Influence of Microorganisms Effective against Basal Rot and on Agronomic Parameters of Onion [Allium cepa L. (Amaryllidaceae)]

Onions are a horticultural crop of great economic, dietary and medicinal importance, and are highly prized by the Ivorian population. However, production remains low, due to a number of constraints, including parasitic attacks. The most frequent is fusariosis caused by Fusarium sp., a pathogen that causes enormous damage to onion crops. Faced with these attacks, chemical control appears to be ineffective, with consequences for human health and the environment. This is why the search for effective alternative methods that respect the environment and human health is so necessary. It is in this context that this study was carried out, with the general aim of controlling fusarium wilt in onion crops, with a view to improving onion production in Ivory Coast through the use of effective microorganisms. The experimental set-up used for this purpose was a fisher block with complete randomization, comprising three replicates. A fungal spore concentration of 106 spore/mL of Fusarium sp., three doses (1%;2.5% and 5% v/v) of EM and one dose of a chemical fungicide (30 mL/16L) were tested on young onion plants. Each block consisted of nine sub-plots with nine treatments. Health parameters (incidence and severity) and agronomic parameters (growth and yield) were assessed. Microbiological analysis of the EM revealed the presence of nine morphotypes of Trichoderma sp., Aspergillus clavatus, Aspergillus flavus, Aspergillus sp., Penicillium sp., Rhizopus sp., lactic acid bacteria of the Bacillus family and the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Field experimentation showed that the 5% EM microbial solution reduced the incidence and severity of fusariosis compared with the chemical fungicide, and proved to be the best. This dose reduced yield losses by 7.14%, while improving onion growth and yield by over 5%. The results demonstrated the ability of the EM solution to effectively control the causal agent of basal rot in onion crops.

In Vitro Antibacterial Effect of Effective Microorganisms( EM) on Aeromonas hydrophila

In order to understand in vitro antibacterial effect of antibiotics and EM on Aeromonas hydrophila,14 isolates of A. hydrophila were isolated from diseased fish and aquaculture in the study. PCR amplification results of aerolysin gene( Aero gene) of isolates indicated that 7 out of 14 isolates were pathogenic A.hydrophila. In vitro antibacterial test indicated that 14 isolates were resistance to penicillin G,ampicillin,cephradine,cefazolin,tetracycline,terimethoprim,lincomycin and cephalexin,but showed high sensitivity to cefotaxime and furazolidone. In vitro antibacterial effect of EM on 14 isolates of A. hydrophila was positively correlated with concentration,and EM with the concentration greater than 60% had antibacterial effect on 14 isolates.

Composting MSW and sewage sludge with effective complex microorganisms

The effects of complex microorganisms in composting process of the municipal solid waste (MSW) and sludge were examined through inspecting biomass, temperature, oxygen consumption, organic mater, and C/N (the ratio of carbon and nitrogen). The experimental results shows: complex microorganisms are effective to compose organic matter and speedup composting change into humus.

Damage to DNA of effective microorganisms by heavy metals:Impact on wastewater treatment

The research is to test the damage to DNA of effective microorganisms(EMs)by heavy metal ions As3+,Cd2+,Cr3+,Cu2+,Hg2+, Pb2+,and Zn2+,as well as the effects of EM bacteria on wastewater treatment capability when their DNA is damaged.The approach applied in this study is to test with COMET assay the damage of EM DNA in wastewater with different concentrations of heavy metal ions As3+,Cd2+,Cr3+,Cu2+,Hg2+,Pb2+,Zn2+,as well as the effects of EM treated with As3+,Cd2+,Cr3+,Cu2+,Hg2+,Pb2+,and Zn2+ on COD degradin...

Studies on Solubility and Stability of Oligochitosan in Effective Microorganisms

[Objective] This study aimed to explore the synergistic effect of oligochi- tosan and EM bacteria and provide a theoretical basis for its application in animal health, aquaculture, sewage treatment and other fields. [Method] Different concentrations of oligochitosan were added into EM bacteria liquid and the stability was preliminarily studied. [Result] Addition of oligochitosan with appropriate proportion had played a supporting role in the stable storage of EM bacteria liquid and had shown certain inhibition effect on flatulence of EM bacteria liquid. Addition of oligochitosan had no significant effect on the quality and re-fermentation of EM bacteria. [Conclusion] The study indicated that oligochitosan could be utilized in conjunction with EM bacteria liquid, having a promising practical potential application.

Prospects of effective microorganisms technology in wastes treatment in Egypt

Sludge dewatering and treatment may cost as much as the wastewater treatment.Usually large proportion of the pollutants in wastewater is organic.They are attacked by saprophytic microorganisms,i.e.organisms that feed upon dead organic matter.Activity of organisms causes decomposition of organic matter and destroys them,where the bacteria convert the organic matter or other constituents in the wastewater to new cells,water,gases and other products.Demolition activities,including renovation/remodeling works and complete or selective removal/demolishing of existing structures either by man-made processes or by natural disasters,create an extensive amount of wastes.These demolition wastes are characterized as heterogeneous mixtures of building materials that are usually contaminated with chemicals and dirt.In developing countries, it is estimated that demolition wastes comprise 20%to 30%of the total annual solid wastes.In Egypt,the daily quantity of construction and demolition(C&D) waste has been estimated as 10 000 tones.That is equivalent to one third of the total daily municipal solid wastes generated per day in Egypt.The zabbaliin have since expanded their activities and now take the waste they collect back to their garbage villages where it is sorted into recyclable components:paper,plastics, rags,glass,metal and food.The food waste is fed to pigs and the other items are sold to recycling centers.This paper summarizes the wastewater and solid wastes management in Egypt now and future.

Effect of Inoculation with Effective Microorganisms and Leachate Recycle on Degradation of Municipal Refuse

Biodegradation of waste in landfill is a slow process requiring decades for completion. Accelerated degradation of municipal refuse in modulated landfill environments may alleviate or eliminate pollution to the land, water and air. In this work, nineteen effective microorganisms (EMs) were isolated from old landfill refuse by enrichment culturing techniques and used for the inoculum of municipal refuse. The preliminary experiments demonstrate that a combination of EMs inoculation in landfill with leachate recycle resulted in increased rates of decomposition and faster process stability. The concentrations of COD, VFA and SO4^2- in digester with EMs inoculation and leachate recycle decreased more rapidly than others. Gas production from digester with EMs inoculation and leachate recycle commenced around 32 days, which is a week shorter than with leachate recycle only. And peak cumulative gas production was obtained much earlier in digester with EMs inoculation and leachate recycle (150 days) compared to 180 days with leachate recycle only. Moreover, in the first two months, the rate of settlement in digester with EMs inoculation and leachate recycle was more rapid than others.

Effects of Synergy between Earthworms and Effective Microorganisms on Vermicomposting of Pig Manure

[ Objective] To explore the effects of synergy between earthworms （ Eisenia foetida） and effective microorganisms （EM） on vermicom. posting of pig manure and to provide a new idea for rational and effective utilization and treatment of animal manure. [Method] Four treatments were used to compost pig manure, namely, EM-inoculated manure, earthworms-inoculated manure, EM and earthworms-inoculated manure and control （CK） manure. The experiment lasted for 60 d. On Day 0, 15, 30, 45 and 60, the pig manure was collected, and the content of total organic carbon （TOC）, total Kjeldahl nitrogen （TKN）, ammonium nitrogen, nitrate nitrogen and water soluble carbon （WSC） was determined, respectively. [Resuit] Compared with the control, the EM and earthworms-inoculated manure had a decrease of 42.8% in the TOC content, an increase of 13.6% in the TKN content, a decrease of 49.5% in the carbon nitrogen ratio, the conversion rate of ammonium nitrogen of 98.1%, a 96 times increase in nitrate nitrogen, the ratio of nitrate nitrogen to ammonium nitrogen of 61, and a decrease of 58.9% in the WSC content. [ Conclusion] The synergy between earthworms and EM can accelerate maturation of pig manure and improve mineralization and stability of products.

Ecological effects of crude oil residues on the functional diversity of soil microorganisms in three weed rhizospheres

Ecological effects of crude oil residues on weed rhizospheres are still vague. The quantitative and diversity changes and metabolic responses of soil-bacterial communities in common dandelion （Taraxacum officinale）, jerusalem artichoke （Silphiurn perfoliatum L.） and evening primrose （A colypha australis L.） rhizospheric soils were thus examined using the method of carbon source utilization. The results indicated that there were various toxic effects of crude oil residues on the growth and reproduction of soil bacteria, but the weed rhizospheres could mitigate the toxic effects. Total heterotrophic counting colony-forming units （CFUs） in the rhizospheric soils were significantly higher than those in the non-rhizospheric soils. The culturable soil-bacterial CFUs in the jerusalem artichoke （S. perfoliatum） rhizosphere polluted with 0.50 kg/pot of crude oil residues were almost twice as much as those with 0.25 kg/pot and without the addition of crude oil residues. The addition of crude oil residues increased the difference in substrate evenness, substrate richness, and substrate diversity between non-rhizospheric and rhizospheric soils of T. officinale and A. australis, but there was no significant （p〉0.05） difference in the Shannon＇s diversity index between non-rhizospheric and rhizospheric soils of S. perfoliatum. The rhizospheric response of weed species to crude oil residues suggested that S. perfoliatum may be a potential weed species for the effective plant-microorganism bioremediation of contaminated soils by crude oil residues.

Responses of Soil Fauna Structure and Leaf Litter Decomposition to Effective Microorganism Treatments in Da Hinggan Mountains,China

Microorganisms are nutritious resources for various soil fauna.Although soil fauna grazing affects microorganism composition and decomposition rate,the responses of soil fauna and leaf litter decomposition to added microorganism is little understood.In this study,in the coniferous and broad-leaved mixed forest of Tahe County in the northern Da Hinggan Mountains,China,three sampling sites(each has an area of 10 m2) were selected.The first two sites were sprinkled with 250 times(EM1) and 1000 times(EM2) diluted effective microorganism(EM) preparations evenly,and the third site was sprinkled with the same volume of water as a control site.The responses of soil fauna structure and leaf litter decomposition to EM treatment were conducted during three years.The results revealed that EM treatment resulted in significant increase of soil organic matter.The number of soil fauna in the EM1 and EM2 sites increased by 12.88% and 2.23% compared to the control site,and among them springtails and mites showed the highest increase.However,the groups of soil fauna in the EM1 and EM2 sites decreased by 6 and 9,respectively.And the changes in the diversity and evenness index were relatively complicated.EM treatment slowed the decomposition of broad-leaved litter,but accelerated the decomposition of coniferous litter.However,the decomposition rate of broad-leaved litter was still higher than that of coniferous litter.The results of this study suggested that the added microorganisms could help individual growth of soil fauna,and this method led to a change in the process of leaf litter decomposition.This paper did not analyze the activity of soil microorganisms,thus it is difficult to clearly explain the complex relationships among litter type,soil fauna and soil microorganisms.Further research on this subject is needed.

EM菌对蓝藻的抑制作用

为探究EM菌对蓝藻的抑制作用,分别在蓝藻(微囊藻属含量>95%、鱼腥藻属、颤藻属、螺旋藻属)藻液中添加体积分数为0、0.40%、0.80%、1.60%、3.20%EM菌液(主要包括植物乳杆菌、热带醋杆菌和贝莱斯芽孢杆菌等),活菌总密度为1×10^(8)cfu/L,并在不同培养时间内对溶液中溶解性总氮、溶解性总磷、溶解性有机碳质量浓度,pH,蓝藻密度以及总叶绿素a质量浓度进行测定。结果表明:添加0.80%、1.60%、3.20%EM菌液可显著降低溶液中的溶解性总氮质量浓度(P<0.05),且添加量越大,溶液中的溶解性总氮质量浓度越低;前3d,EM菌液添加量为3.20%可显著降低溶液中的溶解性总磷质量浓度(P<0.05);添加EM菌液对最终溶液中溶解性有机碳质量浓度影响不大,可以稳定溶液中的pH,对蓝藻具有明显的抑制作用(P<0.01),抑制率可达90.00%,抑制效果依次为0.80%>3.20%>1.60%>0.40%;添加EM菌液可降低溶液中的总叶绿素a质量浓度,作用效果依次为0.80%>1.60%>0.40%>3.20%,其中EM菌液添加量为0.80%、1.60%对降低溶液中总叶绿素a质量浓度有显著影响(P<0.05)。综上,EM菌液添加量为0.80%对抑制蓝藻和降低总叶绿素a效果最佳,可用于控制水体中蓝藻水华。本试验结果可为微生物菌群控制蓝藻水华暴发、调控养殖水体藻相结构等提供参考。

减施化肥配施EM菌剂对厚皮甜瓜生长及果实性状的影响

为探讨减施化肥配施EM菌剂对厚皮甜瓜生长和果实性状的影响,以常规施肥(每667 m^(2)施用复合肥50 kg、有机肥500 kg、硫酸钾20 kg、钙镁磷肥20 kg)为对照,设置EM菌剂替代化肥方案(每667 m^(2)施用EM菌剂20 L,复合肥30 kg,有机肥500 kg,硫酸钾20 kg,钙镁磷肥20 kg),比较分析减施化肥配施EM菌剂对不同厚皮甜瓜品种生长发育、果实性状及品质的影响。结果表明:施用EM菌后桂蜜12号最大株高、茎粗、叶片SPAD值分别为215.00 cm、9.93 mm、39.17,均显著高于对照;果实性状除腔长(11.38 cm)、腔宽(6.74 cm)比对照显著减少外,单瓜质量、产量、果肉硬度、果长、果宽、果肉厚、果脐肉厚和可溶性固形物含量均显著高于对照。施用EM菌后北甜1号株高、茎粗均大于对照,但不同时期差异性不同;最大株高、茎粗、叶片SPAD值和叶面积分别为193.67 cm、10.44 mm、37.62、990.38 cm^(2),与对照均无显著差异,果肉硬度、果长、果宽、中心可溶性固形物均比对照显著增加,而腔长、腔宽均比对照显著减少。综上,EM菌剂部分替代化肥方案能促进厚皮甜瓜植株生长、产量提高与品质改善,但对不同甜瓜品种的影响效果有所不同,对桂蜜12号甜瓜的促进作用更明显。

Effects of inoculating microorganisms on mesophilic anaerobic digestion of septic sludge

The anaerobic digestion of septic sludge was studied through inoculating effective microorganisms (EMs) under mesophilic condition (35 ℃). The variation of COD,total solid (TS),volatile solid (VS),pH value and the gas production rate during the digestion process were presented,and the optimal adding concentration of EMs was determined by comparing the reduction effectiveness of septic sludge. The results show that proper addition of EMs can enhance acid buffering capacity of the system,and the NH3-N concentration is lower than inhibition concentration of 2 g/L reported in the literature and maintain the range of pH value which is suitable for both hydrolysis-acidification and methanogenesis. However,overdose of EMs can reduce the initial pH value of septic sludge and decrease the effects of the anaerobic digestion. EMs can increase the quantity of microbe in septic sludge and improve the gas production and generation rate over a period of time. But overdosing EMs can lead to low pH,restrain activity of methanogenic bacteria and affect the quantity and the generation rate of gas. Adding 0.01% EMs achieves the highest sludge reduction with the removal rates of TS,VS and COD by 32.51%,42.34% and 40.97%,respectively.

EM菌不同添加量对加州鲈生长性能和水质的影响

开展了EM菌不同添加量对加州鲈生长性能和水质的影响试验。设置试验塘3口(Ⅱ—Ⅳ号塘),对照塘1口(Ⅰ号塘)。Ⅱ号塘、Ⅲ号塘、Ⅳ号塘每667 m^(2)分别添加EM菌0.5,1.0和1.5 kg,Ⅰ号塘不添加。结果表明,随着试验时间的增加,水体中营养盐总体呈现上升趋势,其中试验塘上升速度相对缓慢,其水体中饵料生物的多样性、鲈幼鱼的特定生长率、质量增加率和成活率与Ⅰ号塘相比,均有明显提高。指出,EM菌能够有效降解水体中氮、磷等营养素,对稳定溶解氧和pH值有积极作用,可有效提高鲈的生长性能。

栽培基质与EM菌剂对卷叶湿地藓生长的影响研究

为探索卷叶湿地藓的快速扩繁方法,以卷叶湿地藓为研究对象,采用二因素裂区试验设计,设置4种栽培基质和3种EM菌剂浓度,综合分析和评价栽培基质和EM菌剂浓度对卷叶湿地藓生长及生理指标的影响。结果表明:卷叶湿地藓的发枝数、盖度、叶绿素和可溶性糖含量表现为随EM菌剂浓度增高而增加,丙二醛(MDA)随EM菌剂浓度增高而降低。高浓度处理A3B2的发枝数是低浓度处理A3B1的1.16倍,是对照处理A3CK的1.88倍,A3B2处理盖度、叶绿素和可溶性糖含量较对照处理A3CK相比分别增加了57.34%、67.95%和16.94%,较低浓度处理A3B1分别增加了17.30%、29.41%和3.32%,MDA含量较对照A3CK和低浓度处理A3B1分别降低了70.54%和31.56%。园林废弃物堆肥基质处理的发枝数、盖度、叶绿素和可溶性糖含量均略高于草炭基质,A3B2的发枝数、盖度、叶绿素和可溶性糖含量较A4B2处理增加了3.33%、3.83%、4.68%和12.85%,MDA含量较A4B2处理降低了17.47%。隶属函数综合评价结果显示A3B2综合评分最高。综上,栽培基质和EM菌剂对卷叶湿地藓的生长有一定的影响,较适宜卷叶湿地藓的栽培基质和EM菌剂组合为工程弃土40%+园林废弃物堆肥60%配施EM菌剂600倍稀释液。

EMS诱变对不同萌发状态草莓种子发芽率的影响

【目的】为观察EMS对草莓种子的诱变反应,确定EMS对草莓种子诱变的最佳条件,为后期八倍体草莓突变体库的构建奠定基础。【方法】以草莓品种津韵1号4种不同萌发状态种子(风干种子、吸胀种子、萌动种子、萌发种子)为试验材料,设置5个EMS浓度处理梯度(0%、0.4%、0.6%、0.8%、1.0%),每个浓度设置3个处理时间(8 h、12 h、16 h),在种子发芽后测定种子发芽率,通过半致死剂量,筛选适宜EMS诱变处理最适种子萌发状态、剂量及时间。【结果】EMS诱变在草莓种子不同处理时间和浓度以及不同种子萌发状态上均存在差异,各处理组合不是单因素简单相加,萌动种子在EMS浓度0.8%、处理时间12 h条件下,发芽率接近半致死剂量,确定为EMS诱变草莓种子的最佳条件。【结论】EMS诱变对草莓种子只有在合适的浓度和时间组合下才能得到适宜的处理条件,应根据实际需要的诱变效果选择诱变条件。

Synergetic Inactivation of Microorganisms in Drinking Water by Short-term Free Chlorination and Subsequent Monochloramination

Objective To introduce synergetic inactivation of microorganisms in drinking water by short-term free chlorination for less than 15 minutes followed by monochloramination. Methods Indicator microorganisms such as Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus, Candida albicans, and spores of Bacillus subtilis were used to assess the efficiency of sequential chlorination and free chlorination. Results The sequential chlorination was more efficient in inactivating these microorganisms than free chlorination, indicating that synergy was provided by free chlorine and monochloramine. Ammonia addition time, temperature and pH had influences on this synergy. Conclusion The possible mechanism of this synergy might involve three aspects： free chlorine causing sublethal injury to microorganisms and monochloramine further inactivating them; different ability of free chlorine and monochloramine to penetrate and inactivate microorganism congeries; and higher concentration of residual chlorine in sequential chlorination than in free chlorination.

Preliminary Studies on Chlorimuron Degradation in Soil by Effective Microogranisms

A wheat （Triticum aestivurn L.） bioassay method was used for preliminary determination of chlorimuron degradation in soil by EM （effective microorganisms）. Under the conditions of this study, chlorimuron half-life was greater than 30-50 days in soil containing different initial concentrations of chlorimuron. After adding EM, chlorimuron degradation half-life ranged from 10-15 days, which was about 15-30 days shorter than without EM. Chlorimuron degradation was not significantly affected by EM populations applied at 50-200 mL·kg^-1. Both monopotassium phosphate and urea enhanced the ability of EM to degrade chlorimuron, but brown sugar had no significant effect.

Immunologically effective biomaterials-enhanced vaccines against infection of pathogenic microorganisms

Infectious diseases are severe public health events that threaten global health.Prophylactic vaccines have been considered as the most effective strategy to train the immune system to recognize and clear pathogenic infections.However,the existing vaccines against infectious diseases have several limitations,such as difficulties in mass manufacturing and storage,weak immunogenicity,and low efficiency of available adjuvants.Biomaterials,especially functional polymers,are expected to break through these bottlenecks based on the advantages of biocompatibility,degradability,controlled synthesis,easy modification,precise targeting,and immune modulation,which are excellent carriers and adjuvants of vaccines.This review mainly summarizes the application of immunologically effective polymers-enhanced vaccines against viruses-and bacteria-related infectious diseases and predicted their potential improvements.