Predicting the effectiveness of protected areas of Natura 2000 under climate change

Background:Protected areas(PAs)are aimed to hold the environmental conditions that facilitate species and ecosystems to persist.PAs can become climatically unsuitable and unable to sustain their current number of species under climate change.The Natura 2000(N2K)is the largest coordinated conservation tool assigned to maintain the long-term survival of Europe’s most significant species and habitats.In attempting to understand the effectiveness of PAs in the face of climate change scenarios,we tested two hypotheses:(1)PAs in the Alpine and the Boreal biogeographical regions will experience more newly emerged climate conditions(hotter and drier)compared to the climate representation of other biogeographical regions under future climate in Europe and(2)PAs in the Mediterranean and the Continental biogeographical regions will face more consistency in climate conditions due to less area of disappearing and novel climate in future.Methods:Current climate data(1960–1990)and projections for 2050 and 2070 of PAs of N2K were extracted from WorldClim global climate data.Principal components analysis(PCA)was performed to construct climate space for the PAs across the biogeographical regions based on 19 climatic variables assessed at 5-km resolution.ArcMap 10.1 was used to map the location of the novel and disappearing climates.Results:PAs in the Alpine region will experience more novel climate conditions in the future compared to other biogeographical regions.The future projections showed that 17.70%of the PAs in the Alpine region will experience novel climate by 2070.Considerable climate consistency was observed in the PAs in the Continental region compared to the other biogeographical regions.Our results showed that about 176 km2 of the selected PAs in the Continental region will face new emerging climate,while about 110 km2 will disappear under RCP 8.5 scenario.The prediction also revealed that in the Mediterranean region 08 PAs will experience novel climate and 786 km2 areas in these PAs will face disappearing climate by 2070.We found that fewer areas of PAs in the Boreal regions will experience disappearing climate in both the scenarios.Conclusions:The portion of novel climate conditions can be seen as a future opportunity to assign new reserves for the species.Our study highlights the importance of conservation planning to increase the connectivity between PAs,identifying novel conservation zones to maximize representation of habitats during the emerging climatic changes as well as designing strategies,management,and monitoring of the individual PAs.

欧盟Natura 2000自然保护地网络建设的经验与启示

欧盟Natura 2000自然保护地网络覆盖欧盟近19%的陆地与10%的海洋,在保护生物多样性和提升区域社会经济福祉中发挥了重要作用,被誉为全球最成功的跨国自然保护地网络。其成功经验主要体现在5个方面:(1)通过区域性生物多样性保护立法,促进成员国依法履约、推动自然保护地网络建设;(2)在欧盟决议流程基础上,建立了多元主体全过程参与的决策执行机制,提升了决策的科学性和多方参与的积极性;(3)基于全域视角推动战略规划,提高了保护地网络的连通性和空间布局的合理性;(4)统筹区域发展目标,开发多元资金渠道,以资金申请考核制度促进保护地管理计划的科学制定与有效执行;(5)标准化记录保护地数据并公开共享,助力科学研究及管理模式创新。这些经验对全球生物多样性合作治理路径和模式的选择、中国引领推动全球生物多样性治理战略和政策的制定、中国以国家公园为主体的自然保护地体系建设和优化具有重要借鉴意义。

风景保护、修复与提升——欧盟风景园林规划综合实践途径研究

为应对环境恶化对经济发展和人民生活水平带来的挑战,欧盟通过保护地、环境评价、生态系统修复、多领域协同等风景园林规划实践,来保护、修复和提升风景品质;同时,密切关注风景变化,以便动态地调整风景规划政策。整体上看,欧盟的风景园林规划综合实践途径是通过政策法规和财政手段来保障风景规划的实施,同时,以风景驱动城市与经济发展,鼓励公众参与风景规划,积极推动跨国风景规划合作,肩负起改善环境的国际责任。文章探讨了欧盟风景园林规划综合实践的途径及特点,对我国国土空间规划体系中风景类专项规划实践具有积极的借鉴意义。