On maximum power point tracking control strategy for variable speed constant frequency wind power generation

Based on the characteristic of AC-excited variable speed constant frequency(VSCF)wind power generation,the vector control technique was applied in a doubly fed induction generator(DFIG).Maximum wind energy or maximum output power point can be tracked by decoupling control of active power and reactive power.The research result shows that the net power of generation system delivered to grid in maximum wind energy tracking mode is not the most.We presented a novel maximum power point tracking(MPPT)control strategy by analyzing the DFIG mathematic model and power relations which delivered the maximum power to the grid.The maximum power point could be tracked automatically without measuring wind speed in the control strategy and the control was independent of optimal turbine power curve,which had excellent dynamic and static performances and robustness.Simulation and experimental results testify the accuracy and validity of the control strategy.

Power supply for generating frequency-variable resonant magnetic perturbations on the J-TEXT tokamak

To further research the response of the tearing mode（TM） to dynamic resonant magnetic perturbation（DRMP） on the J-TEXT tokamak, a modified series resonant inverter power supply（MSRIPS） with a function of discrete variable frequency is designed for DRMP coils in this study. The MSRIPS is an AC–DC–AC converter, including a phase-controlled rectifier, an LC filter, an insulated gate bipolar transistor（IGBT） full bridge, a matching transformer, three resonant capacitors with different capacitance values, and three corresponding silicon controlled rectifier（SCR） switches. The function of discrete variable frequency is realized by switching over different resonant capacitors with corresponding SCR switches while matching the corresponding driving frequency of the IGBT full bridge. A detailed switching strategy of the SCR switch is put forward to obtain sinusoidal current waveform and realize current waveform smooth transition during frequency conversion. In addition, a resistor and thyristor bleeder is designed to protect the SCR switch from overvoltage. Manufacturing of the MSRIPS is completed, and the MSRIPS equipment can output current with an amplitude of 1.5 kA when its working frequency jumps among different frequencies. Moreover, the current waveform is sinusoidal and can smoothly transition during frequency conversion. Furthermore, the transition time when the current amplitude rises from zero to a steady state is less than 2 ms during frequency conversion. By using the MSRIPS, the expected discrete variable frequency DRMP is generated, and the phenomenon of the TM being locked to the discrete variable frequency DRMP is observed on the J-TEXT tokamak.

Variable Structure Model Reference Adaptive Control with Unknown High Frequency Gain Sign

可变结构模型引用为有比一个和未知高频率获得符号大的相对的度的工厂的适应控制被建议。一个切换的计划基于为靠近的环系统的第一个辅助错误设计的监视功能被介绍。在至多切换和追踪的错误的一个有限数字收敛到能被适当地选择一些设计参数使任意地小的一个剩余集合以后，在监视函数的管理下面，切换停止，这被显示出在至多切换和追踪的错误的一个有限数字收敛到能被适当地选择一些设计参数使任意地小的一个剩余集合以后。

Optimal Driving of Large Belt Conveyor with Multi-roller Variable-Frequency Drive

in this paper, an electromechanically coupled mathematic model of multi-roller driving system for belt conveyor is set up, and the computing equations for dynamic displacement and dynamic tension of the conveyor are also formulated when the hoister is used for straining. Based on the belt conveyor of main inclined shaft in Chengzhuang coal mine, the driving torque, driving power and starting-speed characteristic of each electric motor are studied and measured when multi-roller variable-frequency drive (power distribution 2∶1) is used. The optimal control and the optimal starting-acceleration of the multi-roller variable-frequency drive are determined by a large number of industrial experiments and theoretical calculations.

The performance analysis and calculation for variable frequency speed control motors with the rotor structure optimized

In the paper, the method to optimize the rotor structure in variable frequency speed control motors is introduced. The saturation and the skin effect are considered and 2D no-load and load electromagnetic field is calculated in finite elements for a variable frequency speed control motor before and after optimization. Finally, no-load current and operation performance before and after optimization are obtained and the two results are contrasted.

High Frequency Resonance in DFIG-Based Wind Farm with Variable Power Capacity

As wind power penetration has been gaining in the power grid for decades,a large number of the doubly fed induction generator(DFIG)based wind farms are being established around the globe.The power capacities of these wind farms may vary around hundreds of MW,and most of the wind farms are connected to long transmission cables whose impedances can not be ignored and require careful attention.Several works have investigated the impedance interaction between the DFIG based wind farm and long transmission cables which may unfortunately cause high frequency resonance(HFR).The main contribution of this paper is to investigate the influence of the variable wind farm capacity on the behavior of the HFR when certain transmission cables are provided.It is found out that the potential HFR may happen in certain wind farms,and the larger wind farm capacity causes more severe HFR due to the relatively weaker grid transmission capability.Simulation results based on Matlab/Simulink are given to validate the analysis of HFR.

Resistance Torque Based Variable Duty-Cycle Control Method for a Stage Ⅱ Compressor

The resistance torque of a piston stage II com- pressor generates strenuous fluctuations in a rotational period, and this can lead to negative influences on the working performance of the compressor. To restrain the strenuous fluctuations in the piston stage II compressor, a variable duty-cycle control method based on the resistance torque is proposed. A dynamic model of a stage II com- pressor is set up, and the resistance torque and other characteristic parameters are acquired as the control tar- gets. Then, a variable duty-cycle control method is applied to track the resistance torque, thereby improving the working performance of the compressor. Simulated results show that the compressor, driven by the proposed method, requires lower current, while the rotating speed and the output torque remain comparable to the traditional vari- able-frequency control methods. A variable duty-cycle control system is developed, and the experimental results prove that the proposed method can help reduce the specific power, input power, and working noise of the compressor to 0.97 kW.m-3.min-1, 0.09 kW and 3.10 dB, respectively, under the same conditions of discharge pressure of 2.00 MPa and a discharge volume of 0.095 m3/rain. The proposed variable duty-cycle control method tracks the resistance torque dynamically, and improves the working performance of a Stage II Compressor. The pro- posed variable duty-cycle control method can be applied to other compressors, and can provide theoretical guidance for the compressor.

Low-power variable frequency PFC converters

Based on the SinoMOS 1 μm 40 V CMOS process, a novel power factor corrention （PFC） converter with a low-power variable frequency function is presented. The circuit introduces a multi-vector error amplifier and a programmable oscillator to achieve frequency modulation, which provides a rapid dynamic response and precise output voltage clamping with low power in the entire load. According to the external load variation, the system can modulate the circuit operating frequency linearly, thereby ensuring that the PFC converter can work in frequency conversionmode. Measured results show that the normal operating frequency of the PFC converter is 5-6 kHz, the start-up current is 36 μA, the stable operating current is only 2.43 mA, the efficiency is 97.3%, the power factor （PF） is 0.988, THD is 3.8%, the load adjust rate is 3%, and the linear adjust rate is less than 1%. Both theoretical and practical results reveal that the power consumption of the whole supply system is reduced efficiently, especially when the load varies. The active die area of the PFC converter chip is 1.61 ×1.52 mm^2.

Variable stiffness control algorithm for high-rising buildings of closely spaced frequencies based on wavelet transforms

To establish the algorithm of SAT-TMD system with the wavelet transform(WT),the modal mass participation ratio is proposed to distinguish if the high-rising structure has the characteristic of closely distributed frequencies.A time varying analytical model of high-rising structure such as TV-tower with the SAT-TMD is developed.The proposed new idea is to use WT to identify the dominant frequency of structural response in a segment time,and track its variation as a function of time to retune the SAT-TMD.The effectiveness of SAT-TMD is investigated and it is more robust to change in building stiffness and damping than that of the TMD with a fixed frequency corresponding to a fixed mode frequency of the building.It is proved that SAT-TMD is particularly effective in reducing the response even when the building stiffness is changed by ±15%;whereas the TMD loses its effectiveness under such building stiffness variations.

State-of-the-art review on frequency response of wind power plants in power systems

With an increasing penetration of wind power in the modern electrical grid, the increasing replacement of large conventional synchronous generators by wind power plants will potentially result in deteriorated frequency regulation performance due to the reduced system inertia and primary frequency response. A series of challenging issues arise from the aspects of power system planning,operation, control and protection. Therefore, it is valuable to develop variable speed wind turbines(VSWTs) equipped with frequency regulation capabilities that allow them to effectively participate in addressing severe frequency contingencies. This paper provides a comprehensive surveyon frequency regulation methods for VSWTs. It fully describes the concepts, principles and control strategies of prevailing frequency controls of VSWTs, including future development trends. It concludes with a performance comparison of frequency regulation by the four main types of wind power plants.

Circulating current suppression for ground tied variable frequency to constant frequency converter system in aircraft

This paper presents a solution to the circulating current fault of aircraft power supply.The DC-link type Variable Frequency to Constant Frequency(VFCF)converter system is the preferred scheme to feed the constant 400 Hz load in an aircraft with a variable frequency power supply.Due to the requirement of aircraft standards,both grounds of the rectification and inversion stage are tied to the metal frame of the aircraft.With such a tied ground,the DC bus voltage rises greatly,and a large circulating current appears in the casing as the ground,which leads to equipment failure and potential safety hazards.According to the existing methods of circulating current fault suppression,this paper analyzes the causes of the above faults and the harmonic components of circulating current and points out the limitations of the existing methods.Therefore,a Common-Mode(CM)choke-based method is proposed to provide a high impedance in the path of the CM circulating current.By doing so,the circulating current can be suppressed without the additional burden of the hardware and control algorithm,which is quite friendly for quality control of mass-production aircraft.Moreover,a simplified mathematic model of the VFCF converter system is derived to calculate the minimum inductance value reference of the CM choke,which saves the weight of passive devices to the greatest extent.Finally,simulation and experimental results are studied to verify the effectiveness of the proposed method.

Frequency Regulation of VSC-MTDC System with Offshore Wind Farms

Frequency regulation of voltage source converter-based multi-terminal high-voltage direct current(VSC-MTDC)system with offshore wind farms enhances the frequency stability by compensating the power for a disturbed AC system.However,it is difficult to reasonably allocate frequency-regulation resources due to a lack of coordination mechanisms between wind farms and the MTDC system.Moreover,it is difficult for the frequency control of the wind farms to manage changes in wind speed;and the risk of wind-turbine stalls is high.Thus,based on the kinetic energy of wind turbines and the power margin of the converters,the frequency-regulation capability of wind turbines is evaluated,and a dynamic frequency-support scheme considering the real-time frequency-support capability of the wind turbines and system frequency evolution is proposed to improve the frequency-support performance.A power adaptation technique at variable wind speeds is developed;the active power in the frequency-support stage and restoration stage is switched according to the wind speed.A hierarchical zoning frequency-regulation scheme is designed to use the frequency-regulation resources of different links in the MTDC system with wind farms.The simulation results show that the novel frequency-regulation strategy maintains frequency stability with wind-speed changes and avoids multiple frequency dips.

Frequency response of autonomous microgrid based on family-friendly controllable loads

Frequency is a key issue for the stable operation of autonomous microgrid(AMG) with a large penetration of intermittent renewable energy resources.The fast development of demand-side response technology provides a new solution for the frequency control of the AMG.In this paper,a novel decentralized demand control strategy(DDC) for family-friendly controllable refrigerators considering customer comfort level is proposed to regulate the frequency of AMG in coordination with the energy storage system(ESS).The refrigerator under DDC responds to the local frequency signals quickly and adjusts its operation cycle dynamically.Meanwhile,a customer participation degree which is proportional to the frequency deviation is introduced to evaluate the customer comforts when responding to the frequency of AMG.Finally,a benchmark low voltage AMG is established as a test system to verify the effectiveness of the proposed DDC strategy.Simulation results show that the DDC strategy can not only improve the frequency control effect of AMG effectively but also guarantee the customer comforts as well as reduce the capacity of ESS.

A graphic monitoring method for electric power of VVVF hydraulic system

In order to online monitor the running state of variable voltage and variable frequency(VVVF)hydraulic system,this paper presents a graphic monitoring method that fuses the information of variable frequency electric parameters.This paper first analyzes how the voltage and current of the motor stator change with the operation conditions of VVVF hydraulic system.As a result,we draw the relationship between the electric parameters(voltage and current)and power frequency.Then,the signals of the voltage and current are fused as dynamic figures based on the idea of Lissajous figures,and the values of the electric parameters are related to the features of the dynamic figures.Rigorous theoretical analysis establishes the function between the electric power of the variable frequency motor(VFM)and the features of the plotted dynamic figures including area of diagram,area of bounding rectangle,tilt angle,etc.Finally,the effectiveness of the proposed method is verified by two cases,in which the speed of VFM and the load of VVVF hydraulic system are changed.The results show that the increase of the speed of VFM enhances its three-phase electric power,but reduces the tilt angle of the plotted dynamic figures.In addition,as the load of VVVF hydraulic system is increased,the three-phase electric power of VFM and the tilt angle of the plotted dynamic figures are both increased.This paper provides a new way to online monitor the running state of VVVF hydraulic system.

Effective participation of wind turbines in frequency control of a two-area power system using coot optimization

In this paper,load frequency control is performed for a two-area power system incorporating a high penetration of renewable energy sources.A droop controller for a type 3 wind turbine is used to extract the stored kinetic energy from the rotating masses during sudden load disturbances.An auxiliary storage controller is applied to achieve effec-tive frequency response.The coot optimization algorithm(COA)is applied to allocate the optimum parameters of the fractional-order proportional integral derivative(FOPID),droop and auxiliary storage controllers.The fitness function is represented by the summation of integral square deviations in tie line power,and Areas 1 and 2 frequency errors.The robustness of the COA is proven by comparing the results with benchmarked optimizers including:atomic orbital search,honey badger algorithm,water cycle algorithm and particle swarm optimization.Performance assessment is confirmed in the following four scenarios:(i)optimization while including PID controllers;(ii)optimization while including FOPID controllers;(iii)validation of COA results under various load disturbances;and(iv)validation of the proposed controllers under varying weather conditions.

基于变论域云PI的含风电负荷频率控制方法

随着风电渗透率不断提高,其不确定性严重影响了电力系统频率稳定。基于此问题,建立了含风电的互联电力系统负荷频率控制模型,其中风机通过附加下垂与虚拟惯性控制参与频率调节。在此基础上,为解决风电接入系统引起的频率波动问题,提出变论域云PI负荷频率控制策略,对云模型输入和输出论域动态调整。为避免增加控制器的复杂程度,基于函数形式设计论域的伸缩因子。最后,仿真结果表明,所设计的控制器能进一步提高云PI控制器的自适应能力,更好地处理风电不确定性对系统频率的影响。

基于自适应增强型复系数滤波器的多电飞机变频电网状态估计

多电飞机的电网是一种典型的孤岛微网,具有360~800 Hz的宽频率工作范围,传统恒定频率电网同步方法的动态性能在飞机变频电网中有所不足。为了准确估计飞机变频电网的电网状态,结合自适应模块,对增强型复系数滤波器锁相环进行改进,设计了一种适应于MEA变频电网的自适应增强型复系数滤波器锁相环结构(AECCF-PLL)。分析了其传递函数与阶跃响应之间的关系,推导了模型参数与频率的关系,建立了频率自适应模块,满足飞机变频交流电网状态估计对稳定性和快速性的要求。实验结果表明,在飞机变频电网含有大小频率跳变、谐波、斜坡等扰动情况时,提出的AECCF-PLL可以实现对电网状态的快速稳定估计。

宽范围输入三电平半桥LLC变换器混合控制

针对传统变频(PFM)控制的LLC谐振变换器在宽电压输入条件下效率低的问题,提出一种三电平半桥LLC谐振变换器的变频-移相(PFM-PS)混合控制策略。首先,分析三电平半桥LLC谐振变换器的工作模态,建立其等效模型,获得了移相控制和变频控制下的电压增益曲线。其次,分析了变频控制的工作区间与软开关特性,推导得到了移相控制下实现软开关的最小占空比。通过混合控制策略,在升压时采用变频控制和在降压时采用移相控制,相较于全变频控制和全移相控制,混合控制可在较小频率变化范围内对电压进行升降压,在全增益范围内实现软开关,获得较宽的电压增益范围,提升了变换器的效率。最后,通过仿真和输入500~800 V/4.5 kW实验样机验证了所提出混合控制策略的有效性。

基于滑模变结构的风电机组一次调频算法研究

针对并网风电场中,经典一次调频控制方法存在抗干扰能力弱、机组易脱网的问题,提出一种基于滑模变结构的风电机组一次调频控制算法。首先,在永磁同步风电机组工作原理的基础上,建立含有大电网的风电机组模型。其次,为了解决传统比例积分微分(proportional integral differential,PID)控制下抗干扰能力弱的问题、引入经典滑模变结构控制器。然后,针对经典滑模变结构控制器导致执行机构存在抖振较多的缺点,提出一种基于sigmoid函数趋近率的滑模变结构一次调频控制算法。最后,通过MATLAB/Simulink对风电机组一次调频进行建模仿真,并与经典控制算法相比,验证了所提算法的可行性,在风速波动和电网故障的环境下,滑模变结构一次调频控制算法更具有效性。

基于基准频率自适应谐波准谐振控制器的宽变频逆变电源控制研究

360~800 Hz宽变频交流电源系统是多电飞机电力系统的主要发展方向之一。为实现宽变频中频逆变电源在包括带整流型非线性负载等工况下的宽范围谐波抑制,保证其任意基准频率下的输出电压质量,提出一种基于频率基准自适应谐波准谐振控制器的控制策略。基于滤波电感电流反馈,设计了包含数字控制延迟补偿的有源阻尼方案,以抑制输出滤波器的谐振尖峰,对电压控制器的被控对象进行校正使系统得到简化;设计并采用积分与准比例谐振相结合的基波追踪控制器以消除基波频段的稳态误差;提出基准频率自适应的补偿角度设计方法以实现谐波准谐振控制在电压环控制带宽之外的谐波抑制。在理论分析的基础上,搭建了一台300~800 Hz/600 W单相逆变器样机并进行实验测试,结果表明,采用该控制策略的逆变器能够实现宽基波频段内任意基准频率下的宽范围谐波抑制,且具有良好的稳态和动态输出特性。