El Nino and anti-El Nino events in 1854-1987

-Using the COADS data set of sea surface temperature in the Equatorial Eastern Pacific, thirty one El Nino events and twenty four anti -El Nino events were identified for the period from 1854 to 1987. The results were compared with those of the other authors. The El Nino events (or anti -El Nino events ) are classified into two groups according to the timing of occrrence of the events: one starts at the first half of a year, another begins at the second half of a year. Both 1982-1983 and 1986-1987 events fall into the second group, which are characterized by the eastward migration of the positive anomaly of the sea surface temperature and the significant increasing of the anomaly in September or October.

On the Mechanism of the Locking of the El Nino Event Onset Phase to Boreal Spring

The mechanism of the locking of the E1 Nino event onset phase to boreal spring （from April to June） in an intermediate coupled ocean-atmosphere model is investigated. The results show that the seasonal variation of the zonal wind anomaly over the equatorial Pacific associated with the seasonal variation of the ITCZ is the mechanism of the locking in the model. From January to March of the E1 Nino year, the western wind anomaly over the western equatorial Pacific can excite the downwelling Kelvin wave that propagates eastward to the eastern and middle Pacific by April to June. From April to December of the year before the E1 Nifio year, the eastern wind anomaly over the equatorial Pacific forces the downwelling Rossby waves that modulate the ENSO cycle. The modulation and the reflection at the western boundary modulate the time of the transition from the cool to the warm phase to September of the year before the E1 Nifio year and cause the strongest downwelling Kelvin wave from the reflected Rossby waves at the western boundary to arrive in the middle and eastern equatorial Pacific by April to June of the E1 Nino year. The superposition of these two kinds of downwelling Kelvin waves causes the El Nino event to tend to occur from April to June.

THE EXCITING MECHANISM OF TROPICAL INTRASEASONAL OSCILLATION TO EL NINO EVENT

The data analyses indicated that the occurrence of D Nino event is closely related to intraseasonal oscillation (ISO) in the tropical atmosphere : The intraseasonal oscillation is very strong in tile tropics (particularly over the equatorial western Pacific) prior to the occurrence of El Nino; But the ISO is evidently reduced and the quasistationary system is enhanced after the outbreak of El Nino. A simple air-sea coupled model study shows that the periodical self-excited oscillation can be produced in the air-sea-coupled system, but the pattern is different from the observed ENSO mode. When there is external (atmospheric) forcing with interannual time scale, a coupled mode, which looks like the ENSO mode, will be excited in the air-sea system. Synthesizing the results in data analyses and the theoretical investigation. the mechanism of ISO in the tropical atmosphere exciting the EI Nino event can be suggested : The interannual anomalies (variations) of the tropical ISO play an important role in the exciting EI Nino event through the air-sea interaction.

Threshold autoregression models for forecasting El Nino events

-In this paper, monthly mean SST data in a large area are used. After the spacial average of the data is carried out and the secular monthly means are substracted, a time series (Jan. 1951-Dec. 1985) of SST anomalies of the cold tongue water area in the eastern tropical Pacific Ocean is obtained. On the basis of the time series, an autoregression model, a self-exciting threshold autoregression model and an open loop autoregression model are developed respectively. The interannual variations are simulated by means of those models. The simulation results show that all the three models have made very good hindcasting for the nine El Nino events since 1951. In order to test the reliability of the open loop threshold model, extrapolated forecast was made for the period of Jan. 1986-Feb. 1987. It can be seen from the forecasting that the model could forecast well the beginning and strengthening stages of the recent El Nino event (1986-1987). Correlation coefficients of the estimations to observations are respectively 0. 84, 0. 88 and 0. 89. It is obvious that all the models work well and the open loop threshold one is the best. So the open loop threshold autoregression model is a useful tool for monitoring the SSTinterannual variation of the cold tongue water area in the Eastern Equatorial Pacific Ocean and for estimating the El Nino strength.

Analysis of the air-sea heat exchange during the El Nino event in 1983

In this paper,by using the ECMWF objective analysed data as well as CAC and NOAA grid point data of 1981 and 1983,the sensible and latent heat fluxes at the air and sea boundary surface within the range of 45°E-75°W, 35°N-35°S over the Pacific and the Indian Ocean are calculated. The purpose is to analyse the different revealing features during the mature stage and at the end of the 1982 -1983 El Nino event and to compare the difference of the features between thd El Nino and the normal. The result shows that the air and sea heat exchange west of the dateline over the central tropical Pacific during the EJ Nino period is more intense than that of the normal. However,the fluxes of the sensible and latent heat on the sea surface with strong warming of SSTneat by and on the south side of the equator east of 170°W are low and even negative,and the patterns of the sensible and latent heat fluxes over the Indian Ocean during the year of 1983 are similer to that of normal. Spatial patterns of the sensible heat ,the latent heat,SST,OLR and the wind speed exhibit large anomalies during the El Nino event. The corresponding relationships of the spatial distribution of the streng exchange of heat fluxes with regions of high SST and action convection or negative anomalies of OLR are relatively complicated. But the region of maximum air and sea heat exchange is in good coincidence with that of high value of the Vs. The strong heat exchange is weakened with the declining and the finishing of the El Nino event in the central tropical Pacific.

The heat balance on the sea surface in the mature phase of 1982/83 El Nino event

Using the air-sea data set of January, 1983 (the mature phase of the 1982/83 El Nino event), the net radiation on the sea surface, the fluxes of the latent and the sensible heat from ocean to the atmosphere and the net heat gain of the sea surface are calculated over the Indian and the Pacific Oceans for the domain of 35°N-35°S and 45°E-75°W. The results indicate that the upward transfer of the latent and the sensible heat fluxes over the winter hemisphere is larger than that over the summer hemisphere. The sensible heat over the tropical mid Pacific in the Southern Hemisphere is transported from the atmosphere to the ocean, though its magnitude is rather small. The latent heat flux gained by the air over the eastern Pacific is less than the mean value of the normal year. The net radiation, on which the cloud amount has considerable impact, is essentially zonally distributed. Moreover, the sea surface temperature (SST) has a very good correlation with the net radiation, the region of warm SST coinciding with that of the low net radiation. The net radiation obtained by the mid Pacific Ocean is reduced by the SST anomaly during the El Nino event, whereas the atmosphere over there get more latent heat flux, and this results in the diminution of the net heat gain of the ocean. The overview of the heat budget is that the ocean over the winter hemisphere is the energy source of the atmosphere, and that over the summer hemisphere its energy sink.

The inversion of the Equatorial Undercurrent in the western tropical Pacific during 1986/1987 El Nino event

On the basis of time series measurements of winds, currents, temperature and salinity from equatorial current meter mooring and acoustic Doppler current profiler during the PRC/USA joint air-sea interaction studies in the western tropical Pacifc Ocean and sea level data provided by Prof. Wyrtki, analyses are made of the physical process and mechanism for the exceptionally inverse phenomenon (westward) of the Equatorial Undercurrent (EUC) in the western tropical Pacific after entering the mature stage of 1986/1987 ENSO event, and the numerical simulation is also conducted by 'cross section' model. The results indicate that the inversion of the EUC is related to that of pressure gradient force near the equator under the influence of non-local permanent westerlies.

Female Agassiz’s desert tortoise activity at a wind energy facility in southern California:The influence of an El Nino event

We compared spring-summer activity of adult female Agassiz’s Desert Tortoises (Gopherus agassizii) among three consecutive years (1997, 1998, and 1999) that differed dramatically in winter rainfall and annual plant production at a wind energy facility in the Sonoran Desert of southern California. Winter rainfall was approximately 71%, 190%, and 17% of the long-term average (October-March = 114 mm) for this area in water years (WY) 1997, 1998, and 1999, respectively. The substantial precipitation caused by an El Ni?o Southern Oscillation (ENSO) event in WY 1998 produced a generous annual food plant supply (138.2 g dry biomass/ m2) in the spring. Primary production of winter annuals during below average rainfall years (WY 1997 and WY 1999) was reduced to 98.3 and 0.2 g/m2, respectively. Mean rates of movement and mean body condition indices (mass/length) did not differ significantly among the years. The drought year following ENSO (WY 1999) was statistically similar to ENSO in every other measured value, while WY 1997 (end of a two year drought) was statistically different from ENSO using activity area, minimum number of burrows used, and percentage of non-movements. Our data suggest that female G. agassizii activity can be influenced by environmental conditions in previous years.

El Nino事件的概率预测研究

根据1854～1993年期间的El Nino事件资料序列,通过正态性、独立性等统计检验,确定序列的性质。利用Markov随机过程和一阶自回归建立预测模式,给出了下次发生El Nino事件的时间可能在2002年前后。2001年发生的概率为44 %;2002年发生的概率为61 %。

1991~1994年El Nino的异常特征的诊断研究

１９９１～１９９４年热带中东太平洋海温持续４ａ多出现正距平。Ｎｉｎｏ３指数一直为正值。在此正距平背景下，产生了两次振荡和３次ＥｌＮｉｎｏ暖期。在此期间赤道东太平洋海温在±５°纬度范围内发生了两次负距平的变化，形成了一个狭窄的温度梯度很大的“冷核”，而赤道外的中纬度海洋则持续维持两个正海温距平。这一时期海表温度资料ＥＯＦ分析的结果进一步表明，第一特征向量的空间分布实际上反映了上述冷核特征。１９９１～１９９４年的ＥＮＳＯ事件主要是低频分量发生了较大异常，赤道低层纬向风和高层西风在前期减弱（１９９１－０１—１９９２－０５），后期加强（１９９２－０６—１９９４－０１１）。无论是海温还是风场的低频分量都表现出一次ＥＮＳＯ循环的特征。因此作者认为，虽然Ｎｉｎｏ３指数等在这４ａ多期间均为正值，但是大气和海洋耦合系统的低频变化部分只发生了一次完整的ＥＮＳＯ循环过程。１９９１年至１９９２年上半年对应于ＥｌＮｉｎｏ暖位相，１９９２年下半年至１９９４年底对应于ＬａＮｉｎａ冷位相。但是这个冷位相没有能够得到充分发展，只出现两次极狭窄的冷核。冷位相的明显“夭折”，而代之以出现两次较弱的增暖，可能与季节内尺度的大气强迫与低频变化部分的?

两类El Nino事件对Hadley环流及中国气候的影响分析

利用1979-2014年的NCEP/NCAR再分析资料,分析了两类El Ni?o事件对Hadley环流及中国地区降水和气温的影响.结果表明,无论在冷季还是暖季,El Ni?o事件使得Hadley环流增强但并未改变Hadley环流中上升支及下沉支的位置;在暖季El Ni?o Modoki事件使得Hadley环流的上升支和下沉支均发生北移,在冷季则没有这种特征.El Ni?o对Hadley环流的影响较El Ni?o Modoki要大,是由两类El Ni?o事件下海温异常分布型的不同造成的.El Ni?o事件下中国南方易出现低温、洪涝,北方易发生高温、干旱,东北易出现冷夏,且易导致暖冬现象.当发生El Ni?o Modoki事件时,在冷季,中国地区气温分布表现为北部和东部地区偏低,西部及西南部地区较高;在暖季,中国东北地区表现为较强的增温现象,长江以南地区的降水较气候平均态偏少.选择两类El Ni?o事件对Hadley环流影响最大的个例,发现中国气温、降水的异常特征与两类El Ni?o事件影响中国气候变化的统计规律基本相符,表明两类El Ni?o事件对中国气候影响的不同,很大程度上是由于其对Hadley环流的影响不同造成的,其他环流系统的作用使得最终影响更为复杂.

北太平洋SST的时空分布特征及其与黑潮大弯曲和El—Nino的关系

用EOF分析方法对北太平洋及赤道太平洋地区1949～1979年31年海表面温度距平场进行分解,得到几个主要距平海温模态(EOF1～3),分析了EOF1～3的时空分布特征。得到海温距平场的EOF1和EOF2～3模态分别对E1—Nino事件和黑潮大弯曲有很显著的相关性,指出SST第三模态场对黑潮大弯曲的影响具有很好的持续性,持续时间为1～2年。最后讨论了相互的影响过程,为黑潮大弯曲和E1—Nino事件的预报的可能性提供了依据。

厄尔尼诺(ElNino)事件与东南沿海热带气旋活动的相关分析

统计分析了近50 a(1949～1998年)厄尔尼诺(ELNINO)事件以及我国东南沿海热带气旋历史资料,得出了厄尔尼诺(ELNINO)事件与我国东南沿海热带气旋的活动频数、移动路径、强度以及相关灾害的关系。

近57年来El Nino/La Nina事件对鄂尔多斯高原东缘气候的影响

根据1955年～2011年期间发生的El Nino／LaNina事件和鄂尔多斯高原东缘3个站点（兴县，绥德和榆林）的气象资料，利用统计分析的方法研究了1955年以来该区的降水量、温度、旱涝灾害与El Nino／LaNina事件之间的关系，揭示了El Nino／LaNina事件对鄂尔多斯高原东缘气候的影响.结果表明，鄂尔多斯高原东缘近57年降水量呈减少趋势而气温呈升高的趋势；厄尔尼诺年降水量比正常年平均降水量少87.6mm，年平均气温比正常年高0.2℃；拉尼娜年降水量比正常年均降水量少22.3mm，年平均气温比正常年低0.1℃，且其年降水量递减率和增温率略高于全国.厄尔尼诺事件对鄂尔多斯高原东缘降水量减少的影响和气温上升的影响要大于拉尼娜事件对鄂尔多斯高原东缘的影响.由小波分析可知，鄂尔多斯高原东缘降水变化在30a尺度内存在2a、8a、20a、27a的变化周期，而气温变化在30a尺度内存在3a、5a,7a、29a的变化周期.El Nino／LaNina事件对该区的旱涝灾害影响显著，旱灾年份出现厄尔尼诺的概率为63％，出现拉尼娜的概率为25％，厄尔尼诺年易于发生旱灾.

试论El nino事件对沈阳气候的影响

通过对1951~2005年沈阳温度、降水、暴雨日数资料及1951~2005年沈阳气候极值分析,探讨El Nino事件对沈阳气候的影响。结果发现,在El nino当年沈阳地区温度呈偏低趋势,当El nino过后沈阳地区温度呈现偏高趋势。通常在E l nino发生前一直到接近El nino峰期这一段时间,沈阳地区雨水充沛,有的年份会洪涝灾害发生;温度偏低,冬季容易出现冷冬,有的年份会发生低温冷害。El nino事件次年,沈阳地区雨量偏少,日照充足,偏暖,一般会出现暖冬,有的年份会有干旱、高温少雨等灾害性天气发生。

The relationship between ENSO cycle and high and low-flow in the upper Yellow River

Firstly, the hydrological and meteorological features of the upper reaches of the Yellow River above Tangnag are analyzed based on observation data, and effects of EI Nino and La Ni na events on the high and low flow in the upper Yellow River are discussed. The results show El Nino and La Nina events possess consanguineous relationship wi th runoff in the upper Yellow River. As a whole, the probability of low fl ow occurrence in the upper Yellow River is relatively great along wit h the occurrence of El Nino event. Moreover, the flood in the upper Yellow River occurs frequently with the occurrence of La Nina event. Besides, the results also show dissimilarity of El Nino event occurri ng time exerts greater impact on high flow and low flow in the uppe r Yellow River, that is, the probability of drought will be greater in the sam e year if El Nino event occurs in spring, the high-flow may happen in this y ear if El Nino occurs in summer or autumn; the longer the continuous period of El Nino is, the lower the runoff in the upper Yellow River is.

两次不同ENSO背景下云南冬季极端冷事件的成因分析

2008年初和2016年初分别经历了一次中等强度以上的La Nina和El Nino事件,在不同的厄尔尼诺-南方涛动(El Nino/Southern Oscillation,ENSO)背景下,云南均发生了低温雨雪冰冻天气。本文利用大气环流、海表温度、云南124个观测站逐月温度等资料,通过多种统计方法探讨了不同ENSO背景下极端冷事件发生的原因。结果表明:1)2008年初和2016年初云南冬季极端冷事件在2月表现更明显。2)不同ENSO背景下,2月大气环流和云南气温变化差异较大。La Nina(El Nino)年西伯利亚高压加强(减弱),位势高度场北(西)高南(东)低,西太平洋副高偏弱(强),菲律宾异常(反)气旋西北侧异常北(南)风加强,东亚冬季风偏强(弱),云南东部气温偏低(高)。3)2008年和2016年的东北太平洋大气环流异常对赤道中东太平洋海温异常均有响应,同时2008年赤道中东太平洋冷海温作用激发的菲律宾气旋西部偏北气流对东亚冬季风的加强和向南活动有重要影响,而2016年赤道中东太平洋暖海温对菲律宾地区环流变化的影响并不显著。4)北极涛动(Arctic Oscillation,AO)和北极海冰变化对2008年2月和2016年2月西伯利亚高压的加强的影响表现出一定的差异特征,2月AO负位相变化对2008年西伯利亚高压的加强影响较大,而2月北极海冰偏少对2016年西伯利亚高压加强的影响显著。

The relationship between ENSO cycle and temperature,precipitation and runoff in the Qilian mountain area

El Nino and La Nina are the events concerned internationally. The corresponding relationship between El Nino events, temperature, precipitation and runoff in the Qilian mountain area are analyzed according to the date from the weather and the hydrometric stations in the area, the results show that effects of El Nino events to temperature, precipitation and runoff are different in the different time and zones. When El Nino occurs, temperature rises, but precipitation and runoff decrease in the whole Qilian mountain area, especially in the east and middle parts of the area. Temperature rises, precipitation and runoff still decrease in the eastern Qilian mountain area in the next year El Nino occurring, but decrease extent is fewer. There are not obvious relationship between temperature, precipitation and runoff with El Nino events in the western Qilian mountain area.

A Comparative Study on the Dominant Factors Responsible for the Weaker-than-expected El Ni?o Event in 2014

Anomalous warming occurred in the equatorial central-eastern Pacific in early May 2014, attracting much attention to the possible occurrence of an extreme E1 Nifio event that year because of its similarity to the situation in early 1997. However, the subsequent variation in sea surface temperature anomalies （SSTAs） during summer 2014 in the tropical Pacific was evidently different to that in 1997, but somewhat similar to the situation of the 1990 aborted E1 Nifio event. Based on NCEP （National Centers for Environmental Prediction） oceanic and atmospheric reanalysis data, the physical processes responsible for the strength of E1 Nifio events are examined by comparing the dominant factors in 2014 in terms of the preceding instability of the coupled ocean-atmosphere system and westerly wind bursts （WWBs） with those in 1997 and 1990, separately. Although the unstable ocean-atmosphere system formed over the tropical Pacific in the preceding winter of 2014, the strength of the preceding instability was relatively weak. Weak oceanic eastward-propagating downwelling Kelvin waves were forced by the weak WWBs over the equatorial western Pacific in March 2014, as in February 1990. The consequent positive upper-oceanic heat content anomalies in the spring of 2014 induced only weak positive SSTAs in the central-eastern Pacific-unfavorable for the subsequent generation of summertime WWB sequences. Moreover, the equatorial western Pacific was not cooled, indicating the absence of positive Bjerknes feedback in early summer 2014. Therefore, the development of E1 Nifio was suspended in summer 2014.

Impacts of El Nino on the somatic condition of Humboldt squid based on the beak morphology

The Humboldt squid Dosidicus gigas has a short life span, and environmental variability plays a significant role in regulating its population dynamics and distribution. An analysis of 1 096 samples of D. gigas collected by the Chinese commercial fishing vessels during 2013, 2014, and 2016 off the Peruvian Exclusive Economic Zone, was conducted to evaluate the impacts of El Nino events on the somatic condition of D. gigas. This study indicates that the slopes of all beak variables in relation to mantle length (ML) for females were greater than those of males during 2013, 2014, and 2016, and slopes of the upper crest length and the lower rostrum length significantly differed between females and males in 2013 (P<0.05). Variation in the slopes for beak variables among years was studied;no significant difference was observed (ANCOVA, P>0.05). The Fulton's condition coefficients (K) of females and males in 2013 and 2014 were significantly greater than those in 2016 (P<0.01). The K values of females were greater than those of males in 2013, 2014, and 2016, and K values significantly differed between females and males in 2013. In normal years, the chlorophyll a (Chl a) concentration showed an N-shaped variability from January to December. However, in the El Nino period, it tended to weaken the upwelling coupled with warm and low Chl a concentration waters. We suggest that the poor somatic condition of D. gigas during the El Nino year was resulted from the low Chl a concentration in the waters, and the abundance of D. gigas would decrease due to the unfavourable environment and the lack of prey items in the El Nino year.