PURPOSE. To determine whether anterior ischemic optic neuropathy and compressi ve optic neuropathy in humans alter the photopic flash ERG and to investigate th e cellular origins of the waves that are affected by phar...PURPOSE. To determine whether anterior ischemic optic neuropathy and compressi ve optic neuropathy in humans alter the photopic flash ERG and to investigate th e cellular origins of the waves that are affected by pharmacologic agents in pri mates. METHODS. Photopic flash ERGs were recorded differentially, with DTL elect rodes, between the two eyes of 22 patients with diagnosed optic neuropathy (n=17 , anterior ischemic optic neuropathy AION; n=5, compressive optic neuropathy) and 25 age-matched control subjects and in 17 eyes of 13 monkeys (Macaca mulatt a). The stimulus consisted of brief (< 5 ms) red (λmax=660 nm) Ganzfeld flashes (energy range, 0.5-2.0 log td-s) delivered on a rod-saturating blue backgrou nd of 3.7 log sc td (λmax=460 nm). An eye of the patient with ischemic changes at the disc was classified as symptomatic if it showed visual field defects with a mean deviation (MD) of P< 2%. Recordings in macaque monkeys were made before and after inner retinal blockade with tetrodotoxin (TTX) (1.2-2.1 μM; n=7), TTX+N-methyl-D-aspart ate (NMDA; 1.4-6.4 mM; n=7), and cis-2, 3 piperidine dicarboxylic acid (PDA; 3 .3-3.8 mM; n=3). RESULTS. The PhNR amplitude was significantly reduced in both symptomatic (P=3.4×10 -8) and asymptomatic (P=0.036) eyes of patients with AIO N or compressive optic neuropathy (P=0.0054) compared with control subjects. The PhNR amplitude in the symptomatic eye showed a moderate correlation with field defects (P < 0.05) similar to previous findings in open-angle glaucoma. The a- wave also was reduced significantly in the symptomatic eye (P=0.0002) of patient s with AION. The i-wave, a positive wave on the trailing edge of the b-wave pe aking around 50 ms, became more prominent in eyes in which the PhNR was signific antly reduced. In monkeys, the PhNR was eliminated by TTX. The a-wave at the pe ak and later times was reduced by TTX, further reduced by NMDA, and eliminated a fter PDA in response to the red stimuli. PDA also eliminated the i-wave. CONCLU SIONS. PhNR amplitude is significantly reduced in eyes with open-angle glaucoma , AION, and compressive optic neuropathy. Experiments in primates indicate that this reduction reflects loss of a spike-driven contribution to the photopic ERG . There also are small spike-driven contributions to the a-wave elicited by fu ll-field red stimuli. The i-wave, which becomes more prominent when the PhNR i s reduced, has origins in the off-pathway distal to the ganglion cells.展开更多
目的了解婴幼儿主要隔代照护者的生存、关系、发展需求现状,并探讨其影响因素。方法采用整群随机抽样法,于2022年11月-2023年2月选取贵州省遵义市3个社区的婴幼儿主要隔代照护者682名为研究对象,采用自制的一般资料调查表和基于ERG(exis...目的了解婴幼儿主要隔代照护者的生存、关系、发展需求现状,并探讨其影响因素。方法采用整群随机抽样法,于2022年11月-2023年2月选取贵州省遵义市3个社区的婴幼儿主要隔代照护者682名为研究对象,采用自制的一般资料调查表和基于ERG(existence,relatedness and growth,ERG)理论自制的婴幼儿主要隔代照护者需求问卷进行调查。结果婴幼儿主要隔代照护者需求问卷总分为(48.84±9.21)分,其中,维度均分从高到低分别为关系需求(2.94±0.60)分、生存需求(2.84±0.65)分、发展需求(2.12±0.78)分。多元线性回归分析结果显示:性别、年龄、婚姻状况、经济来源、照护方式是婴幼儿主要隔代照护者需求的影响因素(P<0.05)。结论婴幼儿主要隔代照护者在照护过程中存在较高的关系需求,其生存需求及发展需求次之。提示家庭、社区和政府应提供具有针对性的综合支持方案,从而进一步满足婴幼儿主要隔代照护者个性化需求及照护幸福感的提升。展开更多
文摘PURPOSE. To determine whether anterior ischemic optic neuropathy and compressi ve optic neuropathy in humans alter the photopic flash ERG and to investigate th e cellular origins of the waves that are affected by pharmacologic agents in pri mates. METHODS. Photopic flash ERGs were recorded differentially, with DTL elect rodes, between the two eyes of 22 patients with diagnosed optic neuropathy (n=17 , anterior ischemic optic neuropathy AION; n=5, compressive optic neuropathy) and 25 age-matched control subjects and in 17 eyes of 13 monkeys (Macaca mulatt a). The stimulus consisted of brief (< 5 ms) red (λmax=660 nm) Ganzfeld flashes (energy range, 0.5-2.0 log td-s) delivered on a rod-saturating blue backgrou nd of 3.7 log sc td (λmax=460 nm). An eye of the patient with ischemic changes at the disc was classified as symptomatic if it showed visual field defects with a mean deviation (MD) of P< 2%. Recordings in macaque monkeys were made before and after inner retinal blockade with tetrodotoxin (TTX) (1.2-2.1 μM; n=7), TTX+N-methyl-D-aspart ate (NMDA; 1.4-6.4 mM; n=7), and cis-2, 3 piperidine dicarboxylic acid (PDA; 3 .3-3.8 mM; n=3). RESULTS. The PhNR amplitude was significantly reduced in both symptomatic (P=3.4×10 -8) and asymptomatic (P=0.036) eyes of patients with AIO N or compressive optic neuropathy (P=0.0054) compared with control subjects. The PhNR amplitude in the symptomatic eye showed a moderate correlation with field defects (P < 0.05) similar to previous findings in open-angle glaucoma. The a- wave also was reduced significantly in the symptomatic eye (P=0.0002) of patient s with AION. The i-wave, a positive wave on the trailing edge of the b-wave pe aking around 50 ms, became more prominent in eyes in which the PhNR was signific antly reduced. In monkeys, the PhNR was eliminated by TTX. The a-wave at the pe ak and later times was reduced by TTX, further reduced by NMDA, and eliminated a fter PDA in response to the red stimuli. PDA also eliminated the i-wave. CONCLU SIONS. PhNR amplitude is significantly reduced in eyes with open-angle glaucoma , AION, and compressive optic neuropathy. Experiments in primates indicate that this reduction reflects loss of a spike-driven contribution to the photopic ERG . There also are small spike-driven contributions to the a-wave elicited by fu ll-field red stimuli. The i-wave, which becomes more prominent when the PhNR i s reduced, has origins in the off-pathway distal to the ganglion cells.
文摘目的了解婴幼儿主要隔代照护者的生存、关系、发展需求现状,并探讨其影响因素。方法采用整群随机抽样法,于2022年11月-2023年2月选取贵州省遵义市3个社区的婴幼儿主要隔代照护者682名为研究对象,采用自制的一般资料调查表和基于ERG(existence,relatedness and growth,ERG)理论自制的婴幼儿主要隔代照护者需求问卷进行调查。结果婴幼儿主要隔代照护者需求问卷总分为(48.84±9.21)分,其中,维度均分从高到低分别为关系需求(2.94±0.60)分、生存需求(2.84±0.65)分、发展需求(2.12±0.78)分。多元线性回归分析结果显示:性别、年龄、婚姻状况、经济来源、照护方式是婴幼儿主要隔代照护者需求的影响因素(P<0.05)。结论婴幼儿主要隔代照护者在照护过程中存在较高的关系需求,其生存需求及发展需求次之。提示家庭、社区和政府应提供具有针对性的综合支持方案,从而进一步满足婴幼儿主要隔代照护者个性化需求及照护幸福感的提升。
