简单地球模型的研究进展

以简单概念性气候模式(SCMs)和中等复杂程度的地球系统模式(EMICs)为对象,介绍了简单地球模型的研究进展。在简单地球模型中,简单概念性气候模式已经成为了解气候理论和气候变化规律的有效工具;中等复杂程度的地球系统模式涵盖了地球系统的大多数组成部分,对各部分之间的反馈和过程描述比较详细,同时计算要求比较低,使其应用几乎覆盖了简单概念性气候模式以及耦合气候系统模式的所有研究领域。EMICs必定会有更大的发展,从而在地球气候模拟中起到更加重要的作用。

一种新的遥感影像角点提取方法

角点是数字影像中重要的几何特征,角点的准确提取对于影像处理与应用具有重要意义。本文针对MIC角点提取算子处理速度快、抗噪性差等特点,提出一种新的遥感影像角点提取方法——EMIC,充分利用角点的灰度值变化特点,首先从对角线方向对角点进行粗提取,然后在垂直、水平方向对角点进行精提取。实验验证,EMIC算子角点提取速度更快,并且抗噪性强,有更好的实用性。

个人传统性与个人现代性——文化心理学视角

个人传统性(现代性)是指传统社会(现代化社会)中个人所最常具有的一套有组织的认知态度、思想观念、价值取向、气质特征及行为意向。在对该领域自上世纪60年代以来的文献进行梳理之后,分别从研究历史、测量方法、研究内容逐一进行介绍。未来研究要在更加合理的理论框架下,改进研究方法,增加实验研究;兼顾文化共通性(etic)与特殊性(emic);拓宽研究内容,从系统、动态的角度探索个人传统性与现代性的变迁。

H^(+)频段EMIC波对辐射带相对论电子的投掷角扩散系数的多维建模

电磁离子回旋波(Electromagnetic ion cyclotron waves,简称EMIC波)在地球辐射带电子动力学过程中扮演着非常重要的角色.通过波粒相互作用,EMIC波能有效地散射相对论电子,造成辐射带相对论电子快速沉降损失从而影响相对论电子通量演化.因此在地球辐射带动力学建模中,快速准确地获取EMIC波对相对论电子的散射效应信息非常必要.利用基于准线性理论的Full Diffusion Code(FDC),本文主要研究了辐射带H^(+)频段EMIC波对相对论电子的散射效应,并定量计算了EMIC波对相对论电子的弹跳平均投掷角扩散系数.为了方便快速地进行辐射带多维度建模,我们建立了L=1.5~7,α^(*)=3~30范围内的扩散系数矩阵库.文中展示了L分别为3、4和5时α^(*)为3~30时H^(+)频段EMIC波三种不同传播角模型的弹跳平均投掷角扩散系数,其随不同输入参数的变化特征与前人结果基本一致.基于所建立的弹跳平均投掷角扩散系数矩阵库,我们使用线性插值方法计算得到了L为3.25、4.35、5.55时在等离子体层顶内外的弹跳平均投掷角扩散系数.通过计算比较FDC和线性插值两种方法得到的扩散系数的相对误差,我们进一步验证了线性插值方法对于快速获取扩散系数的可行性和准确性.我们的结果表明,扩散系数的多维矩阵构建和线性插值获取能有效提高辐射带动力学建模的效率,对地球辐射带动理学快速建模和空间天气预报有着重要意义.

Formation of the mass density peak at the magnetospheric equator triggered by EMIC waves

We report a simultaneous observation of two band electromagnetic ion cyclotron(EMIC)waves and toroidal Alfvén waves by the Van Allen Probe mission.Through wave frequency analyses,the mass densityρis found to be locally peaked at the magnetic equator.Perpendicular fluxes of ions(<100 eV)increase simultaneously with the appearances of EMIC waves,indicating a heating of these ions by EMIC waves.In addition,the measured ion distributions also support the equatorial peak formation,which accords with the result of the frequency analyses.The formation of local mass density peaks at the equator should be due to enhancements of equatorial ion concentrations,which are triggered by EMIC waves’perpendicular heating on low energy ions.

Simultaneous occurrence of four magnetospheric wave modes and the resultant combined scattering effect on radiation belt electrons

We report a representative concurrent event of four wave modes at L≈5.0,including electrostatic electron cyclotron harmonic(ECH)waves,exohiss,magnetosonic(MS)waves,and electromagnetic ion cyclotron(EMIC)waves,based on the observations from Van Allen Probe A on October 15,2015.The diffusion coefficients induced by these waves are calculated by using both the Full Diffusion Code and test particle simulations.Moreover,the scattering effects of these waves on energetic electrons are simulated by using a two-dimensional Fokker-Planck diffusion model.The results show that ECH waves mainly scatter low-pitch-angle(<20°)electrons at 0.1-10 keV;exohiss can significantly scatter hundreds of kiloelectron volt electrons to form a reversed energy spectrum;MS waves mainly affect high-pitch-angle electrons(>60°);and EMIC waves scatter only>5 MeV electrons.The combined scattering effects of exohiss and MS waves are stronger than those of exohiss alone.The top-hat pitch angle distributions produced by exohiss are relaxed after adding the effect of MS waves.Because the energies of electrons scattered by ECH waves and EMIC waves are much lower and higher than those scattered by exohiss and MS waves,respectively,the combined scattering effects with the addition of ECH and EMIC waves show little difference from the results for the combination of MS waves and exohiss.These results suggest that distinct wave modes can occur simultaneously and scatter electrons in combination or individually,which requires careful consideration in future global simulations of the complex dynamics of radiation belt energetic electrons.

Non-storm erosion of MeV electron outer radiation belt down to L^(*)<4.0 associated with successive enhancements of solar wind density

We report an unusual non-storm erosion event of outer zone MeV electron distribution during three successive solar wind number density enhancements(SWDEs)on November 27-30,2015.Loss of MeV electrons and energy-dependent narrowing of electron pitch angle distributions(PAD)first developed at L^(*)=5.5 and then moved down to L^(*)<4.According to the evolution of the electron phase space density(PSD)profile,losses of electrons with small pitch angles at L^(*)>4 during SWDE1 are mainly due to outward radial diffusion.However during SWDE2&3,scattering loss due to EMIC waves is dominant at 4<L^(*)<5.As for electrons with large pitch angles,outward radial diffusion is the primary loss mechanism throughout all SWDEs which is consistent with the incursion of the Last Closed Drift Shell(LCDS).The inner edge of EMIC wave activity moved from L^(*)~5 to L^(*)~4 and from L~6.4 to L~4.2 from SWDE1 to SWDE2&3,respectively,observed by Van Allen Probes and by ground stations.This is consistent with the inward penetration of anisotropic energetic protons from L^(*)=4.5 to L^(*)=3.5,suggesting that the inward extension of EMIC waves may be driven by the inward injection of anisotropic energetic protons from the dense plasma sheet.

日侧外磁层ULF波调制EMIC波的MMS观测

磁层多尺度卫星(MMS-1)在日侧06:30 MLT(磁地方时,Magnetic Local Time)外磁层大于2Re(L为7.5~10.1)的范围内观测到多达21个波包的准周期性电磁离子回旋波(EMIC)事件。超低频(ULF)波和能量质子温度各向异性准周期性增强也被同步观测到。频率分析显示,ULF波的周期、质子各向异性周期和EMIC波包的周期非常接近。MMS-4卫星在约1 h后经过附近空间区域,研究发现随着ULF波的幅度减弱,EMIC波包的准周期性也逐渐减弱。研究结果为ULF波在日侧外磁层调制质子各向异性从而产生周期性EMIC波包提供了完整的观测证据链。同时,观测结果进一步证明,这种ULF波调制的EMIC波包能够在大于2Re的空间尺度内发生,且能够持续存在于几个小时以上的时间尺度。

Gyroresonance Between Electromagnetic Ion Cyclotron Waves and Particles in a Multi-ion Plasma

The gyroresonant interaction between electromagnetic ion cyclotron （EMIC） waves and energetic particles was studied in a multi-ion （H^＋, He^＋, and O^＋） plasma. The minimum resonant energy Emin, resonant wave frequency w, and pitch angle diffusion coefficient Daa were calculated at the center location of the symmetrical ring current： r ≈3.5RE with RE the Earth＇s radius. Emin is found to decrease rapidly from 10 MeV to a few keV with the increase in ca in three bands： H^＋-band, He^＋-band and O^＋-band. Moreover, EMIC waves have substantial potential to scatter energetic （～100 keV） ions （mainly H^＋ and He^＋） into the loss cone and yield precipitation loss, suggesting that wave-particle interactions contribute to ring current decay.

Personal Reflection on Cultural Building Blocks

By reflecting back on the culture in which I was raised, I identify different building blocks of culture and the ways they played out, in order to apply them in my future life and make life better.

探讨Etic和Emic关系在语言学中的应用

在对Etic和Emic的关系分析和研究的基础上,发现在26个英文字母和单词的字母位之间,单词和句子的单词位之间,句子和篇章的句子位之间都呈现出Etic和Emic关系。Etic具有无序列性、不区分意义的特点,Emic具有序列性、区分意义、互补分布、对比、和最小对立体的特点。处于Etic关系中的英文字母,单词和句子是聚合关系,处于Emic关系中的音位、单词的字母位、句子的单词位和篇章的句子位既有聚合关系又有组合关系。因此,从认识论的角度出发,语言学研究的顺序应该是Etic1-Emic-Etic2。

EMIC501—1A多功能烟气SO_2排放总量测试仪

ＥＭＩＣ５０１—１Ａ多功能烟气ＳＯ＿２排放总量测试仪石金宝，王军，施兵，曹勤，宗蕙娟，杨，李丽ＥＭＩＣ５０１－１Ａ多功能烟气ＳＯ２排放总量测试仪（简称ＥＭＩＣ５０１—１Ａ测试仪，下同）为新一代烟道气测试仪器，它适应了今年开始的在全国执行的污染源总量控...

影响上升调EMIC波激发的因素研究

卫星观测发现部分电磁离子回旋(EMIC)波具有上升调结构。相对于普通的EMIC波而言,上升调EMIC的激发条件更为苛刻。对影响上升调EMIC波的因素进行研究,有助于了解内磁层的演化过程。本文基于RBSP-B卫星的观测数据,使用非线性波增长理论研究影响上升调EMIC波激发的因素。研究发现,热质子的浓度增大或浓度占比增大更有利于上升调EMIC波的激发;热质子的温度各向异性增大,增加了氦带和氢带上升调EMIC波在低频侧激发的难度;低地磁纬度地区更容易激发出上升调EMIC波。

古气候研究中气候模式的发展与应用

气候模拟是利用模式研究气候演变的学科。根据气候研究的实际需要,产生和发展了大批模式,主要包括大气环流模式(GCMs)、地球系统模式(EMICs)和简单气候模式。3类模式在模拟的时-空尺度和能力上表现出各自的特点,适用的研究领域也有一些差异。运用上述模式分析过去气候变化原因及机理、进一步认识气候系统以及气候政策的制定都发挥了重大作用。各类气候模式在模拟应用过程中都有相应的局限性,应该根据实际应用情况选择合适的模式进行研究应用。

多排螺旋CT在PA／VSD／MAPCAs诊治中的价值

目的探讨多排螺旋CT在肺动脉闭锁合并室间隔缺损、体肺动脉侧支血管围术期的应用价值。方法2004年4月到2006年1月，56例肺动脉闭锁合并室间隔缺损、体肺动脉侧支血管病人中男35例，女21例；年龄最小7d，最大21岁。其中40例接受多排螺旋CT检查。21例接受手术治疗，包括早期2例单纯行术前心血管造影检查，后期19例单纯行术前多排螺旋CT检查。根据多排螺旋CT检查结果，确定侧支血管起源及走行，计算全肺动脉指数。结果行多排螺旋C=11检查者均顺利完成扫描过程，无并发症。21例手术病儿中，18例全肺动脉指数大于150mm^2/m^2，1例小于103mm^2/m^2，其余2例介于100～150mm^2／m^2间。术后早期死亡3例。术式包括：根治术、单纯肺血管单一化、肺血管单一化及右心室流出道重建、主动脉一肺动脉分流术及双向Glenn术。结论根据多排螺旋CT结果，可以准确定位侧支血管的起源及走行；与经胸超声心动图相结合，可综合判断病儿心血管畸形发育状况；通过计算全肺动脉指数，能合理选择术式。

ETHICAL ISSUES IN ELT RESEARCH:PRACTITIONER’S PERSPECTIVES

在阅读研究方法专著和国内学术期刊之后,笔者发现外语教师研究者对于科研伦理没有给予充分的关注。为了调查教师研究者对于研究对象知情权、是否采取局内人或局外人视角以及对研究素材的所属权等伦理问题的看法,笔者进行了小规模的问卷调查和半结构性访谈。结果表明大部分教师研究者对英语教学科研中的伦理问题既不关注,又没有全面的认识。

Compression-related EMIC waves drive relativistic electron precipitation

With coordinated observations of the NOAA 15 satellite and OUL magnetometer station in Finland, we report that the elec- tromagnetic ion cyclotron （EMIC） waves which were stimulated by the compression of the magnetosphere drive relativistic electron precipitation in geoquiescence on 1 Jan 2007. After an enhancement of solar wind dynamic pressure （SWDP）, a day- side Pcl pulsation was observed by the OUL station. Such a Pcl pulsation is caused by an EMIC wave which propagates from the generation source to lower altitudes. Simultaneously, the NOAA 15 satellite registered an enhancement of precipitating electron count rates with energies 〉3 MeV within the anisotropic zone of protons. This phenomenon is coincident with the quasi-linear theoretical calculation presented in this paper. Our observations suggest that after a positive impulse of solar wind, the compression-related EMIC waves can drive relativistic electrons precipitation and play a pivotal role in the dynamic of ra- diation belts.

Generation of simultaneous H^(+)and He^(+)band EMIC waves in the nightside radiation belt

Previous studies have shown that EMIC waves occur preferentially in the afternoon sector of the magnetosphere.Here we report obliquely propagating H^(+)and He^(+)band EMIC waves detected by Van Allen Probe B in the region of MLT=22.7–23.5 during the June 20,2013 substorm.Using the correlated energetic proton data,we present continuous calculations on EMIC wave growth rates along the inward orbit in the region L=5.5–4.2.The modeled growth rate shows remarkable agreement with the observed double band EMIC waves in both temporal and spatial evolutions.The current results demonstrate that H^(+)and He^(+)band EMIC waves can be simultaneously excited in the midnight sector under appropriate conditions.

即时顾客化定制的实现方法研究

针对目前较难实现的即时顾客化定制(IC)问题,提出使用可拓学方法寻求IC实现策略的新思路,提出了IC实现策略的可拓学分析方法。建立了即时顾客化定制的可拓学模型,并通过即时顾客化定制的求行问题发散树的建立,求解得出了即时顾客化定制的实现策略集,解决了实现策略间的矛盾问题,最终得出了可行的实现策略集,从而实现了即时顾客化定制。并重点分析了个性化需求策略的求解和具体实现方法。最后,通过具体案例验证了EMIC方法的可行性。

Correlated observations linking loss of energetic protons to EMIC waves

Electromagnetic ion cyclotron(EMIC)emission is an efficient mechanism for scattering loss of energetic protons.Here,we report an event that provides both in-situ observation of energetic proton differential fluxes in the inner magnetosphere and precipitation of protons at ionospheric altitudes.During the 7-8 September 2015 geomagnetic storm the Van Allen Probes observed strong EMIC waves around L=5 and a distinct decrement in fluxes of tens of keV protons around pitch angles 0°-45°.Meanwhile,precipitating protons at ionospheric altitudes were found to significantly enhanced(by several orders of magnitude),measured by NOAA 18 and 19 when they magnetically linked to the Van Allen Probe-A.By solving the Fokker-Planck diffusion equation,we show that EMIC waves can efficiently produce loss of energetic protons within about 2 h in the pitch angle range of~0°-45°,comparable to the satellite observations.