Six ultimate factors (forage abundance, horizontal sheltering class, distance from human disturbance,snow depth, tree coverage, and edge effect) of Red deer (Cervus elaphus) were investigated in eastern Heilongjiang P...Six ultimate factors (forage abundance, horizontal sheltering class, distance from human disturbance,snow depth, tree coverage, and edge effect) of Red deer (Cervus elaphus) were investigated in eastern Heilongjiang Province during winter from 1988 to 1991. On the basis of analysis of field data, we evaluated winter habitat conditions of Red deer. The results showed as follows; the wintering habitat quality of Red deer in poplar-birch stands was excellent in the Wanda Mountains, and was moderate in shrub-woods and Korean pine seed stands.According to habitat index (HI) values, the habitat quality in poplar-birch stands (HI=0.8185) was superior to that in shrub-woods (HI=0.4825) and in Korean pine seed stands (HI=0.4385). The wintering habitat quality of Red deer in the Wanda Mountains was superior to that of Daning Forestry Region. According to the current situations of forestry areas in northeastern China, strengthening habitat management was important for the conservation and management of Red deer population in the next decades.展开更多
Red deer can adjust to seasonal change of forage quality to maintain a relatively constant crude protein level (21. 1±4.0, 14.7± 1 .0, 11. 1± 1. 1 and 6.5 ±0.8 in spring. summer. fall and winter. r...Red deer can adjust to seasonal change of forage quality to maintain a relatively constant crude protein level (21. 1±4.0, 14.7± 1 .0, 11. 1± 1. 1 and 6.5 ±0.8 in spring. summer. fall and winter. respectively). Apparent protein digestibility is variable from -99.9% to 97.5%, depending upon season and forage type. True protein digestibility is 99%. Digestion of protein is significantly influenced by phenolics in diets.Minimumm digestible energy intase of 153.5kcal/kg0.75/day is necessary to maintain a positive nitrogen balance. Red deer recycles 18-85% of the urea produced and urea kinetic parameters (urea pool size, urea entry rate and urea excretion rate) are correlated to plasma urea conccntration. Rumen NH3-N production changes with season, but seasonal changcs in other NH3-N kinetic parameters (NH3-N concentration, NH3-N pool size and NH3-N outflow rate) are in dispute. Protein metabolism may be promoted in response to cold strcss. Endogenous urinary nitrogen is 0.09 (red deer) and 0. 16 g N/kg0.75day (elk), and metabolic frcal nitrogen is 5.58 g N/kg dry-matter intake. Protein requirements ranges from 100 g/kg DM to 170 g/kg DM for red deer of various ages and physiological stages. In conclusion.the knowledge of protein nutrition of red deer is limite.Much work is urgently needed in metabolism and requirements of protein before the appropriate feeding standard of red deer is coming.展开更多
Biochemical techniques including ion-exchange chromatography, gel filtration chromatography and re- versed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography（RP-HPLC） were used to isolate and purify the natural poly- pept...Biochemical techniques including ion-exchange chromatography, gel filtration chromatography and re- versed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography（RP-HPLC） were used to isolate and purify the natural poly- peptide from velvet antler（nVAP） of Cervus elaphus（C, elaphus）, which has a molecular weight of 3215.8 and the primary structure of VLSAADKSNVKAAWGKVGGNAPAFGAEALLRM. The homology of the protein sequence in nVAP with known protein sequence is less than 50%, suggesting that nVAP appears to be a new bioactive substance. At a level of 0.4--50 gg/mL, nVAP promotes mitosis in epidermal ceils, chondrocytes and NIH3T3 fibroblasts pri- marily cultured in a significant way. Given that a yield of high-purity nVAP isolated from C. elaphus is 0.001%, nVAP is artificially synthesized to prepare synthetic velvet antler polypeptide（sVAP） according to its primary struc- ture. Sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis（SDS-PAGE） of sVAP shows a single band, and its HPLC spectrum displays a single peak. The matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization time-of-flight mass spectro- metry（MALDI-TOF-MS） was used to identify sVAP to be of a molecular weight of 3200 and the consistency between primary structures of sVAP and nVAE Bioactivity test shows that at a dose of 5--40 μg/mL, sVAP promotes the pro- liferation of primarily cultured epidermal cells and NIH3T3 cell line. From the traditional Chinese medicine theory, velvet antler from Cervus nippon（C, nippon） and velvet antler from C. elaphus are considered as the same medicine, but differences between biochemical base and pharmacological effect of these two velvet antlers have been observed. We compared the total polypeptide mapping of the two velvet antlers, discovering that nVAP is active polypeptide and only exists in the velvet antler of C. elaphus, sVAP is similar to nVAP in physicochemical property and biological activity. These studies extend the possible utility of sVAP to be the promising compound to prepare velvet antler polypeptide of C. elaphus.展开更多
in this paper, 4N-HCLAIA method was adopted to conduct digestive tests in young female and male Dongtian F1 red deer (Cervus elaphus) of rearing seperatefy in growth period and mixed raising in weaning period in Harbi...in this paper, 4N-HCLAIA method was adopted to conduct digestive tests in young female and male Dongtian F1 red deer (Cervus elaphus) of rearing seperatefy in growth period and mixed raising in weaning period in Harbin Specialty Research Institute. Results indicated that digestive rate of crude protein and crude fiber were 95.35% and 73.68% respectively when rational protein content was 26.8% in growth period. Digestive rate was not significantly different between female and male(P>0.05)i During weaning period, When rational crude protein content is 22.06%, digestive rate of crude protein and crude fiber were 93.05% and 63.96%, respectively. The tests suggest that higher rational protein can be effective in accelerating groWth of young Dongtian F1 red deer during growth period and weaning period(before 10 months old).展开更多
Amblypygi are tropical and subtropical ambush predators that use elongated,raptorial pedipalps for different activities.Although pedipalp use in predation and courtship has been explored in videography in vivo analyse...Amblypygi are tropical and subtropical ambush predators that use elongated,raptorial pedipalps for different activities.Although pedipalp use in predation and courtship has been explored in videography in vivo analyses,kinematic ex vivo examination of these appendages has not been conducted.Here,we rectify this lack of data by using microCT scans to 3D-kinematically model the appendage morphology and the range of motion(ROM)of the joints for Damon medius and Heterophrynus elaphus.We illustrate the successful application of this technique to terrestrial euarthropods in determining the maximum ROM values for each pedipalp joint.We also note that,in life,these values would be lower due to motion restricting structures like tendons,arthrodial membranes,and muscles.We further compare our maximum values obtained here with data from video-based motion analyses.The ROM of each joint shows the greatest flexibility in the femur-tibia joint(140–150°),the lowest in the basitarsus-claw joint(35–40°).ROM in the tibia-basitarsus joint is markedly distinct(D.medius:44°;H.elaphus:105°).This disparity reflects how H.elaphus uses the joint in the capture basket,while D.medius uses the femur-tibia joint to form the capture basket.We further illustrate notable vertical motion of the H.elaphus pedipalp compared to D.medius.This difference reflects the retro-ventral trochanter apophysis of H.elaphus.Our study opens the possibility to further whip spider kinematic understanding.Examination of other taxa using this approach will result in a more comprehensive understanding of the ecological significance and ethological implications of this unique arachnid group.展开更多
文摘Six ultimate factors (forage abundance, horizontal sheltering class, distance from human disturbance,snow depth, tree coverage, and edge effect) of Red deer (Cervus elaphus) were investigated in eastern Heilongjiang Province during winter from 1988 to 1991. On the basis of analysis of field data, we evaluated winter habitat conditions of Red deer. The results showed as follows; the wintering habitat quality of Red deer in poplar-birch stands was excellent in the Wanda Mountains, and was moderate in shrub-woods and Korean pine seed stands.According to habitat index (HI) values, the habitat quality in poplar-birch stands (HI=0.8185) was superior to that in shrub-woods (HI=0.4825) and in Korean pine seed stands (HI=0.4385). The wintering habitat quality of Red deer in the Wanda Mountains was superior to that of Daning Forestry Region. According to the current situations of forestry areas in northeastern China, strengthening habitat management was important for the conservation and management of Red deer population in the next decades.
文摘Red deer can adjust to seasonal change of forage quality to maintain a relatively constant crude protein level (21. 1±4.0, 14.7± 1 .0, 11. 1± 1. 1 and 6.5 ±0.8 in spring. summer. fall and winter. respectively). Apparent protein digestibility is variable from -99.9% to 97.5%, depending upon season and forage type. True protein digestibility is 99%. Digestion of protein is significantly influenced by phenolics in diets.Minimumm digestible energy intase of 153.5kcal/kg0.75/day is necessary to maintain a positive nitrogen balance. Red deer recycles 18-85% of the urea produced and urea kinetic parameters (urea pool size, urea entry rate and urea excretion rate) are correlated to plasma urea conccntration. Rumen NH3-N production changes with season, but seasonal changcs in other NH3-N kinetic parameters (NH3-N concentration, NH3-N pool size and NH3-N outflow rate) are in dispute. Protein metabolism may be promoted in response to cold strcss. Endogenous urinary nitrogen is 0.09 (red deer) and 0. 16 g N/kg0.75day (elk), and metabolic frcal nitrogen is 5.58 g N/kg dry-matter intake. Protein requirements ranges from 100 g/kg DM to 170 g/kg DM for red deer of various ages and physiological stages. In conclusion.the knowledge of protein nutrition of red deer is limite.Much work is urgently needed in metabolism and requirements of protein before the appropriate feeding standard of red deer is coming.
基金Supported by the Natural Science Foundation of Jilin Provincal Science ＆ Technology Department, China（No.201215244） and the Fundamental Research Foundation of Jilin University, China（No.201103232）
文摘Biochemical techniques including ion-exchange chromatography, gel filtration chromatography and re- versed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography（RP-HPLC） were used to isolate and purify the natural poly- peptide from velvet antler（nVAP） of Cervus elaphus（C, elaphus）, which has a molecular weight of 3215.8 and the primary structure of VLSAADKSNVKAAWGKVGGNAPAFGAEALLRM. The homology of the protein sequence in nVAP with known protein sequence is less than 50%, suggesting that nVAP appears to be a new bioactive substance. At a level of 0.4--50 gg/mL, nVAP promotes mitosis in epidermal ceils, chondrocytes and NIH3T3 fibroblasts pri- marily cultured in a significant way. Given that a yield of high-purity nVAP isolated from C. elaphus is 0.001%, nVAP is artificially synthesized to prepare synthetic velvet antler polypeptide（sVAP） according to its primary struc- ture. Sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis（SDS-PAGE） of sVAP shows a single band, and its HPLC spectrum displays a single peak. The matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization time-of-flight mass spectro- metry（MALDI-TOF-MS） was used to identify sVAP to be of a molecular weight of 3200 and the consistency between primary structures of sVAP and nVAE Bioactivity test shows that at a dose of 5--40 μg/mL, sVAP promotes the pro- liferation of primarily cultured epidermal cells and NIH3T3 cell line. From the traditional Chinese medicine theory, velvet antler from Cervus nippon（C, nippon） and velvet antler from C. elaphus are considered as the same medicine, but differences between biochemical base and pharmacological effect of these two velvet antlers have been observed. We compared the total polypeptide mapping of the two velvet antlers, discovering that nVAP is active polypeptide and only exists in the velvet antler of C. elaphus, sVAP is similar to nVAP in physicochemical property and biological activity. These studies extend the possible utility of sVAP to be the promising compound to prepare velvet antler polypeptide of C. elaphus.
文摘in this paper, 4N-HCLAIA method was adopted to conduct digestive tests in young female and male Dongtian F1 red deer (Cervus elaphus) of rearing seperatefy in growth period and mixed raising in weaning period in Harbin Specialty Research Institute. Results indicated that digestive rate of crude protein and crude fiber were 95.35% and 73.68% respectively when rational protein content was 26.8% in growth period. Digestive rate was not significantly different between female and male(P>0.05)i During weaning period, When rational crude protein content is 22.06%, digestive rate of crude protein and crude fiber were 93.05% and 63.96%, respectively. The tests suggest that higher rational protein can be effective in accelerating groWth of young Dongtian F1 red deer during growth period and weaning period(before 10 months old).
基金supported by funding from the Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft,Award Number:Me 2683/10-1(to MS)an Australian Research Council Discovery grant(DP200102005)a UNE Postdoctoral Research Fellowship(to RDCB).
文摘Amblypygi are tropical and subtropical ambush predators that use elongated,raptorial pedipalps for different activities.Although pedipalp use in predation and courtship has been explored in videography in vivo analyses,kinematic ex vivo examination of these appendages has not been conducted.Here,we rectify this lack of data by using microCT scans to 3D-kinematically model the appendage morphology and the range of motion(ROM)of the joints for Damon medius and Heterophrynus elaphus.We illustrate the successful application of this technique to terrestrial euarthropods in determining the maximum ROM values for each pedipalp joint.We also note that,in life,these values would be lower due to motion restricting structures like tendons,arthrodial membranes,and muscles.We further compare our maximum values obtained here with data from video-based motion analyses.The ROM of each joint shows the greatest flexibility in the femur-tibia joint(140–150°),the lowest in the basitarsus-claw joint(35–40°).ROM in the tibia-basitarsus joint is markedly distinct(D.medius:44°;H.elaphus:105°).This disparity reflects how H.elaphus uses the joint in the capture basket,while D.medius uses the femur-tibia joint to form the capture basket.We further illustrate notable vertical motion of the H.elaphus pedipalp compared to D.medius.This difference reflects the retro-ventral trochanter apophysis of H.elaphus.Our study opens the possibility to further whip spider kinematic understanding.Examination of other taxa using this approach will result in a more comprehensive understanding of the ecological significance and ethological implications of this unique arachnid group.
