The molecular orientations of conjugated materials on the substrate mainly include edge-on,face-on,and end-on.Edge-on and face-on orientations have been widely observed,while end-on orientation has been rarely reporte...The molecular orientations of conjugated materials on the substrate mainly include edge-on,face-on,and end-on.Edge-on and face-on orientations have been widely observed,while end-on orientation has been rarely reported.Since in organic solar cells(OSCs)charge transport is along the vertical direction,end-on orientation with conjugated backbones perpendicular to the substrate is recognized as the ideal microstructure for OSCs.In this work,we for the first time obtained the preferential end-on orientation in a conjugated molecular dyad that contains a conjugated backbone as donor and perylene bisimide side units as acceptor.This was realized by introducing a fused-ring structure to replace linear terthiophenes with conjugated backbones,yielding F-MDPBI and L-MDPBI respectively.Surprisingly,a shifting trend of the molecular orientation from dominating edge-on in L-MDPBI to preferential end-on in F-MDPBI was observed.As a consequence,vertical charge carrier mobilities in F-MDPBI are one order of magnitude higher than those with preferential edge-on orientation,so single-component OSCs based on this molecular dyad as a single photoactive layer provided a power conversion efficiency of 4.89% compared to 1.70% based on L-MDPBI with preferential edge-on orientation.展开更多
为提高双极直流输电线路单端保护的可靠性和速动性,提出了一种基于特定频率电流的横差保护方法。首先,基于直流滤波环节的阻抗特性,选取特定频率电流;然后利用直流线路故障谐波计算模型,分析了直流线路区内、外故障时,直流分流器处特定...为提高双极直流输电线路单端保护的可靠性和速动性,提出了一种基于特定频率电流的横差保护方法。首先,基于直流滤波环节的阻抗特性,选取特定频率电流;然后利用直流线路故障谐波计算模型,分析了直流线路区内、外故障时,直流分流器处特定频率电流及其横差值的特征。分析研究发现,区内故障时,可能出现的特定频率电流横差值的最小值明显大于区外故障时的特定频率电流横差值;利用该特征构造了直流线路区内、外故障判据;此外,还发现单极线路故障时,故障极线路分流器处特定频率电流比非故障极的大,利用该特征提出了一种故障选极方法。由于该保护方法采用600 Hz的频率电流作为保护判据,因此理论上2 k Hz的采样频率即可满足保护需求;该保护采用特定频率电流横差值实现故障判别,克服了传统仅利用单端暂态谐波电流幅值的保护无法区分线路末端和区外故障的缺陷。仿真结果表明,该保护方案能可靠地区分区内、外故障,实现故障类型判别,且在一定的不对称运行方式下同样适用。展开更多
基金Beijing Natural Science Foundation,Grant/Award Number:JQ210065NSFC,Grant/Award Numbers:52073016,92163128+4 种基金Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities,Grant/Award Numbers:buctrc201828,XK1802-2The opening Foundation of State Key Laboratory of Organic-Inorganic Composites,Beijing University of Chemical Technology,Grant/Award Number:oic-202201006Jiangxi Provincial Department of Science and Technology,Grant/Award Numbers:20202ACBL213004,20212BCJ23035,jxsq2019102004,20203BBE53062Jiangxi Academy of Sciences,Grant/Award Numbers:2021YSBG22034,2021YSBG22033,2020-YZD-3Australian Research Council,Grant/Award Number:FT180100594。
文摘The molecular orientations of conjugated materials on the substrate mainly include edge-on,face-on,and end-on.Edge-on and face-on orientations have been widely observed,while end-on orientation has been rarely reported.Since in organic solar cells(OSCs)charge transport is along the vertical direction,end-on orientation with conjugated backbones perpendicular to the substrate is recognized as the ideal microstructure for OSCs.In this work,we for the first time obtained the preferential end-on orientation in a conjugated molecular dyad that contains a conjugated backbone as donor and perylene bisimide side units as acceptor.This was realized by introducing a fused-ring structure to replace linear terthiophenes with conjugated backbones,yielding F-MDPBI and L-MDPBI respectively.Surprisingly,a shifting trend of the molecular orientation from dominating edge-on in L-MDPBI to preferential end-on in F-MDPBI was observed.As a consequence,vertical charge carrier mobilities in F-MDPBI are one order of magnitude higher than those with preferential edge-on orientation,so single-component OSCs based on this molecular dyad as a single photoactive layer provided a power conversion efficiency of 4.89% compared to 1.70% based on L-MDPBI with preferential edge-on orientation.
文摘为提高双极直流输电线路单端保护的可靠性和速动性,提出了一种基于特定频率电流的横差保护方法。首先,基于直流滤波环节的阻抗特性,选取特定频率电流;然后利用直流线路故障谐波计算模型,分析了直流线路区内、外故障时,直流分流器处特定频率电流及其横差值的特征。分析研究发现,区内故障时,可能出现的特定频率电流横差值的最小值明显大于区外故障时的特定频率电流横差值;利用该特征构造了直流线路区内、外故障判据;此外,还发现单极线路故障时,故障极线路分流器处特定频率电流比非故障极的大,利用该特征提出了一种故障选极方法。由于该保护方法采用600 Hz的频率电流作为保护判据,因此理论上2 k Hz的采样频率即可满足保护需求;该保护采用特定频率电流横差值实现故障判别,克服了传统仅利用单端暂态谐波电流幅值的保护无法区分线路末端和区外故障的缺陷。仿真结果表明,该保护方案能可靠地区分区内、外故障,实现故障类型判别,且在一定的不对称运行方式下同样适用。
