like structures with well preserved hold fasts and horizontal rhizome-like structures in association with some of these large-sized discs support their animal affinity, which probably feed on this weed-like vegetations. This association also supports their benthic habitat. Unlike the general trend of sudden increase in size of organisms in Ediacaran period and further decrease in size during Cambrian, these discs continued increasing in size in Cambrian also.

Geochemistry and Sr,Nd Istopes of Granitoids from the Lac Ifni Area(Sirwa Massif-Anti-Atlas Morocco):A Geodynamic Setting for the Post-collisional Ediacaran Magmatic Chain of the Anti-Atlas

The plutonic rocks of the westernmost part of the Sirwa massif belong to the Ediacaran post-collisional magmatic chain of the Anti-Atlas.The geochemistry of major and trace elements attests that the fractional crystallization cannot account for the variations between the granitoids and the associated MME.They represent two contemporaneous but independent magmatic tendencies.However,Sr and Nd configur data argue for a similar and juvenile material

Assessing Possibilities and Limitations for Biomarker Analyses on Outcrop Samples:A Case Study on Carbonates of the Shibantan Member (Ediacaran Period, Dengying Formation, South China)

The Shibantan Member（Dengying Formation, South China） represents one of only two carbonate settings with Ediacara-type organisms and offers a rare opportunity to study the biogeochemistry of these ecosystems. To evaluate possibilities and limitations for future biomarker studies on fossil-bearing outcrop samples of the Shibantan Member, we analysed the spatial distribution of hydrocarbons in extractable organic matter（i.e. bitumen） on a millimetre scale. Our study demonstrates that the sample and most likely also other rocks from the same setting are contaminated with petroleum-derived compounds that bear the potential for erroneous interpretations in palaeo-reconstructions. The contamination was revealed by distribution patterns and amounts of extractable n-alkanes and acyclic isoprenoids. The contamination is linked to the external weathering surfaces but also to cracks within the rock, and the extent most likely depends on concentration gradients between these contamination sources. Here we show that contamination can successfully be distinguished from syngenetic signals obtained from non-extractable organic matter（i.e. kerogen） using catalytic hydropyrolysis（Hy Py）. However, we observed that decalcification is necessary to achieve sufficient yields of kerogen-bound hydrocarbons and to avoid artificial alteration of the biomarker signals due to matrix effects.

Three-step modernization of the ocean:Modeling of carbon cycles and the revolution of ecological systems in the Ediacaran/Cambrian periods

Important ecological changes of the Earth （oxidization of the atmosphere and the ocean） increase in nutrient supply due to the break-up of the super continent （Rodinia） and the appearance of multi-cellular organisms （macroscopic algae and metazoan） took place in the Ediacaran period, priming the Cambrian explosion. The strong perturbations in carbon cycles in the ocean are recorded as excursions in carbonate and organic carbon isotope ratio （δ13Ccarb and δ13Corg） from the Ediacaran through early Cambrian periods. The Ediacaran-early Cambrian sediment records of δ13Ccarb and δ13Corg, obtained from the drill-core samples in Three Gorges in South China, are compared with the results of numerical simulation of a sim- ple one-zone model of the carbon cycle of the ocean, which has two reservoirs （i.e., dissolved organic carbon （DOC） and dissolved inorganic carbon （DIC）. The fluxes from the reservoirs are assumed to be proportional to the mass of the carbon reservoirs. We constructed a model, referred to here as the Best Fit Model （BFM）, which reproduce δ13Ccarb and δ13Corg records in the Ediacaran-early Cambrian period noted above. BFM reveals that the Shuram excursion is related to three major changes in the carbon cycle or the global ecological system of the Earth： （1） an increase in the coefficient of remineralization by a factor of ca. 100, possibly corresponding to a change in the dominant metabolism from anaerobic respiration to aerobic respiration, （2） an increase of carbon fractionation index from 25‰, to 33‰, possibly corresponding to the change in the primary producer from rock-living cyanobacteria to free-living macro algae, and （3） an in- crease in the coefficient of the organic carbon burial by a factor of ca. 100, possibly corresponding to the onset of a biological pump driven by the flourishing metazoan and zooplankton. The former two changes took place at the start of the Shuram excursion, while the third occurred at the end of the Shuram excursion. The other two excursions are explained by the tentative decrease in primary production due to cold periods, which correspond to the Gaskiers （ca. 580 Ma） and Bikonor （ca. 542 Ma） glaciations.

Environmental upheavals of the Ediacaran period and the Cambrian “explosion” of animal life

The second half of the Ediacaran period began with a large impact - the Acraman impact in South Australia, which was accompanied by a negative δ^13Ccarb anomaly and an extinction-radiation event involving acritarchs. A few million years later （-570 Ma？） there was a second, deeper and longer-lived world-wide δ^13Ccarb anomaly （the Shuram anomaly） which coincides with extinction of the acanthomorphic acritarchs. Wide distribution of the Shuram event is exemplified by stratigraphic sections from South Australia, Oman, southern California and South China. The widespread anomaly has been tentatively attributed to a marine impact. During recovery from the Shuram event the enigmatic Ediacaran biota achieved its zenith, only to be extirpated and replaced by a polyphyletic assemblage of shelly animals in what is known as the Cambrian ＂explosion＂. This extinction-radiation cycle was preceded by glaciation, another δ^13Ccarb excursion and the highest ^87Sr/^86Sr values known from marine carbonates. These high Sr ratios have been linked to weathering of extensive tracts of continental crust that were elevated during amalgamation of the supercontinent Gondwana. Introduction of essential nutrients to the oceans would have promoted biological production of oxygen and provided P and Ca for the important skeletonization that characterizes the Cambrian ＂explosion＂ and caused a quantum leap in the preservation potential of animal remains. Turbulent events of the last 50 million years of Precambrian time include three glaciations, two large impacts and a massive orogenic episode. These dramatic environmental upheavals are held responsible for three consecutive extinction-radiation cycles that culminated in the appearance of a diverse array of shelly fossils. Various lines of evidence suggest that the metazoans have deep roots so that they too may have been subjected to the environmental pressures of the late Ediacaran period clearly illustrated by acritarchs and the Ediacaran biota but the long-lived diversity of the metazoan population was ＂suddenly＂ revealed by the acquisition of biomineralization.